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主题语境(六) 社会(热点)问题
阅读理解
A (2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C)
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of
isolation(孤独)，more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet，for Nick Bright at least，leads straight to
his motherinlaw：she lives on the ground floor，while he lives upstairs with his
wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a threestorey Victorian house in Bristol
－one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together
under the same roof.They share a front door and a washing machine，but Rita
Whitehead has her own kitchen，bathroom，bedroom and living room on the ground
floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn
Whitehead.Rita cuts in：“We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big
thing for Nick to live with his motherinlaw.”
And what does Nick think？“From my standpoint，it all seems to work very
well.Would I recommend it？Yes，I think I would.”
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him，but research indicates
that the numbers have been rising for some time.Official reports suggest that the
number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325，
000 in 2001 to 419，000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common.Some people live
with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family
home，if they ever left.It is said that about 20% of 2534yearolds live with their
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parents，compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational
households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational
living is more firmly rooted.In India，particularly outside cities，young women
are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了随着年轻人生活压力的增大以及老年人孤独
感的增加，越来越多的英国家庭选择几世同堂，且这已成为一种趋势。
1．Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?
A．Nick. B．Rita.
C．Kathryn. D．The daughters.
B [细节理解题。根据第三段“Four years ago they all moved into a
threestorey Victorian house in Bristol...but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen，
bathroom，bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”可知，在布里斯托
尔的维多利亚时代的房子里，Rita 住在一楼，故选 B。]
2．What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with his motherinlaw?
A．Positive. B．Carefree.
C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.
A [推理判断题。根据第五段中的“From my standpoint，it all seems to work
very well.Would I recommend it？Yes，I think I would.”可以判断，Nick 对于
与岳母住在一起持积极的态度，故选 A。carefree 无忧无虑的；tolerant 宽容的；
unwilling 不情愿的。]
3．What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on?
A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports.
C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions.
C [推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Official reports suggest that the number
of households with three generations living together had risen from 325，000 in
2001 to 419，000 in 2013.”和第七段中的“It is said that about 20% of
2534yearolds...about 1.8 million.”可知，作者通过罗列数据来说明几世同堂
家庭的情况，故 C 项“公布的数据”正确。]
4．What is the text mainly about?
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A．Lifestyles in different countries.
B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain.
D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
D [主旨大意题。根据全文中心句“With the young unable to afford to leave
home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独)，more families are choosing to live
together.”可知，本文主要介绍了近年来英国人选择几世同堂的趋势在上升，故
选 D。]
B (2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C)
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself，
quietly reading her ebook as she waits for her salad.What is she reading？None
of your business！Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans，
she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than
half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by
themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，
according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel
said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm
Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works
through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping
her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted
some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his
lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat
up the barkeeper with whom he's on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little
interaction(交流)．“I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of
the week，”he said.“It's a chance for selfreflection.You return to work recharged
and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There
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was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，
but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at
the table.“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in
technology，”said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the
report.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了现在的美国人多数喜欢独自
一人吃饭，他们喜欢这种独处带来的自由。
5．What are the statistics in Paragraph 2 about?
A．Food variety. B．Eating habits.
C．Table manners. D．Restaurant service.
B [推理判断题。根据第二段中的大部分人独自吃早饭或午饭，一起吃晚
饭的数据可知，这是对美国人的饮食习惯进行了调查，故答案为 B。]
6．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A．To meet with her coworkers.
B．To catch up with her work.
C．To have some time on her own.
D．To collect data for her report.
C [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I just wanted some time to myself(我
只是想给自己一点儿时间)”可知，Bechtel 更喜欢出去吃午饭的原因是想拥有自
己的时间，故答案为 C。]
7．What do we know about Mazoleny?
A．He makes videos for the bar.
B．He's fond of the food at the bar.
C．He interviews customers at the bar.
D．He's familiar with the barkeeper.
D [推理判断题。根据题干中的 Mazoleny 可定位到第四段，“...chat up the
barkeeper with whom he's on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little
interaction.”中的 on a firstname basis 的意思是“关系好，可以直呼其名”，
由此可知 Mazoleny 与酒吧服务员很熟，故答案为 D。]
8．What is the text mainly about?
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A．The trend of having meals alone.
B．The importance of selfreflection.
C．The stress from working overtime.
D．The advantage of wireless technology.
A [主旨大意题。根据第一、三、四段的例子，第二段的数据以及最后一
段中的第一句“That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat
alone.”再次提及的 eat alone 可知，本文主要说了独自用餐已经逐渐成为一种趋
势，故答案为 A。]
C (2019·北京卷·C)
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to
pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year，half of the calls we
receive will be scams(欺诈)．We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem
by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to
prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too little，too late.
By the time these “solutions”(解决方案)become widely available，scammers will
have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going to be
the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question
whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 处理 )
and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone
to use.At this year's I/O Conference，a company showed a new voice technology
able to produce such a convincing humansounding voice that it was able to speak
to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls
much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount
than precision.A decade of data breaches(数据侵入)of personal information has
led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother's name，and far
more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to carry out individually targeted
campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example，that a scammer could call
you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that
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sounds exactly like your bank teller's，tricking you into“confirming”your address，
mother's name，and card number. Scammers follow money，so companies will
be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone，and much of it
is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may
weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone
carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and
communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way
to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by，or
abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards databased communications
－using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going
to get harder from here on out.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器
人电话可以以假乱真，语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题
更加严重。
9．How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robocalls?
A．Panicked. B．Confused.
C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed.
D [推理判断题。根据第一段中的“We are finally waking up to the severity
of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches
intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little,
too late. By the time these 'solutions'(解决方案) become widely available,
scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，在这些“解决方案”
被广泛使用的时候，骗子就会有更高明的手段。由此推知，作者认为这些“解决
办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故 D 选项正
确。]
10．Taking advantage of the new technologies，scammers can ________．
A．aim at victims precisely
B．damage databases easily
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C．start campaigns rapidly
D．spread information widely
A [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The reason that robocalls are a headache
has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches(数据侵
入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn
your mother's name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to
carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people.”根据这些可知，利
用这种新的技术，欺诈者们可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故 A 选项正确。]
11．What does the passage imply?
A．Honesty is the best policy.
B．Technologies can be doubleedged.
C．There are more solutions than problems.
D．Credibility holds the key to development.
B [推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个
听起来和人类非常相似的声音，它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，
这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三段的叙述可知，欺诈者们可以利用这项新技
术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可能为坏人
所利用，产生不好的影响，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故 B 选项正确。]
12．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B．Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C．Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D．How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
C [标题归纳题。第一段提到：问题在未来会变得越来越严重，不仅仅是
出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是否是真
的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱
真。第三段介绍了语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加
严重。最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：
机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故 C
选项适合作标题。]
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完形填空
(2019·浙江卷)
There are lots of ways to raise awareness for a cause. Usually, the 1 the
idea is, the more it gets noticed. And that's precisely why one 2 Frenchman
has caught our attention.
Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe，surviving 3 on discarded(丢
弃 )food. The threemonth ， 1 ， 900 mile journey from Paris to Warsaw is
Dubanchet's 4 of raising awareness of food waste in Europe and throughout
the world.
As you can 5 ， the trip is no piece of cake. While restaurants 6 tons
of food each year, much of it remains inaccessible because of 7 garbage
containers, health regulations, or business policies. Only about one in ten places
8 him food that would otherwise be discarded.For legal 9 ， most restaurants
have a policy against 10 food waste. “Some people have even 11 their
jobs by giving me food，” Dubanchet said.
What's 12 interesting is the attitude various cities have toward
Dubanchet's cause. Berlin has been the 13 while the most difficult was the
Czech town of Pilsen. There, he had to 14 at some 50 different stores or
restaurants before finding food. The 15 is all the more serious when you
consider the 16 exercise required to bike from France to Poland.
“I have to get food 17 because after all the biking I am tired and I need
the 18 ，”Dubanchet explained. “Is my 19 full or empty? That is the
most important thing, not what I am eating.”
He aims to 20 his journey by midJuly. With any luck, he'll turn a few
more heads in the process.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了法国人 Baptiste
Dubanchet 骑着自行车穿越欧洲，完全靠丢弃的食物生存，试图通过他的行动，
来唤起人们对食物浪费现象的关注。
1．A．cleverer B．older C．stranger D．simpler
C [考查形容词辨析。根据“Usually, the ________ the idea is, the more
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it gets noticed.”可知这里意思是通常，这个观点越奇怪，它就会越受到关注。
故选 C。]
2．A．garbageeating B．sportsloving
C．foodwasting D．lawbreaking
A [考查形容词辨析。根据“Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe,
surviving ________ on discarded(丢弃) food.”可知这里意思是那就是为什么一
个“吃垃圾”的法国人引起了我们的注意。故选 A。]
3．A．secretly B．finally
C．entirely D．probably
C [考查副词辨析。句意：Baptiste Dubanchet 骑着自行车穿越欧洲，完全
靠丢弃的食物生存。故选 C。]
4．A．purpose B．way
C．opinion D．dream
B [考查名词辨析。句意：从巴黎到华沙历时三个月、1 900 英里的旅程，
是 Dubanchet 引起欧洲和全世界对食物浪费这一现象关注的方式。故选 B。]
5．A．observe B．imagine
C．suggest D．remember
B [考查动词辨析。句意：你可以想象，这次旅行不是小菜一碟。故选 B。]
6．A．store B．cook
C．shop for D．throw away
D [考查动词和动词短语辨析。句意：虽然餐馆每年扔掉大量的食物，但
由于垃圾容器上锁、卫生规定或商业政策，很多食物仍然难以接近。故选 D。]
7．A．locked B．damaged
C．connected D．abandoned
A [考查形容词辨析。根据“it remains inaccessible”可知这里意思是垃圾
容器上锁。故选 A。]
8．A．bought B．offered
C．ordered D．sold
B [考查动词辨析。句意：只有大约十分之一的地方给他提供了食物，否
则就会被丢弃。故选 B。]
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9．A．reasons B．rights
C．fees D．aids
A [考查名词辨析。句意：由于法律原因，大多数餐馆都有禁止浪费食物
的政策。故选 A。]
10．A．begging for B．giving away
C．hiding D．causing
B [考查动词和动词短语辨析。句意：由于法律原因，大多数餐馆都有禁
止分发食物残渣的政策。故选 B。]
11．A．did B．kept
C．accepted D．risked
D [考查动词辨析。上文说由于法律原因，大多数餐馆都有禁止分发食物
残渣的政策。可知这里意思是有些人甚至冒着失业的危险给我食物。故选 D。]
12．A．hardly B．usually
C．particularly D．merely
C [考查副词辨析。句意：特别有趣的是各个城市对 Dubanchet 事件的态度。
故选 C。]
13．A．easiest B．nearest
C．biggest D．richest
A [考查形容词辨析。根据“while the most difficult was the Czech town of
Pilsen”可知这里意思是柏林是最容易的。故选 A。]
14．A．work B．shout
C．ask D．jump
C [考查动词辨析。句意：在那里，他必须在大约 50 家不同的商店或餐馆
询问，才能找到食物。故选 C。]
15．A．competition B．conversation
C．conflict D．challenge
D [考查名词辨析。句意：当你考虑到从法国骑自行车到波兰所需要的高
强度运动时，挑战就更加严峻了。故选 D。]
16．A．adequate B．rewarding
C．demanding D．suitable
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C [考查形容词辨析。句意见上题。故选 C。]
17．A．again B．alone
C．later D．fast
D [考查副词辨析。句意：我必须快点吃东西，因为骑了那么久的自行车，
我累了，我需要能量。故选 D。]
18．A．spirit B．energy
C．time D．effort
B [考查名词辨析。根据“because after all the biking I am tired”可知我
需要能量。故选 B。]
19．A．stomach B．hand
C．pocket D．basket
A [考查名词辨析。根据“That is the most important thing, not what I am
eating.”可知这里意思是我的胃是满的还是空的。故选 A。]
20．A．arrange B．restart
C．report D．finish
D [考查动词辨析。根据“With any luck, he'll turn a few more heads in
the process.”可知这里意思是他计划在七月中旬结束他的旅行。故选 D。]
1．isolation n．隔离；孤立
2．float v．提出
3．indicate vt. 表明；指出；预示
4．particularly adv.尤其
5．attitude n．态度，观点
6．positive adj.积极的，阳性的
7．statistics n．数据
8．awkward adj.尴尬的
9．actually adv.实际上
10．conference n．会议
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11．precision n．精确，精度
12．individually adv.个别地，单独地
13．insecure adj. 不安全的；不稳定的
14．uniform n．制服 adj.统一的
15．inaccessible adj. 难达到的；难接近的
16．otherwise adv. 否则；另外；
在其他方面
17．conflict n．矛盾，冲突
1．afford vt.买得起；给予，提供
2．share v．分享 n．份额
3．total n．总数 adj.全部的
4．unwilling adj.不乐意的
5．escape v．逃脱
6．provide v．提供
7．intend v．意欲，打算
8．amount n．数量 v．总计
1．compare v．比较→comparison n．比较
2．tolerant adj.容忍的→tolerance n．忍受
3．tradition n．传统→traditional adj.传统的
4．choose v．选择→choice n．选择
5．reserve v．预订→reservation n．预订，预留
6．confirm v．确认，证实→confirmation n．证实
7．credible adj.可信的→credibility n．相信
8．regulate v．控制，管理→regulation n. 条例；规程
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1．none of your business 没你的事
2．according to 根据，按照
3．catch up with 赶上
4．be about to 正要……
5．carry out 实施，实行
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．Therefore，I was unwilling(willing) to communicate with others in case
I lost face.
2．We could not afford to overlook(overlook) such a serious offence.
3．The dancer's incredible(credible) performance had the audience on its feet
clapping for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
4．It's reported that the astronauts will carry out a serious of scientific
experiments in space.
5．They managed to escape (escape) from the burning building by breaking
open the door.
6．Frustrated by frequent failures in my English exams, I found myself on
the point of giving up totally (total)．
7．However, he made efforts to catch up with others, and made progress little
by little.
8．I was about to hand in the paper when I found another mistake and then
corrected it carefully.
9．(2019·北京卷)Students should have a proper attitude towards college
before thinking about which college to attend, and it's never too early to make
necessary preparations for a healthy and meaningful college experience.
Ⅰ.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn
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Whitehead. 提出
2．From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. 奏效；有作用
3 ． Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where
multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. 根深蒂固
Ⅱ.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1....many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever
left.
[译文] ……更多的成年孩子返回到父母所在的家，如果他们曾经搬出去过
的话。
2．And like more Americans，she's not alone.
[译文] 而且更多的美国人都像她这样。
Ⅲ.复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with
coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her
desk.
[分析] 主句结构是 Bechtel has lunch, but works through lunch，who 引
导定语从句修饰 Bechtel。
[译文] 贝克特尔在西棕榈海滩市中心工作，她偶尔和同事共进午餐，但是，
就像我们很多人那样，更多时候是在办公桌旁边工作边吃午餐。
2．At this year's I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology
able to produce such a convincing humansounding voice that it was able to speak
to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
[分析] 主句为 a company showed a new voice technology，able to produce
是形容词短语结构作定语修饰 voice technology，such a convincing human
sounding voice 是 produce 的宾语结构，that 引导状语从句，构成“such...that...”
句型，表示“如此……以至于……”，that 从句中是主系表结构，即 it was able
to speak...。
[译文] 在今年的 I/O 会议上，一家公司展示了一种新的语音技术，能够制
作逼真的人的声音，可以跟接待员交流并预订房间，而不被察觉。
3．This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks
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to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your
bank teller's, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother's name, and
card number.
[分析] 本句主句为 this means that..., 第一个 that 引导宾语从句，宾语从
句中主语是 a scammer，谓语是 could call...and talk to...。what 引导宾语从句，
作介词 from 的宾语。using a voice 是现在分词短语作 talk to you 的状语， 第
二个 that 引导定语从句 that sounds exactly like your bank teller's 修饰 voice,
tricking you...是现在分词短语作状语，修饰主句动词 could call...and talk...。
[译文] 这意味着，比如，诈骗分子可以用一个你看起来很熟悉的号码给你
打电话，用一个听起来完全像银行柜员的嗓音和你说话，欺骗你“确认”你的地
址，母亲的名字和银行卡号。
4．That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images,
showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether
and moving towards databased communications－using apps like FaceTime or
WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
[分析] 本句主语是 That, 谓语 might mean，其余都是 mean 的宾语。宾语
是由 either...or...连接的两组动名词宾语结构组成。第一组中，developing a uniform
way 是 mean 的宾语，但 showing...是状语，when and who 引导 showing 的宾语
从句；第二组中，abandoning...和 moving...都是 mean 的宾语结构，但是 using apps...
则是动词 moving 的状语。which 引导定语从句修饰 apps like FaceTime or
WhatsApp。
[译文] 这可能意味着，要么开发一种统一的方式来标记视频和图像，显示它们
是何时由谁制作的，要么干脆放弃电话，转向基于数据的交流方式，比如使用
FaceTime 或 者 WhatsApp 这 样 的 可 以 绑 定 个 人 身 份 的 软 件 。
1．recommend vt.推荐；建议；介绍；劝告
(1)recommend sth.to sb./recommend sb.sth.向某人推荐/介绍某物
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recommend doing sth.建议做某事
recommend that...(should) do sth.建议做某事
It is/was recommended that...(should) do...有人建议……
(2)recommendation n．推荐
a letter of recommendation 推荐信
follow mother's recommendations 听从母亲的劝告
recommend the Chinese traditional dress for the welcome ceremony 在欢迎
仪式上介绍中国传统服装
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended (recommend)
wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
②A great many tourist spots can be found along the Yangtze River, and that's
why I recommend the trip to you.
③ My English teacher recommended buying (buy)an EnglishChinese
dictionary which he thought would be of great help to my studies.
[能力提升]－－一句多译
出于安全考虑，建议父母不要让 12 岁以下的孩子骑自行车上学。
①Parents are recommended not to allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles
to school for safety. (recommend sb. to do )
②It is recommended that parents (should )not allow their children under 12
to ride bicycles to school for safety.(recommend ＋that 从句)
2．basis n．基础； 基本原则
(1)on the basis of ...根据……；在……的基础上
(2)base vt.以……为根据 n．基部； 基地； 基础，根据地
base...on/upon...把……建立在……基础之上
be based on/upon 以……为基础； 依据……
(3)basic adj.基本的； 基础的
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revolutionary bases 革命根据地
use the house as a base for his business 把这所房子作为他生意的总部
an earlywarning system based on mathematical models 基于数学模型的早
期报警系统
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①As far as I'm concerned, common hobbies are the basis (base) of making
friends.
②They have to have a basic(base)understanding of computers in order to use
the advanced technology.
[能力提升]－－完成句子
不要接受加于你的观点，除非是基于事实。
You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on/upon/on
the basis of facts.
3．advance vt.& vi.前进；促进；提前 n．前进；进步
(1)in advance (＝ahead of time)提前；预先
in advance of 在……前面；超过
make an advance in sth.在某方面有进步
(2)advanced adj.先进的；高级的
advance greatly in our knowledge of the universe 在宇宙的认识上取得了很
大的进步
technological/scientific/medical advances 技术/科学/医学上的进步
pay sb. $500 in advance 预付某人 500 美元
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①In the near future, more advances (advance) in the robot technology will
be made by scientists.
②As is known to all, China will be an advanced(advance) and powerful
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country in 20 or 30 years' time.
[能力提升]－－完成句子
我建议提前预订座位。
I recommend making seat reservations in advance/ahead of time．
4．means n．手段；方法
(1)by this means 用这种方法
by means of 通过；用；借助于
by no means 决不；一点也不(放在句首时，句子部分倒装)
by all means(用于交际英语表示同意)当然可以；没问题；务必
(2)a means of ...一种……工具
a means of communication 通信工具
a means to fight crime 打击犯罪活动的举措
express our thoughts by means of languages
用语言表达我们的思想
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Watching films is regarded as a good means of entertainment.
②Every possible means has (have) been used to prevent the air pollution,
but the sky is still not clear.
[能力提升]－－完成句子
学生有时候通过做兼职工作来支撑自己的生活。
Students sometimes support themselves through/by (means of) doing parttime
jobs．
5．survive vt.比……活得长 vi.活下来；幸存；残留
(1)survive＋n.(the fire/earthquake/accident...)
从(火灾/地震/事故等) 中生还
survive on 靠……维持生活；靠……存活下来
(2)survival n．幸存；[C]遗物；幸存物
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survivor n．幸存者；死里逃生的人
survive the earthquake 在地震中幸免于难
survive on such a low salary 靠这么低的工资维持生计
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for
us to survive(survive) is to live in harmony with nature.
②After the plane crash，what the survivors(survive) could do was to wait
for rescue on this desert island.
[能力提升]－－一句多译
如果他找不到森林出口，几乎就活不下来。
①If he couldn't find his way out of the forest, there would be little chance
of survival．(survival)
② If he couldn't find his way out of the forest, he could hardly
survive．(survive)
6．observe vt.观察；观测；遵守；庆祝
(1)observe sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事
observe sb.do sth.看到某人做了某事
observe sb./sth.done 看到某人/物被……
(2)observation n．观察
observatory n．天文台
observer n．观察者
observe the behavior of every student 观察每个同学的表现
observe a man enter the bank 看到一个人走进了银行
observe him reading a novel 看到他在读小说
[一词多义]－－写出下列句中 observe 的含义
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①We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on
our lives in many ways.观察
②Rules should be worked out and strictly observed.遵守
[能力提升]－－完成句子
我要给你讲我们如何过春节的。
I'd like to tell you something about how we observe/celebrate the Spring
Festival.
7．reward n．& v．报答；报酬；奖金；酬劳；奖赏
(1)reward sb.with sth.用……奖赏某人
reward sb.for sth./doing sth.因(做)某事奖励某人
(2)as a reward for...作为对……的报酬
in reward for 为报答；作为……的奖赏
(3)rewarding adj.值得做的；有益的
be rewarded with a smile 报以微笑
a reward for good behavior 优秀行为奖
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①The students have been working hard at their lessons and their efforts will
be rewarded (reward) with success in the end.
②When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it
very interesting and rewarding (reward)．
[能力提升]－－一句多译
我给那个男孩一本字典作为他对我无私帮助的回报。
①I gave the boy a dictionary, rewarding him for his selfless help to me.(reward
v．)
②I gave the boy a dictionary in reward for/as a reward for his selfless help
to me.(reward n．)
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1．There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking
for a table for one, but those days are over.
曾经一度人们可能会因为一个人要一张桌子感到尴尬，不过那个时代过去
了。
[句型公式] There was a time when...“曾经一度……”，when 引导定语从
句。
本句型还有如下表达方式：
(1)There are/were times when...
(2)It is/was a time when...
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①It/There was a time when I was addicted to playing computer games.
②There was a time when I was always upset and easily got angry about some
unimportant matters.
[能力提升]－－完成句子
有一段日子我对一切与自然相关的东西都非常着迷。
There was a time when I became crazy about everything to do with nature.
2．The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse
to pick up calls from numbers they don't know.
机器人电话的问题变得很糟糕，以至于很多人现在拒绝接不熟悉的来电。
[句型公式] so...that...如此……以至于……，so 为副词，修饰形容词 bad；
that 为连词，引导结果状语从句。
这类句型包括 so/such...that...，常见形式如下：
(1)so
adj./adv.
adj.＋a（n）＋n.
many/much/few/little（少）＋n.
＋thatclause
(2)such
a（n）＋adj.＋可数名词单数
adj.＋可数名词复数
adj.＋不可数名词
＋that clause
[金句推送] She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the
road.
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她在拐弯处开得如此快，以至于汽车差点偏离车道。
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that
we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there.
②The Great Wall is so wellknown a tourist attraction that millions of people
pour in every year.
③ They are such little trees that there are few apples on them.
[能力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：The newlybuilt stadium is so big that it can hold all the teachers
and students in our school.
高级表达：So big is the newlybuilt stadium that it can hold all the teachers
and students in our school.(倒装句)
夯基固本·知识落实
Ⅰ.用所给词的正确形式填空
1．It has been confirmed (confirm) that the 2024 Olympic Games will take
place in Paris.
2．Medical advances(advance) make it possible for us to cure some diseases.
3．My English teacher asked us to choose (choose) a topic, make a weekly
plan and tell the class about it.
4．The heart is not conquered by force, but by love and tolerance (tolerant)．
5．Lily observed a man slip(slip) into her neighbor's house.
Ⅱ.在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．After being awarded the first prize，he expressed that he would continue
to reward the people and the society with his hard work.
2．I'd appreciate it if you let me know whether you are available or not in
advance.
3．Students sometimes support themselves by means of doing parttime jobs.
4．I didn't know how you all manage to survive on your small salary.
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5．The movie was based on a reallife incident.And it turned out to be a success.
强技提能·知识应用
Ⅰ.完形填空
(2015·安徽卷)In our modern world，when something wears out，we throw
it away and buy a new one.The 1 is that countries around the world have growing
mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.
How did we 3 a throwaway society？First of all，it is now easier to 4
an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 5 modern manufacturing(制
造 业 )and technology ， companies are able to produce products quickly and
inexpensively.Products are plentiful and 6 .
Another cause is our 7 of disposable(一次性的)products.As 8 people，
we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives easier.Companies
10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates，plastic cups，
and cameras，to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also 11 to the problem.We are 12 buying
new things.Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be
happier with the latest products.The result is that we 14 useful possessions to
make room for new ones.
All around the world.we can see the 15 of this throwaway
lifestyle.Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.To 16 the amount of
rubbish and to protect the 17 ，more governments are requiring people to recycle
materials. 18 ，this is not enough to solve our problem.
Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions 19
throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20 ．Repairing
our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce
the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。我们用过的东西随手就扔掉了。慢慢
地，我们的社会就变成了一次性社会。为什么会产生这样的现象？我们该如何解
决这一问题？本文就此给我们提出了建议。
1．A．key B．reason
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C．project D．problem
D [ 联 系 后 文 的 “countries around the world have growing mountains
of________(rubbish)”可知，堆积如山的垃圾已经成了社会问题(problem)了。
key 关键；reason 原因；project 工程。]
2．A．gifts B．rubbish
C．debt D．products
B [结合空后的“because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever
before”可知，因为人们扔的垃圾越来越多，垃圾已经堆积成山，故该空填
rubbish。gift 礼物；debt 债务；product 产品。]
3．A．face B．become
C．observe D．change
B [由空后的“a throwaway society”及后文的几个原因可知，此句意为：
我们是如何成为(become)一个一次性社会的？face 面对；observe 观察；change
变化。]
4．A．hide B．control
C．replace D．withdraw
C [结合空前的“easier to”和后文的“to spend time and money to repair
it”可知，替换(replace)一件东西比花时间和金钱修理它要容易得多。hide 藏；
control 控制；withdraw 撤回，退出。]
5．A．Thanks to B．As to
C．Except for D．Regardless of
A [“modern manufacturing and technology”是“companies are able to
produce products quickly and inexpensively”的原因，因此用 thanks to“多亏，
由于”。as to 至于；except for 除了；regardless of 不管，不考虑。]
6．A．safe B．funny
C．cheap D．powerful
C [结合前文的“quickly and inexpensively”可知此处是指“产品充足，
价格便宜(cheap)”。safe 安全的；funny 有趣的；powerful 强有力的。]
7．A．love B．lack
C．prevention D．division
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A [从后文“we are always looking for________(ways)to save time and make
our lives easier”可知，我们对于一次性产品的喜爱(love)是我们制造太多垃圾
的另一个原因。lack 缺乏；prevention 阻止；division 分开，分割。]
8．A．sensitive B．kind
C．brave D．busy
D [从后文的“to save time and make our lives easier”可知，我们是一
些忙碌的(busy)人们。sensitive 善解人意的；kind 善良的；brave 勇敢的。]
9．A．ways B．places
C．jobs D．friends
A [前文讲到一次性产品的使用，因此我们总是寻找能节省时间和让我们
的生活变得更容易的方式(ways)。place 地方；job 工作；friend 朋友。]
10．A．donate B．receive
C．produce D．preserve
C [由主语 companies 可知，工厂应该是生产(produce)大量的一次性产品。
donate 捐赠；receive 收到；preserve 保存。]
11．A．adapts B．returns
C．responds D．contributes
D [联系空前的“Our appetite for new products also”可知，我们对新产
品的渴望也导致了(contribute to)这个问题。adapt 适应；return 返回；respond 回
答，回应。]
12．A．tired of B．addicted to
C．worried about D．ashamed for
B [结合“Our appetite for new products”可知，我们是对购买新的东西
上瘾(be addicted to)了。be tired of 厌倦；be worried about 担心；be ashamed for
羞愧于。]
13．A．newer B．stronger
C．higher D．larger
A [上句中的“new things”及空后的“with the latest products”都暗示该
空填 newer。广告说服我们，越新的越好……strong 强壮的；high 高的；large 大
的。]
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14．A．pick up B．pay for
C．hold onto D．throw away
D [联系后文的“to make room for new ones”可知，我们常常是扔掉(throw
away)还有用的物品，去给新的东西腾出地方。pick up 捡起，收听，学会；pay for
支付；hold onto 抓住不放。]
15．A．advantages B．purposes
C．functions D．consequences
D [从下文的“Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.”可知，在
全世界我们都可以看到这种一次性的生活方式所带来的后果(consequence)。
advantage 好处；purpose 目的；function 功能。]
16．A．show B．record
C．decrease D．measure
C [ 结 合 后 文 的 “more governments are requiring people to recycle
materials”可知，是为了减少(decrease)垃圾的数量。show 展示；record 记录；
measure 测量。]
17．A．technology B．environment
C．consumers D．brands
B [减少垃圾，回收利用的目的就是保护环境(environment)。]
18．A．However B．Otherwise
C．Therefore D．Meanwhile
A [联系空后的“this is not enough to solve our problem”可知，空前后
为转折关系，故用 however。otherwise 否则；therefore 因此；meanwhile 同时。]
19．A．by B．in favour of
C．after D．instead of
D [从空前的“We need to repair our possessions”可知，我们需要修理我
们的物品再用，而不是(instead of)扔掉它们。by 通过；in favour of 支持；after
在……之后。]
20．A．spending B．collecting
C．repairing D．advertising
A [结合前文“Our appetite for new products”及后文“Repairing our
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possessions and changing our spending habits...”可知，我们也需要重新考虑我
们的消费(spending)态度了。collect 收集；repair 修理；advertise 做广告。]
Ⅱ.语法填空
Something significant is happening to the world population－it is aging. The
median(中位数的)age of an American in 1950 1.________ (be) 30－today it is
41 and is expected 2.________(increase) to 42 by 2050.For Japan，the 3.________
(number)are more striking －22 in 1950，46 today and 53 in 2050.In 2015，
one in 12 people around the world were over 65；by 2050，it will be one in six.
This aging of the population is driven 4.________ two factors. The first is
declining birth rates，which means old generations are large 5.________(compare)to
younger generations ， and so ， on average ， the population becomes
6.________(old)than before. This is 7.________(particular)true in the US. The
second reason is that people are living longer. A child born in the US today has
8.________ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan
accordingly.
People tend to focus on the first factor. However，greater attention should
9.________ (place)on longevity(长寿)．It isn't just that people are，on average，
living longer. It's also that they are on average healthier 10.________ more
productive for longer. Therefore，they can work for longer，consume more and
in general be a boost to the economy.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了当前世界老龄化的现象以及
造成这一现象的两大因素。
1．was [考查动词的时态和主谓一致。结合上文的主语 age 可知，谓语动
词应用第三人称单数形式，同时根据 in 1950 可知，此处的时态为一般过去时，
所以填 was。]
2．to increase [考查非谓语动词(不定式)。根据 is expected 可知，其后需
要接不定式 to do 结构，意为“预计将……”。]
3．numbers [考查名词的单复数。根据下文的 are 可知，这里需要 number
的复数形式，故填 numbers。]
4．by [考查介词。根据上下文可知，空处位于表示被动的动词后，故应填
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by 表示“由，被”。]
5．compared [考查非谓语动词。结合句式结构可知，此处为非谓语动词，
且 compare 与逻辑主语 old generations 是动宾关系，故填 compared。compared to
是固定结构，意为“与……相比”。]
6．older [考查形容词比较级。结合句意和下文的 than before 可知，这里
意为“比以前更加年老”，故填 older。]
7．particularly [考查副词。根据句式结构可知，此处修饰 true，故填副词
形式。]
8．a [考查冠词。根据下文的 chance 可知，这里语意表示“非常实际的一
个可能性”，故填不定冠词 a，表示泛指。]
9．be placed [考查动词的被动语态。结合句意可知，此处 attention 与 place
构成被动关系。又因空前是情态动词 should，故填 be placed。]
10．and [考查并列连词。结合句意可知，healthier 和 more productive 构
成并列关系，故填 and。]
话题写作
Step 1.写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①随着因特网的迅速发展，人们可以通过网络申请工作。
As the Internet develops rapidly，people can apply for jobs through the Internet.
②在某种程度上，电脑改变了我们的生活。
In a way，computers have changed our lives.
③人们用它们打字、发信号、解决各种问题，甚至探索月球。
People use them to type, signal, solve all kinds of problems and even explore
the moon．
④很多新的问题出现了。
Many new problems have arisen．
⑤许多学生对电脑很着迷，他们在电脑上花费了太多的时间。
Many students become crazy about computers and they spend too much time
on them.
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⑥部分学生在考试中失败。
Some of the students fail in exams．
⑦但不管怎么说，电脑在我们的生活中起着很重要的作用。
Anyhow，computers play an important part in our lives.
Step 2.表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用 with 短语改写句①
With the Internet developing rapidly, people can apply for jobs through the
Internet.
②用“so...that...”句型改写句⑤
Many students become so crazy about computers that they spend too much
time on them.
Step 3.衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
With the Internet developing rapidly，people can apply for jobs through the
Internet. In a way，computers have changed our lives. People use them to type,
signal, solve all kinds of problems and even explore the moon. However，many
new problems have arisen. Many students become so crazy about computers that
they spend too much time on them. As a result, some of the students fail in exams.
Anyhow, computers play an important part in our lives.
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