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主题群一 自然生态
主题语境(一) 主要国家地理概况
阅读理解
A (2019·江苏卷·B)
In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park,
Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled
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anyone before：he couldn't find the park's volcano.It had been known for a long time
that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that's what accounted for all its hot
springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone
volcano anywhere.
Most of us ，when we talk about volcanoes ， think of the classic cone(圆 锥
体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro ，which are created when erupting magma(岩
浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was
surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the
confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at
almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there
are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them
extinct.There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve
mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single
big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this
second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new highaltitude cameras by taking
photographs of Yellowstone.A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the
park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blowup for one of
the visitors' centers.As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had
failed to spot the caldera：almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera.The
explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen
from anywhere at ground level.At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown
up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
【语篇解读】 本文为记叙文，讲述了二十世纪六十年代 Bob Christiansen
在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，奇怪地发现在黄石公园没有找到火山。原来，这
儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个
巨大的洞，这个洞太大了，以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。
1．What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?
A．Its complicated geographical features.
B．Its everlasting influence on tourism.
C．The mysterious history of the park.
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D．The exact location of the volcano.
D [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“But Christiansen couldn't find the
Yellowstone volcano anywhere.”可知，他困惑的是在黄石公园没有找到火山。故
选 D。]
2．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The shapes of volcanoes.
B．The impacts of volcanoes.
C．The activities of volcanoes.
D．The heights of volcanoes.
A [主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由
火山岩浆堆积形成的圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝
中爆裂，留下一个巨大的洞。故选 A。]
3 ． What does the underlined word “blowup” in the last paragraph most
probably mean?
A．Hotair balloon. B．Digital camera.
C．Big photograph. D．Bird's view.
C [词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句“Just at this time NASA decided to test
some new highaltitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone.A thoughtful
official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that
they might make a nice blowup for one of the visitors' centers.”可知，美国国家航
空航天局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑
的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大
以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选 C。]
B (2018·全国卷Ⅲ·B)
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are，like a nearby port or
river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited
to communications and trade.New York City，for example，is near a large harbour at
the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from
800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of
time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896，Dawson，Canada，
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was unmapped wilderness(荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897，and two
years later，it was one of the largest cities in the West，with a population of 30，000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or
Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snowcovered mountains and
sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty
feet of wet snow that could fall without warning.An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the
path，killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson，however，the rewards were
worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold，4，000 got
rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were，Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities
like food and wood were very expensive.But soon，the gold that Dawson depended
on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest
in settling down，and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska，they
left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today，people still come and go— to
see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of
Dawson City—its present population is 762.
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了加拿大道森的历史、发展与现状。
4．What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A．Its business culture.
B．Its small population.
C．Its geographical position.
D．Its favourable climate.
C [推理判断题。根据第一段中的“New York City，for example，is near a
large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew
gradually from 800 people to 8 million.”可推知，由于纽约市地处哈德逊河入海
口，其优越的地理位置吸引了早期的定居者。C 项正确。]
5．What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A．Twothirds of them stayed there.
B．One out of five people got rich.
C．Almost everyone gave up.
D．Half of them died.
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B [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Of the first 20，000 people who dug for
gold，4，000 got rich.”可知，在最先的两万淘金者中，有 4 000 人变得富有了，
换言之，即有五分之一的人(one out of five people)变得富有了，故答案为 B。]
6．What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A．They found the city too crowded.
B．They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C．They were unable to stand the winter.
D．They were short of food.
B [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But soon...and when they heard there were
new gold discoveries in Alaska，they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.”
可知，当道森的黄金都被发掘后，人们听说在阿拉斯加发现了新的金矿，他们便
很快离开道森了。由此可推知，他们是想去阿拉斯加碰碰运气。B 项正确。]
7．What is the text mainly about?
A．The rise and fall of a city.
B．The gold rush in Canada.
C．Journeys into the wilderness.
D．Tourism in Dawson.
A [主旨大意题。本文主要以道森为例，讲述了城市的兴衰，故 A 项正确。]
C (2017·全国卷Ⅲ·A)
San Francisco Fire Engine Tours
San Francisco Winery Tour
Running：February 1st through April 30th
This delicious tour goes through the city on its way to Treasure Island where we
will stop at the famous Winery SF.Here you can enjoy 4 pours of some of the best
wine San Francisco has to offer.(Included in ticket price)
Departing from the Cannery：Tour times upon request
Duration(时长)：2 hours
Price：$90
Back to the Fifties Tour
Running：August 16th through August 31st
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This tour transports you back in time to one of San Francisco's most fantastic
periods，the 1950s！Enjoy fun history as we take you through San Francisco for a free
taste of ice cream.
Departing from the Cannery：5：00 pm and 7：30 pm
Duration：2 hours
Price：$90
Spooky Halloween Tour
Running：October 10th through October 31st
Join us for a ride through the historical Presidio district.Authentic fire gear(服
装 )is provided for your warmth as our entertainers take you to some of the most
thrilling parts of San Francisco.
Departing from the Cannery：6：30 pm and 8：30 pm
Duration：1 hour and 30 minutes
Price：Available upon request
Holiday Lights Tour
Running：December 6th through December 23rd
This attractive tour takes you to some of San Francisco's most cheerful holiday
scenes.Authentic fire gear is provided for your warmth as you get into the holiday
spirit.
Departing from the Cannery：7：00 pm and 9：00 pm
Duration：1 hour and 30 minutes
Advance reservations required.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了美国旧金山的四条旅游路线。
8．Which of the tours is available in March?
A．San Francisco Winery Tour.
B．Back to the Fifties Tour.
C．Spooky Halloween Tour.
D．Holiday Lights Tour.
A [细节理解题。根据第一个标题San Francisco Winery Tour下的“February
1st through April 30th”可知，此项活动从 2 月 1 日持续到 4 月 30 日，所以如果 3
月份出游，要选择 San Francisco Winery Tour，故选 A 项。]
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9．What can tourists do on Back to the Fifties Tour?
A．Go to Treasure Island.
B．Enjoy the holiday scenes.
C．Have free ice cream.
D．Visit the Presidio district.
C [细节理解题。根据第二个标题 Back to the Fifties Tour 下的“Enjoy fun
history as we take you through San Francisco for a free taste of ice cream.”可知，游客
在领略历史文化的同时，还有免费的冰激凌可吃，故选 C 项。]
10．What are tourists required to do to go on Holiday Lights Tour?
A．Take some drinks.
B．Set off early in the morning.
C．Wear warm clothes.
D．Make reservations in advance.
D [细节理解题。根据最后一个标题 Holiday Lights Tour 下的“Advance
reservations required.”可知，想参加这条路线，游客要提前预订，故选 D 项。]
1．oddly adv. 古怪地
2．feature n．特点
3．erupt vi.爆发；喷出
4．remarkably adv.引人注目的
5．explosive adj.爆炸的
6．single adj.单一的；单身的
7．authority n．权威；权力
8．scale n．规模；比例
9．harbour n．海港
10．avalanche n．雪崩
11．rush n．冲进；仓促
12．industry n．工业，产业
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13．engine n．发动机，引擎
14．delicious adj.美味的
15．treasure n．财宝
16．depart v．离开
17．authentic adj.真实的
18．scene n．场景
1.．level n．水平
2．beyond prep.超出
3．gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地
4．natural adj.自然的
5．dig v．挖掘
6．chief adj.主要的
7．present adj.现在的，出席的
8．transport vt.运输；运送
1．steam n．蒸汽→steamy adj.蒸汽的
2．confuse v．使迷惑→confused adj.感到困惑的→confusing adj.令人困惑的
3．extinct v．灭绝→extinction n．灭绝
4．thought n．想法→ thoughtful adj.考虑周到的
5．digit n．数字→digital adj.数字的
6．communicate vi.交流→communication n．交流；沟通
7．discover v．发现→discovery n．发现
8．thrill v．使兴奋→thrilling adj.毛骨悚然的
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1．all but 几乎
2．have a good reason for 有充分的理由
3．make it 成功
4．no matter 不论
5．depend on 取决于
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．The confused (confuse) look on Tom's face suggested that he didn't quite
understand his manager's idea.
2．Wilson has covered an astonishing 64，000 miles, and has had countless
pleasant and often humorous conversations with the students he transports (transport)
to and from school.
3 ． As is known to all language learners, newlylearnt words will soon be
forgotten unless frequently used in everyday communication (communicate)．
4．As the weather gradually (gradual) becomes warmer and warmer, he will pick
up soon.
5．He saw life as a voyage of discovery(discover)．
6．If you have a job, do devote yourself to it and finally you'll make it．
7．It is very thoughtful(thought) of you to send the flowers.
8．That would have been a good enough reason for me not to go.
Ⅰ.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth, all but a
few hundred of them extinct.大约
2．Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was
more than half a mile across.宽
Ⅱ.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the
difficult trip.
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[译文] 然而，对于很多到过道森市的人来说，这趟艰苦的旅程是值得这些
回报的。
2．Here you can enjoy 4 pours of some of the best wine San Francisco has to
offer.
[译文] 在这里你可以品尝到 4 杯旧金山提供的最好的葡萄酒。
Ⅲ.复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone shapes of
a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma piles up.
[分析] 主语是 most of us，谓语部分是 think of...，when we talk about
volcanoes 是状语从句，隔开了主语和谓语。从语法结构上讲也可以把 when 引导
的状语从句放在句首。which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 the classic cone shapes
of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro。when erupting magma piles up 是状语从句，修饰动词
created。
[译文] 当谈到火山时，我们中的大多数都会想到富士山或者乞力马扎罗山
的经典圆锥形状，它们是在岩浆喷发堆积时形成的。
2．The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling
down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left
Dawson City as quickly as they had come.
[分析] 本句是由 and 连接的两个并列分句构成。前面分句是简单句，其中
with no interest in settling down 作定语修饰 people。后边分句的主谓结构是 they
left Dawson City...，when 引导时间状语从句，在从句中，there were new gold
discoveries in Alaska 是 heard 的宾语从句，省略了引导词 that。
[译文] 城市里挤满了失望的人们，他们对定居毫无兴趣，等听说阿拉斯加
有新的金矿发现时，他们就像来时那样快速离开了道森城。
1．account vi.& vt.认为；说明；总计有 n．说明；理由；计算；账目
(1)take account of.../take...into account 考虑到；顾及
on account of 因为，由于
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on no account 决不
give an account of 报告；叙述；说明
(2)account for 解释；说明； (数量，比例上)占
open an account 开户
create an email account 创建电子邮件账户
give us a long account of her trip to Europe 向我们详细讲述她的欧洲之行
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①North Sea oil accounts for a high proportion of our export earnings.
②While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories of famous people in history such as
Thomas Edison and Alexander the Great，this book also gives an account of the lives
of lesserknown individuals...
③(2019·天津卷)The professor warned the students that on no account should
they use mobile phones in his class.
[能力提升]——词汇升级
普通表达：The flight was postponed because of the bad weather.
高级表达：The flight was postponed on account of the bad weather.
[名师点津] on no account 意为“决不”，放在句首时常引起句子的部分倒
装 ， 有 类 似 用 法 的 还 有 ： by no means, in no way, on no condition, under no
circumstances, in no case, at no time 等。
2．involve vt.包括；涉及；使参与；需要
(1)involve sb.in (doing) sth.使某人参与(做)某事；使某人牵扯到某事中
involve doing sth.包括做某事；参与做某事
involve oneself in sth.自己参与某事
(2)involved adj.复杂的；有牵连的，有关的
get/be involved in 被卷入……之中；热衷于，专心于
be/get involved with sb./sth.与某人混在一起，和……有密切联系
get involved with that crowd 与那群人混在一起
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involve western festivals and customs 涉及西方的节日和习俗
get involved in community activities where they can gain experience for growth
参加社区活动，能从中为成长获取经验
[名师点津] involved adj.作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时，
意为“涉及到的”。如：an involved sentence“一个复杂的句子”；the people
involved“所涉及的人”。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
① On line voting becomes increasingly popular, and many competitions get
people involved in it.
② A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or
stresses involved(involve)．
③Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involves spending(spend)
quite a lot of time with students.
[能力提升]——完成句子
父母应当参与孩子的教育。
Parents should involve themselves in their child's education.
3．assumption n．假设，设想
(1)assume vt. 设想；假定；认为；承担
assume that...假定，认为……
assume...to be...认为……是……；假定……是……
(2)assuming that 假定……(作状语)
(3)on the assumption that 假设……
in support of our assumption 支持我们的假设
it is reasonable to assume 认为……合理
assuming it rains tomorrow 假设明天下雨
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Where unemployment and crime rates are high, it can be assumed (assume)
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that the latter is due to the former.
②(2018·江苏卷)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting
on the assumption (assume) you've made.
[能力提升]——词汇升级
普通表达：If I am chosen to be a volunteer at Beijing Winter Olympic Games, I
will serve the people heart and soul.
高级表达：Assuming (that) I am chosen to be a volunteer at Beijing Winter
Olympic Games, I will serve the people heart and soul.
4．convenience n．便利；方便；便利的事物；便利设施
(1)at one's convenience 在某人方便时
(2)convenient adj. 方便的；便利的；附近的；容易到达的
It be convenient for sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事是方便的
sth.be convenient for sb.对某人来说……是方便的
a convenience store 便利店
convenience foods 方便食品
a restaurant convenient for/to shops and theatres 靠近商店和剧院的餐馆
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
① (2019· 江 苏 卷 )To enjoy the convenience (convenient) of digital payment,
many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
②The hotel is conveniently (convenient) located close to the beach, thus making
it popular with tourists.
③Would it be convenient for you to pick(pick) me up at four o'clock and take me
to the airport?
④If it's convenient for you, let's meet at 8：30 outside the school gate.
[能力提升]——一句多译
如果你感兴趣，请你在方便的时候尽快报名吧。
①If you are interested, please sign up earlier at your convenience．(convenience)
② If you are interested, please sign up earlier when it is convenient for
you．(convenient)
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[名师点津] convenient 作表语时，不可用人作主语，而要用物或形式主语
作主语。“当你方便的时候”应译成“when it is convenient for you”而不能译成
“when you are convenient”。“(某个房子等)离某处近”，可用“...be convenient
for/to sth.”如 The house is convenient for/to several schools.
5．provide vt.提供；规定；准备；供应
（1）provide sb.with sth.
provide sth.for sb.
向某人提供某物
(2)provide for 赡养，养活
provide against 预防，防备
(3)provided (that) ...＝ providing (that) ...倘若；在……情况/条件下
provide us with a chance to know more about Chinese traditional culture 为我们
提供一个更多了解中国传统文化的机会
provide large quantities of clothes and food for the earthquake areas 为地震灾
区提供大量的衣服和食品
provide against a raining day 未雨绸缪
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
① The police will reward whoever provides/has provided(provide) useful
information to catch the robber.
②You can use the room providing/provided(provide) that you keep it clean and
tidy.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级
①我认为，兼职工作可以给大学生提供一个宝贵的机会去更多地了解外面的
世界。
In my view, parttime jobs provide college students with a valuable opportunity
to know more about the outside world.
②毕业以后，他们可以更好地适应社会。
They can better adapt themselves to society after graduation.
③用目的状语从句连接①②句。
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In my view, parttime jobs provide college students with a valuable opportunity
to know more about the outside world so that they can better adapt themselves to
society after graduation.
6．require vt.需要；要求
(1)require sb.to do sth.要求某人做某事
require that sb.(should) do sth.要求某人做某事
(2)requirement n．要求，需要
meet/satisfy one's requirements 满足某人的要求
require everyone to follow the rules 要求每个人都遵守规则
be required to fill in the application form 要求填张申请表
be competent to meet your requirements 有能力满足你们的要求
[名师点津] require 作“需要”时，其后跟 v.ing 的主动形式表示被动的含
义或不定式的被动式，即：require doing/to be done。类似用法的词还有 need, want,
deserve 等。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2018·北京卷)In my first P．E.class, the teacher required us to run(run) laps
and then hit a softball.
②(2017·浙江卷)She was skeptical that the language requirement(require) would
encourage integration.
③All the problems put forward at the meeting require solving/to be solved(solve)
in one month.
[能力提升]——一句多译
校长要求所有的学生在学校穿校服。
①The headmaster required all the students to wear school uniforms at school.(简
单句)
②The headmaster required that all the students (should) wear school uniforms at
school.(复合句)
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It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in
nature—that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features.
长久以来人们都知道黄石公园是火山喷发造成的——这就是为什么公园内
那么多热泉并且到处冒蒸汽的原因。
[句型公式] It had been known ...that 是 It is/has been known that...的时态变形
结构，意为“人们知道……”，it 为形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语。
(1)It be known that 相当于 sb./sth. be known to do, 表示“众所周知……”。
(2)这类句型也可以用于其他一些动词，如：
It is reported that...据报道……
It is suggested that...有人建议……
It is thought that...人们认为……
It is said that...据说……
[ 金 句 推 送 ] It is known that carbon dioxide is heating the earth twice as
quickly as previously feared.
众所周知，二氧化碳正以先前人们所担忧的两倍的速度加热着地球。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Body language is said to account(account) for 55 percent of a first impression.
② The professor is said to have succeeded(succeed) in carrying out this
experiment so far.
③The flu is known to be caused(cause)by viruses that like to reproduce in the
cells inside the human nose and throat.
[能力提升]——一句多译
大家都知道几天前她写了一篇关于野生动物保护的报告。
①It is known that she wrote a report about wildlife protection the other day.
②She is known to have written a report about wildlife protection the other day.
夯基固本·知识落实
Ⅰ.用所给词的正确形式填空
1．Let's assume it to be(be) true.
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2．Jane kept moving, but the farther she walked, the more confused (confuse) she
became.
3．All kinds of goods are transported (transport) to a lot of countries every day.
4．With many wild animals gradually (gradual) dying out, the present situation
deserves attention.
5 ． It is considerate of you to take my application into account at your early
convenience(convenient)．
Ⅱ.在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．There is no doubt that it is very meaningful to work with our own hands rather
than depend on others.
2．It is wise to provide against the future.
3．Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can
gain experience.
4．—I wonder why he has been acting so strangely these days.
—Recent pressure at work may account for his behaviour.
5. It is obvious that iPad is of great help to our study，especially to our English
learning.
强技提能·知识应用
Ⅰ.完形填空
The British Isles consist of two large islands.One is called Ireland and 1
Britain.Britain，or Great Britain，is the larger one of these two islands，and it is 2
into three parts：Scotland，Wales and England.
The United Kingdom is that part of the British Isles 3 by the Queen.It is
made up of Scotland，Wales and England，that is，the 4 of Britain，and also
about one sixth of Ireland ， the northern part.The 5 of Ireland is
selfgoverning.The 6 name of the United Kingdom is 7 “The United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”．
England is 8 and richer than Scotland，Wales and Northern Ireland，and
has the most 9 of the United Kingdom，so people often use the 10 “England”
and“English”when they 11 “Britain”and “British”．This sometimes makes the
Scots and the Welsh a little 12 ．The Scots in particular are very 13 of
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their separate nationality.The Welsh too do not 14 themselves as English，and
have a culture and 15 a language of their own.
Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1801 ， but for forty years the
“Irish 16 ”was the greatest headache of the United Kingdom. 17 ，Ireland
was divided into two：Northern Ireland still 18 to the United Kingdom，and in
1922 the rest of Ireland 19 to found an Irish Free State，later called Eire and now
the Republic of Ireland.
The Republic of Ireland does not regard itself as part of Britain，and is not now
even a supporter of the Commonwealth of Nations. Unlike the major
Commonwealth countries，it did not lift a finger to 20 British in the Second
World War and now wants the whole of Ireland to be a republic.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国的地理概况、组成部分及
历史渊源等。
1．A．the one B．the other
C．another D．other
B [由上文中的“two large islands.One is called Ireland”可知，此处为两个中
的另一个，应选 B。]
2．A．divided B．cut
C．broken D．separated
A [ be divided into 意为“被分成……”；cut into 意为“打断，侵犯”；break
into 意为“破门而入”；separate 常和 from 搭配，意为“分离，分开”。]
3．A．watched out B．taken up
C．defended against D．ruled over
D [由该句并结合常识可知，“The United Kingdom”就是“the British Isles”
中被女王统治的那一部分。]
4．A．half B．part
C．most D．whole
D [由第一段最后一句可知，Britain 是由 Scotland，Wales 和 England 三部
分组成，所以说以上三部分就是整个的 Britain。]
5．A．smaller B．bigger
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C．rest D．island
C [爱尔兰分为两部分，北部为英国统治，其他部分自治。]
6．A．correct B．true
C．full D．last
C [此处指英国的全称。full name“全名”。]
7．A．so B．therefore
C．likely D．perhaps
B [由上文可知 the United Kingdom 包括 Scotland，Wales，England 以及
Northern Ireland，又因 Scotland，Wales 和 England 就是指整个 Britain，因此 the
United Kingdom 又 被 称 为 “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland”。]
8．A．meaner B．wider
C．poorer D．larger
D [England 比其他的地方更大(larger)，更富有。]
9．A．colleges B．officials
C．cities D．population
D [只有人口最多，再加上面积最大和人民最富有，才能使人们提起 Britain
和 British 这两个词时常用 England 和 English 来代替。D 项符合语境。]
10．A．words B．names
C．spellings D．pronunciations
A [参见上题解析。]
11．A．say B．cover
C．show D．write
A [表示当人们说 Britain 和 British 时，常常用 England 和 English 这两个单
词来代替。]
12．A．angry B．cautious
C．enjoyable D．lonely
A [因为 Wales 和 Scotland 都属于 Britain，所以这样做自然让威尔士人和苏
格兰人都有点生气(angry)。]
13．A．proud B．tired
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C．fond D．careful
A [根据语境可知，此处指尤其是苏格兰人，他们以自己是不同的民族而自
豪。be proud of 意为“以……而自豪或骄傲”，符合语境。]
14．A．respect B．rank
C．elect D．regard
D [此处表示威尔士人也不把自己看作(regard)英格兰人。]
15．A．ever B．even
C．seldom D．never
B [威尔士人有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。]
16．A．Country B．Question
C．Disease D．Republic
B [由下文中的“the greatest headache”可推出答案为 B。]
17．A．Finally B．However
C．Meanwhile D．Instead
A [爱尔兰最终被分为两部分。finally 意为“最后”。]
18．A．returns B．belongs
C．refers D．adds
B [belong to 意 为 “ 属 于 ” ， Northern Ireland 仍 旧 属 于 the United
Kingdom。 ]
19．A．turned away B．run away
C．broke away D．kept away
C [1922 年爱尔兰剩余的部分脱离了出来。词组 break away 表示“脱离”。]
20．A．unite B．reject
C．fight D．help
D [爱尔兰共和国在二战中一点都没有帮助英国人。由“lift a finger”可知此
处指帮助(help)。]
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world
opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid
terrible 1.________(crowd)on the roads above as they travelled to and 2.________
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work.It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.This
included digging up the road，3.________ (lay)the track and then building a strong
roof over 4.________ top.When all those had been done，the road surface was
replaced.
Steam engines 5.________ (use)to pull the carriages and it must have been
6.________ (fair)unpleasant for the passengers ， with all the smoke and
noise.However ， the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six
months，more than 25，000 people were using 7.________ every day.
Later，engineers 8.________(manage)to construct railways in a system of deep
tunnels(隧道)，which became known as the Tube.This development was only possible
with the 9.________ (introduce)of electricpowered engines and lifts.The Central
London Railway was one of the most 10.________ (success)of these new lines，and
was opened in 1900.It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages，and proved
extremely popular with the public.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国伦敦地铁的发展。
1．crowds [考查名词复数。crowd 是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应
用复数形式。]
2．from [考查介词。travel to and from work 上下班。]
3．laying [考查非谓语动词。included 后的 dig，lay，build 是三个并列的
动作， 根据 digging 及 building 可知，lay 也应用动名词形式。]
4．the [考查冠词。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词 the。]
5．were used [考查时态和被动语态。steam engines 与 use 是被动关系，且
动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。]
6．fairly [考查词性转换。所填词修饰形容词 unpleasant，故用 fair 的副词
形式 fairly。]
7．it [考查代词。use 是及物动词，其后接宾语，此处很明显缺少代词。分
析句意可知，此处用 it 指代上文提到的 the railway。]
8．managed [考查时态。全文讲述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去
时。]
9．introduction [考查词性转换。空格前是 the，其后接名词。introduce 的
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名词形式是 introduction。]
10．successful [考查词性转换。“one of the＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复
数”表示“最……的……之一”，此处应填 success 的形容词形式 successful。]
话题写作
Step 1.写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①得知你自从毕业后一直梦想到中国游玩，并已决定到中国来，我很高兴。
I'm delighted to learn that you have dreamt about visiting China ever since
graduation and that you have made up your mind to come to China.
②对你的到来，我感到非常兴奋，并迫不及待地给你以下建议。
I'm excited about your coming, so I can hardly wait to give you some
recommendations.
③相比泰山之旅，我更喜欢长江之行。
I prefer the tour along the Yangtze River to the trip to Mount Tai.
④通过长江之行，你会更好地了解中国的历史及其人民。(一般将来时)
Through the trip to the Yangtze River, you will have a good knowledge of the
history of China and its people.
⑤长江沿岸不仅风景非常迷人，而且空气呼吸起来很新鲜。(be＋adj.＋to do)
The views along the river are not only very attractive but also the air is fresh to
breathe．
⑥那就是为什么我坚持认为长江之行是更好的选择。
That's why I insist that the trip along the Yangtze River is a better choice.
Step 2.表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①利用分词作状语升级句②
Excited about your coming, I can hardly wait to give you some
recommendations.
②利用强调句型升级句④
It is through the trip to the Yangtze River that you will have a good knowledge of
the history of China and its people.
Step 3.衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
I'm delighted to learn that you have dreamt about visiting China ever since
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graduation and that you have made up your mind to come to China.Excited about your
coming，I can hardly wait to give you some recommendations.
Of the two trips to the Yangtze River and Mount Tai, both are highly
recommended.Personally, I prefer the tour along the Yangtze River to the trip to
Mount Tai.It is through the trip to the Yangtze River that you will have a good
knowledge of the history of China and its people.In addition，the views along the
river are not only very attractive but also the air is fresh to breathe.That's why I insist
the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.
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