Unit2 Sports events Grammar and usage
【学习目标】
情态动词的相关知识。
【学习重难点】
情态动词的用法。
【学习过程】
情态动词记忆口诀:
情态动词两要点；动词原形跟后面，说话语气较委婉，can 表能力，may 许可，must 责任
或义务，否定回答 needn’t 换；should 应该，would 愿，have to 被迫表客观。
注释:对 must 构成的一般疑问句作否定回答只能用 needn’t。
情态动词有 can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared),
need (needed), ought to 等。情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原
形构成谓语。
一、can 和 could
情态动词 用法 例句
can/could
表示能力
1．“I don’t think Mike can type.” “Yes, he can.”
2．I can speak fluent English now, but I couldn’t
last year.
在肯定句中，表示客观可
能性
1 ． As a human being, anyone can make a
mistake.
2．I’m confident that a solution can be found．
3．He can be very forgetful sometimes.
表示请求和允许。表示请
求，口语中常用 could 代替
can，使语气更委婉。
1．Can we turn the air conditioner on?
2．Could you have her call me back when she
gets home, please?
3．I wonder if I could just ask you to sign this.
表示惊异、怀疑、不相信
等态度，主要用在否定句、疑
1 ． Can this be an excuse for not giving them
help?
问句和感叹句中。 2．This can’t be true.
3．How can you be so crazy?
表示对现在的动作或状
态进行主观的猜测，主要用在
否定句和疑问句中。
1．It can’t be easy caring for a man and a child
who are not your own.
2．Can the man over there be our head master?
特别说明：
（1）could 用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用
can（即：could 不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：
——Could I use your dictionary?
——Yes, you can.(否定回答可用：No, I’m afraid not.)
（2）can 和 be able to 辨析
can(could)和 be able to 都可以表示能力，意思上没有区别。但 can 只有现在式和过去式，
而 be able to 则有更多的形式。如：
I’ve always wanted to able to speak fluent English.
Those bags look really heavy, are you sure you’ll be able to carry them on your own?
但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用 could，而
用 was/were able to 来表示。这时，was/were able to 相当于 managed to do 或 succeed in doing。
如：
After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.
The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.
（3）惯用形式“cannot…too…”或“cannot/never…..enough 表示“无论怎么……也不（过
分）”。如：
You can’t think too highly of him.
You cannot be too careful. = You can never be careful enough.你越小心越好。
I really cannot thank you enough. It’s been an amazing day.
（4）惯用形式“cannot but+ 不定式（不带 to）”表示“不得不，只好”。如：
I cannot but admire her determination.我不得不钦佩你的决心。
（5）惯用形式 cannot help but do sth. cannot help (doing )sth. 作“不得不，不能避免，不
禁”讲。如：
The girl couldn’t help but live on herself. 小女孩不得不自食其力。
When I try to speak, I can’t help making mistakes. 我一开口说话，就禁不住犯错误。
二、may 和 might
情态动词 用法 例句
may/might
表示允许、许可。否定回答一般用
must not/mustn’t,表示“禁止、阻止”之
意，但也可以用 had better not (最好别)
或 may not（不可以），语气较为委婉。
1．May I come in and wait?
2．——May I smoke here?
——No, you mustn’t
(或 No, you’d better not.)
在表示请求、允许时，might 比 may
语气更委婉些。用 May I 征询对方许可
在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客
气，在日常用语中，用 Can I 征询对方
意见更为常见。
1．Might I borrow your pen?
2．I wonder if I might speak to your
son.
表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定
句和否定句中，含有“或许”“大概”“可
能”之意；用 might 代替 may 时，则语
气显得更加不肯定。
1．It may rain this afternoon.
2 ． She might come to join us this
afternoon.
3．I suppose he might have missed
the train.
may 用于祈使句表示祝愿，倒装。
1．May you succeed．
2．Long may he live! 愿他能持续住
下去。
3．May she rest in peace.愿她安息。
惯用句式：
“may well+ 动词原形”，表示“有
充分的理由可以”或“有可能”。相当于
to be very likely to
“ may as well 或 might(just)as
well+动词原形”表示有礼貌地劝告，意
为“还是……的好”。
1．You may well say so. 你很有理由
这样说。
2．There may well be a real problem
here.
3．There is nothing to do, so I may as
well go to bed．
4．You may as well tell us now, we’ll
find out sooner or later.
三、must 和 have to
情态动词 用法 例句
must
表示“必须，应该”之意，语气
比 should，ought to 强烈。其否定形式
mustn’t 表示“不准，不应该，禁止”
等意。
1．You must come to school on time.
2．Everybody must obey the law.
3．You mustn’t drive so fast in the street.
4．We mustn’t waste any more time.
在回答带有 must 的问句时，否定
回答常用 needn’t 或 don’t have to.
1．—Must I come back before ten?
—Yes，you must.(No, you needn’t)
表示有把握的推测，意为“一定、
准是、相必”，只用于肯定句中。
1．It must be my mother.
2．You must be hungry after a walk.
3．There must be a hole in the wall.
表示说话人不满的语气。“偏偏”
“偏执”“固执”。
1．Why must you always interrupt me?
2．It can't help. He must go with me.
have to “必须，不得不”，意义与 must
相近。但 must 表示的是说话人的主观
看法，而 have to 则往往强调客观需
要。
1． The film is not interesting. I really
must go now.
2．I have to go now, because my mother
is in hospital.
must 只有一种形式，即现在式与
过去式都是一种形式，而 have to 则涉
及各种人称、时态等方面的变化形
式。
1．I had to work hard when I was your
age.
2 ． I will have to learn how to use a
computer.
3．In order to take the exam, we’ll have
to finish the whole book by the end of this
month.
两者的否定意义不同，mustn’t
表示“禁止，不许”，don’t have to 表
示不必。
1．You mustn’t go there.
2．You don’t have to go there.
特别说明：
1．must 表示推测时，其反意疑问句应根据动词的实际时态而变化。如：
It must be nice to take a walk here, isn’t it?
Tom buys a lot of apples, he must like eating them, doesn't he?
2．Must have done 的反意疑问句有三种情况:
①从句中含有过去的时间状语,反意疑问句用过去时.
The ground is wet, it must have rained last night, didn’t it?
②从句中含有过去完成时的时间状语,反意疑问句用过去完成时.
By the end of last term, we must have learnt 2000 words, hadn’t we?
③若从句中不含任何时间状语,反意疑问句用现在完成时
We must have been met somewhere (before), haven’t we?
3．must 表示“必须” “有必要”时，反义疑问句部分用 mustn’t...? 或 needn’t...?
You must go home right now, needn’t you?
4．must 用否定形式 mustn’t 时，附加疑问句部分用 may 或 must…?
You mustn’t cheat in the examination, must you?
四、shall 和 should
情 态 动
词
用法 例句
shall 用于第一、三人称构成的疑问句，
表示征求对方意见或请求指示
1．Shall I open the window?
2．Shall we say 6o’clock, then?
3．What shall I get for dinner?
用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示
说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威
胁。
1．Don’t worry, you shall get the
answer this afternoon.(允诺)
2．He shall be sorry for it one day, I
tell you. (警告)
3．You shall do as I say. (命令)
4．If you children don’t do as I tell
you, you shall not go to the party. (威
胁)
在条约﹑规定﹑法令等文件中表示
义务或规定，“应……，须……，得……”
用于第三人称。
1 ． The new regulation shall take
effect on June 1st
2．Don't worry, sir! All payments
shall be made by the end of the month.
3．The fine shall be given in cash.
罚款须以现金缴纳。
情态动词 用法 例句
should
表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”。 1．What should I do?
2．Should I trust him?
3．You should read his new book.
表示推测，用在肯定句中，通常
指有事实依据，常理推断。意为“想
必，大概，或许”。
1．It should be a nice day tomorrow.
2．Try phoning Robert, he should be
home now.
3 ． He should be around sixty years
old．
还可以用在 if 引导的条件状语
从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作
“万一，竟然”，这时也可将 should
置于从句之首，省略 if..主句谓语动
词 用 虚 拟 语 气 ：
would/could/should/might + 动 词 原
形。
1．Ask Tom to ring me up if you
should see him.
2 ． Should I be free tomorrow, I’ll
come. (万一我明天有时间，我就过来。)
3． If things should change suddenly,
please let me know. (万一情况突变，请通
知我。)
4 ． If it should snow tomorrow, we
could take photos outside.
用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意
外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟会”，与
why，what，how，who 连用，如果
是疑问句，则不需要回答。
1．Why should anyone want to marry
Tony?
2．Don’t ask me. How should I know?
用于第一人称时，可表示客气的
请求，提出意见或建议。表示说话人
的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
1．You are mistaken. I should say. 依
我看是你搞错了。
2．I should like to call my lawyer.
3．---Will you require anything else?
---Yes, I should like a whiskey.
五、will 和 would
情态动词 用法 例句
will/would 用于表示意志或意愿。will 指现在， 1．He is the man who will go his
would 指过去。 own way. (他是首歌自行其是的人。)
2．They said they would meet us at
10:30 at the station.
表示请求、建议等，用 would 比用
will 委婉、客气。
1．Will you please take a message
for him?
2．Would you please tell me your
telephone number?
表示习惯或倾向，意为“总是，惯
于”。will 至现在，would 指过去。
1．This old man is strange. She will
sit for hours without saying anything.
2．People will talk. (人们总会说闲
话。)
3．When we worked in the same
office, we would often have coffee
together.
表示推测，意为“很可能，大概”。
will 表示推测比 should 把握大，比 must
把握小。
1．These things will happen.
2 ． This will be the house you're
looking for. 这大概就是你找的那所房
子了。
3．It would be about ten o’clock
when he left home.
表示规律性的“注定会”。 1．People will die without air. 没
有空气，人就会死去。
2．Oil will float on water.
表示功能，意为“能，行”。惯用形
式：will do/would do 表示“解决问题”、
“就行”。
1．That will be all right.
2．Either pen will do.
3．It would not do to work too late.
（工作太晚不行。）
用于否定句中，意为“不肯”、“不
乐意”
1．I won’t listen to your nonsense.
2 ． No matter what I said, he
wouldn’t listen to me.
特别说明：would 与 used to 辨析
would 可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，所以我们不能说：
she would be a quiet girl.
另外，would 强调过去某种特定情况下的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而
used to 则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示。Would 可以表
示不规则的习惯，used to 则不可。如：
He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble.
I used to get up at six in the morning.
Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods.
In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Chen for help.
六、need 和 dare
情态动词 用法 例句
need
用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做
情态动词时，仅用于否定句和疑问句，
只有现在时，过去式要用 needn't have，
疑 问 式 用 need+ 人 称 , 否 定 式 用 need
not(即 needn't），
1．—Need we leave soon?
—Yes, you must.(No, you needn't)
2．You needn't have hurried.
(=It was not necessary for you to
hurry, but you did).你当时不必这么匆
忙。
做实义动词时，其变化与一般的实
义动词相同，后接带 to 的不定式（need
doing = need to be done ）， 过 去 式 用
needed．did you need?和 didn't need，肯
定式用 needs/needed/need，疑问式用 do、
does、did 提问，否定式要在前面加 don't、
doesn't、didn't
1．A job like nursing needs patience
and understanding.(need+ 名 词 ， need
understanding=need to be understood, 需
要被理解)
2．He needs to see a doctor.(need to
do)
3 ． Do you still need volunteers to
help clean up after the party?(need
somebody to do something)
4 ． They didn't need to start so
early.(do not need to do)
情态动词 用法 例句
dare
用于表示“敢于”之意。做情态动
词，没有人称和数的变化，主要用于否
定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中
1．—Dare you tell her the truth?
—Yes, I dare. /No, I daren’t.
2．How dare you accuse me of lying!
3．He daren’t admit this.
用作实义动词时，其变化与一般的
实义动词相同。在肯定句中，dare 后接
带 to 的不定式；否定句中，dare 后既可
接带 to 的不定式，也可接不带 to 的不
定式。
1 ． Only a few journalists dared to
cover the story.
2 ． He doesn’t dare (to) go there
alone.
3．Don’t you dare (to) touch it?
I dare say…作插入语,我想, 大概,
可能, 或许
1．You are tired．I dare say.
我想你是累了。
2 ． I dare say you've spent all your
money by now. 我估计你的钱现在已经
用完了。
七．ought 的用法：
情态动词 用法 例句
ought to do
表示“应该”之意，同 should。表示
义务或责任，比 should 语气重。
1．You ought to take care of him.
2．—Ought I go now?
— Yes, you ought to. /No, you
oughtn’t to.
表示推测。注意与 must 表示推测时
的区别
ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。
1．He must be home by now. (断定
他已到家)
2．He ought to be home by now.
(不十分肯定)
3．This is where the oil must be.
(比较直率)
4．This is where the oil ought to be.
(比较含蓄)
说明：should 与 ought to 表示“应该”时的区别
should 表示自己的主观看法，而 ought to 的语气中，含有“按道理应该……”之意。若要
反映客观情况或涉及法律义务和规定，一般用 ought to。如：
You should help them with their work.
You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.
八．“情态动词+have done”用法
情态动词+have done 用法 例句
must have done 表示主观上对过去已经发
生的行为进行推测，意为“想必，
准是，一定做了某事”
1．She must have gone through a
lot.
2 ． He must have visited the
White House during his stay in the
United States.
may/might have done 表示对过去已发生行为的
推测，意为“也许/或许已经（没
有）……”。一般用于肯定句或
否定句中，不用于疑问句。用
might 则表示语气更加不肯定。
1．You may have learnt the news.
2 ． He may not have heard his
name called．
3．Sorry I’m late. I might have
turned off the alarm clock and gone
back to sleep again.
can…have done
cannot have done
表示对过去发生的行为的
怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句
和疑问句中。（can 换成 could 时
语气委婉）
1．Where can she have gone?
2 ． Could he have done such a
foolish thing?
3 ． The boy can’t have finished
reading the book so soon because it is
difficult even to an adult.
could have done 可用于肯定句中，表示“可
能已经……”之意，此外，还可
以表示过去能做而没做的事，有
一种对过去为付诸实施的事情
的惋惜。
1．He could have killed himself
driving at a dangerous speed．
2 ． You could have been more
considerate.
3 ． You could have done better,
but you were too careless.
might have done 表示“本来可能……，但实
际上没有发生的事情”。另外，
还可以表示“本来应该或可以做
1．You should not swim in that
sea．You might have been eaten by a
shark.
某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语
气。
2．He might have given him more
help, thought he was busy.
should/ought to have
done
用于肯定句时，表示本该做
某事，而实际上未做；用于否定
句时，则表示不该做的事反而做
了。
1．He should have known that the
police would never allow this sort of
thing.
2．You shouldn’t have done it so
carelessly.
3．You ought not to have refused
his offer.
needn’t have done 表示做了本来不必去做的
事。注意：didn’t need to do 表示
“没必要做而实际上也没有做
某事”
1．You needn’t have watered the
plants, for it is going to rain.
2 ． I didn’t need to buy the
dictionary. I had a copy at home.
had better have done 用于事后的建议，含轻微责
备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了
某事”，其否定式 had better not
have done 表示相反的含义。
1 ． You had better have started
earlier.
2 ． You had better not have
scolded her.
would rather have done 表示“当时宁愿做了某事”，
其否定式 would rather not have
done 表示相反的含义，两者都表
示“后悔”之意。
1．I would rather have taken his
advice.
2．I would rather not have told
him the truth.
总结:
一、猜测: must, may, might, can, could
只能用于肯定句,非常肯定的猜测的是 __________
只能用于肯定句,表示可能的猜测 __________
只能用于否定句，疑问句 ____________过去时用 ____________
表示预测，主观推测或期待 “应当” ____________
二、情态动词否定式的常考点有：
mustn’t 禁止、严禁、不准 needn’t 不必要、没必要(=don’t have to)
can’t 不可能 may not 可能不、或许不
shouldn’t 不应该（=ought not to )
三、情态动词+ have done
表示对过去发生的事情的推测,批评,反悔等意
should have done _________________
ought to have done _________________
could have done __________________
needn’t have done ___________________
may/ might have done _______________________
must have done ________________________
can’t have done _________________________
四、情态动词表推测的三种时态
1．对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
2．对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动
词 + 动词原形”。
3．对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
五、补充强调：推测的句型特点（对某一次的推测句型有两部分：语气和时态）
（1）语气部分：（以下情态动词语气由强至弱）
肯定句：must、may、might（=could）
否定句：can’t（=could’ t）、mayn’t、mightn’t
疑问句：can、could（语气更加委婉不确定）
（2）时态部分：
be 表示对现在的推测 have done 表示对过去的推测 be doing 表示对正在进行的推测
语气部分写在前时态部分写在后，组合在一起就是推测
六．情态动词表推测的解题关键：时间决定形式，语气决定选词
解答情态动词表示推测的试题时，一要清楚被推测的时间，二要清楚有无客观事实根据。
若有客观事实根据，无论是肯定还是否定的推测，推测语气最强且符合时间要求的为最佳答案；
若无客观事实根据，则推测语气符合时间要求的为最佳答案。
情态动词练习题
1) A computer ___think for itself, it must be told what to do.
A．can’t B．couldn’t C．may not D．might not
2).The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.
A．had to B．would C．could D．was able to
3)--Where is my uncle, Mary?
--He ___ in the bedroom.
A．must have been B．must be C．may have been D．should have been
4) Peter ___ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
A．must B．may C．can D．will
5)--That must be a mistake.
--No, it ___ a mistake.
A．must not be B．needn’t be C．can not be D．would not be
6) It’s nearly 7o’clock. Dad ___ come home soon.
A．can B．could C．would D．should
7)--Are you coming to Jeff’s party?
--I’m not sure. I ___ go to the concert tonight.
A．must B．would C．should D．might
8) You ___ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.
A．can’t B．mustn’t C．needn’t
9) Johnny, you___ play with the knife, you ___ hurt yourself.
A．won’t; can’t B．mustn’t; may C．shouldn’t, must D．can’t; shouldn’t
10) I didn’t hear the phone. I ___ asleep.
A．must be B．must have been C．should be D．should have been
11) I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She ___ at the meeting.
A．mustn’t have spoken B．shouldn’t have spoken
C．needn’t have spoken D．couldn’t have spoken
12) I can’t find Mr. Smith anywhere in the office building. Where ___ he have gone?
A．must B．can C．should D．need
情态动词高考考题:
1．I thought you _____like something to read, so I have brought you some books.
A．may B．might C．would D．must
2．Where is my pen? I ____it.
A．might lose B．would have lost C．should have lost D．must have lost
3．I didn’t hear the phone. I ___asleep.
A．must be B．must have been C．should be D．should have been
4．---There were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.
---It ____a comfortable journey
A．can’t be B．shouldn’t be C．mustn’t have been D．couldn’t have been
5．It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack ___be here at any moment.
A．must B．need C．should D．could
6．They will ______ run this machine on their own in three months.
A．can B．could C．may D．be able to
7．That big cinema ______ seat 2,000 people.
A．can B．should C．ought to D．is able to
8．— Could I borrow your dictionary?
— Yes, of course you _______.
A．might B．will C．can D．should
9．— Might I watch TV after supper?
— Yes, you ________.
A．may B．must C．might D．can
10．--Will you stay for lunch?
--Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me.
A．I mustn’t B．I can’t C．I needn’t D．I won’t
11．--May I pick a flower in the garden?
-- ________.
A．No, you needn’t B．Not, please. C．No, you mustn’t D．No, you won’t
12．Put on more clothes. You ________ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
A．can B．could C．must D．would
13．"Must I drive to his house and pick up the children?" "No, ________."
A．you shouldn't B．you might not C．you needn't D．you mustn't
14．We didn't see Tom at the meeting yesterday. He ________it.
A．mustn't have attended B．cannot have attended
C．needn't have attended D．would have not attended
15．We ________ play chess than bridge. Some of us don't know how to play bridge.
A．had better B．would better C．would rather D．had rather
16．There is someone knocking at the door. ________it be Tom?
A．can B．must C．should D．ought to
17．Two years ago, my husband bought me a bicycle. If you live in town, it is often faster than a
car and you ________ worry about parking.
A．must not B．may not C．should not D．don't have to
18．--Is John coming by train?
--He should, but he ____ not. He likes driving his car.
A．must B．can C．need D．may
19．It has been announced that candidates(候选人)____ remain in their seats until all the papers
have been collected. (2002 上海高考题）
A．can B．will C．may D．shall
20．--I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
--It ____ true because there was little snow there. (2002 北京高考题）
A．may not be B．won’t be C．couldn’t be D．mustn’t be
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