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第三讲 句子的成分和基本句型
【知识回顾】
组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可分为：主语，谓
语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语。
一、主语——表明句子里所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语常用名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短
语充当。例如:
Lily likes her new bike.(名词) 莉莉喜欢她的新自行车。
He gets up early every day.(代词) 他每天都起得很早。
Learning English well is not easy.（动名词）学好英语不容易。
二、谓语——说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，英语中谓语只能用动词．．充当。例如：
We work hard.我们努力工作。
The boy caught a bird. 那个男孩逮住一只鸟。
复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。例如：
I am reading. You are reading. He\She is reading. We are reading.
三、宾语——宾语是动作行为的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一
起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。例如：
Tom bought a story-book.（名词）汤姆买了一本故事书。
I saw him yesterday. （代词）昨天我看到他了。
He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短语）他想要一杯茶。
直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，
指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如：
He gave me some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。
间接宾语 直接宾语
Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。
间接宾语 直接宾语
四、表语——说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名词、形容词、或相
当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当。例如：
My sister is a nurse.（名词）我的姐姐是一名护士。
They were at home.（介词短语）他们在家里。
She got angry. （形容词）她生气了。
注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。
1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有 be 一词，例如：
He is a teacher.
2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, remain, stay 例如：
He always keep silent at meeting.
3）感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
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第三讲 句子的成分和基本句型
4）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：
He became mad after that.
除此之外，还有 prove, turn out, appear, seem 等。
五、定语——定语是修饰名词或代词的，可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或
相当于形容词的词或短语等。例如：
This is a green cup.（形容词）这是一个绿色的杯子。
Are these students your classmates? （代词）这些学生是你班的吗？
Winter is the coldest season of the year.（介词短语）冬天是一年中最冷的季节。
I have something important to tell you.（不定式）我有重要的事情要告诉你。
The people here are very friendly.（副词）这里的人们非常友好。
注意：形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在
被修饰的词之后。
六、状语——状语是修饰动词、形容词、或副词的，有的修饰全句。可以作状语的主要是副词和介词短语
或相当于副词的词或短语等。例如：
You are quite right .（副词） 你非常正确。
Mr.Wu comes to the school by bike. (介词短语) 吴老师骑自行车上学校。
She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. （介词短语）她将于星期一到达北京。
He stopped to have a look. （不定式短语）他停下来看了看。
七、宾语补足语——有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个补足语，意思才能够完整。宾语和它的补足语
构成复合宾语。例如：
We call her Xiao Li.
宾语 宾语补足语
You must keep the room clean and tidy.
宾语 宾语补足语
John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
宾语 宾语补足语
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
宾语 宾语补足语
We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now.
宾语 宾语补足语
【实战演练】指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
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第三讲 句子的成分和基本句型
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
基本句型：
由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。根据句子的基本结
构，简单句分为 5 种基本句型：
1．S＋V;（主语 ＋ 不及物动词）
I can swim. 我会游泳。
主语 谓语（不及物动词）
Everything changes. 万物都在变。
主语 谓语
The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。
主语 谓语
2．S＋V＋O;（主语＋＋及物动词＋宾语）
I like English. 我喜欢英语。
主语 谓语 宾语
They are reading books . 他们在看书。
主语. 谓语 宾语
3．S＋V＋P;（主语＋连系动词＋ 表语）
My mother is a scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。
主语 谓语 表语
She looks young. 她看上去很年轻。
主语 谓语 表语
The food tastes very delicious. 这食物尝起来很香。
主语 谓语 表语
4．S＋V＋IO＋DO;（主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）
My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
Can you give me the math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗？
谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
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第三讲 句子的成分和基本句型
Will you tell us something about your school life? 你给我讲讲你们的学习生活，好吗？
谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
5．S＋V＋O＋Oc;（主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋补语）
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
I heard her singing happily in the room just now. 刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地唱着歌。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
【实战演练】翻译下列句子
主谓结构 （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）
1．你应当努力学习。___________________________________________________________________
主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 ）
1.昨晚我写了一封信。___________________________________________________________________
主系表结构 （主语 ＋系动词＋表语 ）
5.这个报告听起来很有意思。 ____________________________________________________________
双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）
1 Johnson 先生去年教我们英语。__________________________________________________________
复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）
1.我们叫她 Alice. _______________________________________________________________________
【知识预览】
必修 1 Unit1 Friendship 重点词组归纳总结
be good to 对….友好 add up 合计
another time 改时间 get sth done 使…被做
calm down 镇定下来 have got to 不得不
walk the dog 遛狗 make a list of 列出
hide away 躲藏；隐藏 be concerned about 关心；挂念
share sth with sb 和某人分享某物 go through 经历；仔细检查
set down 放下；记下 a series of 一系列；一套
be crazy about 对…着迷 face to face 面对面地
on purpose 故意 in order to/ so as to 为了
get along with 与…相处 pack up 收拾，打理行装
according to 按照；根据…所说 communicate with sb 和…交际
join in 参加（活动） cheat sb (out) of sth 骗取某
have trouble in doing… 做…有困难 fall in love 相爱
have the/a habit of doing sth 有做…的习惯
重点句型：
1. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut.
2. I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.
3. It was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face.
4. I would be grateful if you could give me some advice.
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第三讲 句子的成分和基本句型
单项填空:
1． --- Mary’s got crazy and has been sent to the mental hospital. Did you tell her boss about that?
--- Yes, but I _____ her husband first.
A. should have told B. shouldn’t have told C. must have told D. needn’t have told
2． There was ______ time _____ Chinese used foreign oil.
A. a; when B. a; while C. /; when D. /; while
3．It was because of bad weather __________ the football match had to be put off.
A. so B. so that C. why D. that
4. --- Look! The telephone is broken. Someone damaged it ________ purpose.
---That may be right. But perhaps it was broken _________ accident.
A. on; by B. by; by C. on; on D. by; on
5. What great trouble we had ___________ where his house was.
A. in finding B. to find C. find D. found
6. Some students have trouble _____ grammar while others have difficulty______ new words.
A. in; remember B. for; to remember C. on; remembering D. with; remembering
7. I cannot spend ________ money on the car which is ________ expensive for me.
A. too much; much too B. far too; too much
C. much too; too much D. too many; much too
8. catch the first bus, he got up very early this morning.
A. In order to B. In order that C. So as to D. So that
9. It is the first time that I _______ this kind of moon cake.
A. enjoyed B. have enjoyed C. enjoy D. enjoying
10. There are altogether 6 people in the room, the baby________.
A. include B. including C. included D. to include
选词填空
on purpose， get along with， set down， a series of，get tired of， go through， at dusk， fall in love with
1．He was asked to ______________ the facts just as he remembered them.
2．The police ______________ the whole building but didn’t find anything valuable.
3．Having ______________ staying indoors for days, we are longing to go out and relax ourselves.
4．Usually it’s very hard to ______________ the man who has a bad temper.
5．The government has taken ______________ measures to stop house prices from rising sharply.
6．—How can you say that?
—Sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt you ______________.
7．As soon as I came to the old town, I ______________ it immediately.
8．The summer sky was always beautiful ______________ in the countryside.
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