INSIGHT INTO SENTENCES（1）
【原句】 In 1998, a small accident during one of her practice vaults at the Goodwill
Games could have cost her her future happiness. (P19)
【译文】1998 年在友好运动会上进行跳马练习时出的一起小事故，原本可能会
把她未来的幸福化为泡影。
【解读】
1. 句中的 could have cost 是“情态动词 + have done”结构，此处表示过去可能发
生的事情并未发生。如：
I could have warned you if I had known where you were.
He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight.
▲联想：
★ should / ought to have done 可表示本来应该做某事却没有做；其否定形式可表
示本来不该做某事却做了，通常含有责备或惋惜的意思。如：
The flowers have died. I should / ought to have watered them often.
You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have told them the truth.
★ needn’t have done 表示本来不必做某事却做了。如：
There was enough time. You needn’t have hurried.
She needn’t have come in person — a letter would have been enough.
★ might have done 可用来表示本来可能发生某事但实际上并未发生，或者本来
可能完成却没有完成的动作。用作此义时，可与 could have done 替换使用。如：
You might have finished the work last week.
He might have given you more help, but he was very busy then.
2. 句中的 cost her her future happiness 是动词 cost 后接双宾语，此处的 cost 表示
“使付出（代价）”。如：
Dangerous driving could cost you your life.
The boy’s bad behavior cost his mother many sleepless nights.
▲拓展：
cost sb. dear 表示“使某人付出沉重的代价”。如：
That mistake cost him dear: he lost the game because of it.
【小试牛刀】
I. 判断下列句中的“情态动词 + have done”结构是（T）否（F）为上述所讲情况。
( )1. Brant didn’t come on time. He could have missed the bus.
( )2. Susan might have learnt more if she had made better use of her time.
( )3. I’m beginning to feel that we oughtn’t to have let her go away like that.
( )4. They were amazed that she should have done so much in so short a time.
II. 选择恰当的情态动词完成下列句子（每空一词）。
could, needn’t, oughtn’t to, should
1. It is warm today. You _____ have worn your thick coat.
2. You _____ have washed the wound with cold water, but you used hot water.
3. I _____ have come here a little earlier, but I’m late because of the bad traffic.
4. I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I _____ have eaten so much just now.
III. 汉译英。
1. 缺乏勇气使他们失去了自由。
___________________________________________________________________
2. 这个错误使公司损失了一百万英镑。
___________________________________________________________________
3. 难以置信的是，那样一个错误就毁了她的前程。
___________________________________________________________________
4. 那事故害得我去看了一趟医生。
___________________________________________________________________
5. 即使说真话会让你付出沉重代价也不要说谎。
___________________________________________________________________
参考答案
I. 1-4 FTTF
II. 1. needn’t 2. should 3. could 4. oughtn’t to
III. 1. Lack of courage cost them their freedom.
2. The error cost the company one million pounds.
3. It’s unbelievable that such an error cost her her career.
4. The accident cost me a visit to the doctor.
5. Never to tell a lie, even if speaking truth is to cost you dear.
INSIGHT INTO SENTENCES (2)
【原句 1】
All I had to do was go to school and spend a few hours studying when I came home.
(P 30 )
【译文】我要做的事就是上学，以及回家后再学习几个小时。
【解读】句中的 go to school 以及 spend a few hours ... come home 是省略了 to 的
动词不定式作表语。当主语部分含有实义动词 do 时，充当表语的不定式常常省
略 to。如：
What I want you to do is help Nancy with her homework.
The only thing you have to do is press the button.
【联想】在 but 和 except 之前有实义动词 do 时，其后的不定式可省略 to。如：
They did nothing but complain.
He does everything in the house except put the children to bed.
注意：符合“前有 do 后无 to”情况的“do”必须是实义动词 do，不能是助动词
do。如：
They didn’t open their mouths except to complain.
【小试牛刀】判断下列各句中划线部分中的 to 是(Y)
否(N)可以省略。
1. He’s done nothing all day except to sit around, watching television. _____
2. What he wants to do is to complete the whole task as soon as possible. _____
3. He didn’t talk about work, except to say that he was busy. _____
4. I felt that the kindest thing I could do now would be to walk away. _____
5. The purpose of the plan is not to help the employers but to provide work for young
people. _____
【原句 2】
No one will be sad because humans will have learnt to fix many of the problems that
affect us now, like war, pollution and hunger. (P 31 )
【译文】没有人会感到忧伤，因为人类将学会解决目前还困扰着我们的许多问题，
如战争、环境污染和饥荒。
【解读】
1. 将来完成时由 shall / will have +V-ed 形式构成，表示将来某一时间点之前业已
完成的动作（如划线部分）。
使用将来完成时通常有两个条件：a. 用短语或从句来提供一个将来的时间点；b.
动作是在这个将来的时间点之前完成的。如：
By the end of this month, we shall have carried out our production plan.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
（注意：在含有将来时间点的时间状语从句中，其谓语通常用一般现在时表示将
来时间。）
2. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当需要表达将来完成时的意义时，须用现在完成
时来代替将来完成时。如：
I will repair your bicycle when I have finished this job.
We’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
3. 将来完成时有时可用来表达一种揣测的语气。如：
We worked together for a year. He won’t have forgotten me.
They will have arrived home by now.
【小试牛刀】
I. 单项填空。
1. He will have learnt English for eight years by the time he _____ from university
next year.
A. graduates B. will graduate
C. will have graduated D. is to graduate
2. —May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o’clock this afternoon?
—Sorry. Mr. Williams _____ to a conference long before then.
A. will have gone B. had gone
C. would have gone D. has gone
3. We’d better wait till 14 December. David _____ his exam by then so he’ll be able
to enjoy himself.
A. will have B. has had C. had had D. will have had
4. In the next few chapters, once we _____ Newton’s Law, we shall apply it to the
motions of the moon and planets.
A. understand B. will understand
C. have understood D. will have understood
5. —I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he _____ enough for a used one.
A. will have saved B. will be saving C. has saved D. will save
6. The children will do their homework the moment they _____ back from school.
A. would arrive B. will arrive C. have arrived D. will have arrived
7. Planning so far ahead makes no sense — so many things _____ by next year.
A. will change B. change C. have changed D. will have changed
8. If you _____ at seven o’clock, I shall not have finished dinner yet.
A. come B. will come C. will have come D. have come
9. By the end of the trip, Tracy _____ more than 3,000 miles.
A. will travel B. has traveled C. will have traveled D. is to travel
II. 汉译英。
1. 约翰希望到他 30 岁的时候已经挣到了一百万英镑。
___________________________________________________________________
2. 到六月，我的祖父母结婚就满 60 载了。
___________________________________________________________________
3. 做完这件事，我就完成我应做的所有事了。
___________________________________________________________________
4. 我想同学们现在应该已经看完这篇文章了。
___________________________________________________________________
5. 我希望明天我们来之前你已经把说明书准备好了。
___________________________________________________________________
参考答案
【原句 1】
1-5 YYNYN
【原句 2】
I. 1-5 AADCA 6-9 CDAC
II. 1. John hopes that he will have made a million pounds by the time he is thirty.
2. By June, my grandparents will have been married for sixty years.
3. When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do.
4. I guess the students will have finished reading the article by now.
5. I hope you’ll have got the instructions ready before we come tomorrow.
微信/支付宝扫码支付