高考语法复习倒装与省略的规则整理

高考语法复习--倒装与省略 倒 装 Ⅰ.倒装的概念：按“主语＋谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果将某个句子成 分移至句首而引起主语和谓语顺序的颠倒，使句子的排列顺序变成“谓语(或谓语的一部分) ＋主语”，就是倒装句。 倒装有两种情况：部分倒装和完全倒装。之所以使用倒装，一是语法结构的需要；二是 表示强调。 Ⅱ.部分倒装：部分倒装是把 be 动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没 有这些词，要在主语之前加助动词 do/does/did 等，而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之 后。 情况 例句 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。 这类词或短语主要有 never, neither, nor, little, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, not only, in no way, at no time, few, not, no 等 Not a word did I say to him. 我没对他说一个 字。 Never have I found him so happy. 我从未见他 如此高兴过。 Little does he care about what I said. 他几乎不 在意我说了什么。 I can't swim. Neither can he. 我不会游泳，他也 不会。 No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep. 他一上床就睡着了。 “only＋状语(从句)”放在句首，要部分倒装 Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语) 只有通过这种方式才能解释这个 事。 Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句) 只有 当 1918 年战争结束后他才能高兴地重返工作 岗位。 ★如果 only 后面不是状语，则不用倒装；Only Wang Ling knows this. so 或 so 引导的短语放在句首，要部分倒装 So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他说得如此大声， 隔壁房间的人都听到了。 “Not only＋分句，but (also)＋分句”句型中 的前一分句要部分倒装 Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it. 约翰不仅喜欢中文，他还 说得很好。 ★not only…but also…连接主语时不倒装。 Not only the mother but also the children are sick. not until 放在句首，从句不倒装，主句倒装 Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句) 直到上个星期他们才找到丢失的单 车。 Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句) 我 儿子直到进入大学才认识到时间的重要性。 as/though 引导的让步状语从句 Tired though he was(＝Though he was tired), he kept on running. Child as he is, he knows a lot.(注意：child 前没 有冠词 a) 在以 often, well, many a time, now and again 等 方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中，要用部 分倒装结构 Many a time has John given me good advice. 约翰多次给了我很好的建议。 Often have we made that test. 我们经常做那个 测试。 在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有 were, had, should 这三个词时，可省去 if，将这些词 移至主语之前 Had I time (＝ If I had time), I would go and help you. Were I you (＝ If I were you), I would go abroad. Should he come (＝If he should come), tell him to ring me up. Ⅲ.完全倒装：整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。 情况 例句 there be 结构。在此结构中可用来代替 be 动词 的有：exist, seem, happen, appear, live, rise, stand 等 There stood a dog before him. 一只狗站在他 面前。 There exist different opinions on this question. 对这个问题有许多不同的观点。 “Here/There/Now/Then ＋ come (或 be 等) ＋ 主语” 结构 ★本句型中 there 是副词，应重读，强调地点 Here comes the old lady! 一位老妇人过来了！ Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 我们期待已久的时刻终于到来。 ★如果主语是人称代词，就不用倒装：Here you are. 表示方向的副词 out, in, up, down 等位于句首 In came Mr. White. 怀特先生进来了。 Down came the rain. 下雨了。 表示地点的介词短语 (如 on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house, in the middle of the room 等)放在句首时 On the top of the hill stands a pine tree. 山顶上 有一棵松树。 They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man. 他们到了一座房子，房子前站着一 位老者。 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 Long live the People's Republic of China! 中华 人民共和国万岁！ 其他形式的完全倒装： Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.(形容词短语)参加会议的有一位校长— —格林先生。 Such was the story he told me.(代词)这就是他告诉我的那个故事。 East of the city lies a new railway. (副词短语) 城市的东面有一条新的铁路。 First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短语)首先竣工的 是那座七层的教学楼。 Gone are the days when my heart was young and happy. (过去分词) 我年轻而快乐的日子一 去不复返了。 Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语) 躺在地板上的是一个十五岁的男孩。 省 略 Ⅰ.省略的概念：英语中的许多句子经常省略一个或几个部分，这种语法现象称为省略。 省略是一种手段，目的是为了避免重复，而突出新的信息，并使上下文连接紧密。 Ⅱ.语法上的省略 类别 具体内容 例句 冠词的 省略 ①副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省 略 ②某些独立主格结构中 ③在 as 引导的让步状语从句中，当作表 语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略 ①She sings best in the class. ②Our teacher came in, book in hand. (＝ with a book in his hand.) ③Child as he is, he knows a lot. 介词的 省略 ①both 后常跟 of 短语，接复数名词时， 介词 of 可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of 不能省略 ②现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一 段时间前的介词 for 可以省略 ③和一些动词搭配构成的短语： consider…(as)…， prevent/stop… (from)doing…， have trouble/difficulty…(in) doing…， spend…(in) doing…等中的介词可以省略 ①Both (of) the films were interesting. ②She invited both of us to her birthday party. ③These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time. ④Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? ⑤I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 续表 类别 具体内容 例句 其他的 省略 动词 believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove 等后作宾补的结构 to be ＋ n．/adj.中的 to be 可以省略 ①I consider him (to be) lazy. ②His mother found him (to be) a clever boy. why, why not引导的特殊问句中后跟省略 to 的动词不定式 ①Why talk so much about it？ ②Why not try it again？ 如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避 免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原 形，而保留不定式符号 to： ①在动词 afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try 等后跟动 词不定式作宾语，不定式中的 to 可以承 前(后)省略 ②在某些形容词 afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager 等后承前省略动词原形，只 保留不定式符号 to ③动词 tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like, forbid 等后跟动词不定式作宾 补、主补时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号 to ①They may go if they wish to (go). ②I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you). ③—Will you join us in the game? —Sure, I'll be glad to (join you in the game). ★承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词 have 或 be，则要保留 be 或 have —Are you a teacher? —No, but I used to be (a teacher). Ⅲ.句法上的省略 类别 具体内容 例句 简单 句中 ①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语 ②一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分 ①What a hot day (it is)! ②(Is there) Anything else to say？ 并列 句中 ①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部 分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分 ②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者 都可以省略 ③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略 主语 ④在并列复合句中，如果 that 从句从属 于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾 语等成分与第一个并列句相同，这个 that 从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分 ①John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. ②His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry. ③Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways. ④Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party). 复合 句中 名词性从句中的省略： 作宾语的 what 从句中的谓语动词与主 句的相同，则 what 从句可以省略谓语， 甚至主语 ①Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it). ②He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone). 状语从句中的省略： 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一 致，或状语从句中的主语是 it，并且又 含有 be 动词时，常可以省略从句中的 主语和 be 动词 ①在 as, before, till, once, when, while 等 引导的时间状语从句中 ②在 though/although 等引导的让步状 语从句中 ③在 if, unless(＝if…not)等引导的条件 状语从句中 ④在 as, as if/though 引导的让步状语从 句中 ⑤在 as(so)…as…， than 引导的比较状 语从句中 ①While (I was) waiting, I was reading some magazines. ②Though (they were) tired, they went on working. ③You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited. ④He did as (he had been) told. ⑤I know you can do better than he (can do). ⑥This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does).