高考语法复习--冠词

第 2 讲高考语法复习-- 冠 词 自主探究 Ⅰ.冠词的概念：冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或名词词组的前面，表示名词是特指还是泛 指。冠词可分不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词有 a, an；定冠词有 the。 Ⅱ.不定冠词的用法 1 a ＋辅音音素；an ＋ 元音音 素 a European boy, a useful tool, a university student, a one-eyed monkey, a united family, an hour, an honour, an honest girl 2 表示“一个”，与数词 one 相 同 Rome was not built in a day. 罗马非一日建成。 A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如一鸟 在手。 3 表示某个不确定的人和物，相 当于 a certain, some，常译为 “某一个，一个叫……的人” A Mr. Smith is waiting for you at the gate. 一个叫史密斯的 人在门口等你。 In a sense what you said is true. 在某种意义上，你所说 的是对的。 4 表示“相同”，相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 我们 几乎同年。 Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚。 5 表示“每一”，相当于 per, 用 于表示时间、重量、长度等单 位前 500 dollars a ton, four times a day, two yuan a dozen, 60 miles an hour, twice a week, 50 pounds a meter 6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit of, a few/little, as a result, once upon a time, in a hurry, many a time, in a word, once at a time, as a rule, have a fever … 7 a ＋ most 表示“很，非常” Though it is a most interesting book, it is not the most interesting one here. 虽然它是 一本非常有趣的书，但是在这 儿不是最有趣的一本。 8 a(n)＋名词作表语，表职业 Mr. Smith is a professor. 史密 斯先生是一位教授。 ★He turned (＝ became a) sailor after he grew up. 长大 后，他成了一名水手。 9 用于某些物质名词前，表示 Please give me a coffee. 请给 “一种/一份/一阵/一场/一 番”等意思 我一杯咖啡。 He likes to drink a green tea. 他喜欢喝一种绿茶。 10 用于首次提到的单数可数名 词前 There is a man and an animal. The man is Tom and the animal is Tom's dog. 那儿有个人和 一只动物。那人是汤姆，那动 物是汤姆的狗。 11 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one. 这是一个相当大的房间。 She is quite a beauty. 她可是 一个大美人。 It is such a beautiful day！天气 多好啊！ Many a serious accident has happened recently. 最近发生 了许多严重的事故。 What a splendid performance it is! 多么精彩的节目啊！ I bought half a dozen of apples. 我买了半打苹果。 12 用于 so/as/too/how/however＋ 形容词之后 It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 这是我度过的最 高兴的一天。 However cold a day it is, I will go there. 不管天气多冷，我都 会去那儿。 He is so famous a poet that he is admired by us. 他是一位著 名的诗人， 大家都仰慕他。 He doesn't know how precious a thing it is! 他不知道那是一 件多么珍贵的东西！ 续表 13 用于抽象名词前，表示具体的 人和物 a success 成功的人或事； a shame 带来耻辱的人或事； a pity 可惜或遗憾的事； a must 必需、必备的事；a good education 良好的教育； a great help 巨大的帮助； an honour 一种荣幸； a pleasure 一种乐趣 14 用在可数名词前泛指一类人 或物 A teacher must love his students. 教师必须爱护学生。 A dog is a faithful animal. 狗 是一种忠实的动物。 Ⅲ. 定冠词的用法 1 用于表示整个属类的单数可 数名词前，表示一类事物 The whale is in danger of becoming extinct. 鲸鱼有绝 种的危险。 The brain is the center of thought. 大脑是思维的中心。 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名 词前 the universe, the moon, the world, the equator, the sky, the Mars… 3 表示说话双方都了解的、上文 提到过的人和事，或者是在表 示特定的人和事物前 Jack, close the window, please. 杰克，请把窗户关上。 I bought a shirt yesterday. The shirt is in fashion. 我昨天买 了一件衬衫，这件衬衫很时 尚。 4 用于表示西洋乐器、文娱场所 前 play the violin (the guitar, the piano, the flute, the drum…) go to the cinema (the concert, the theater, the party… ) ★用汉语拼音表示的乐器前 不用冠词：play erhu, play pipa 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一 类人 the rich, the living, the wounded, the lost, the evil… 6 用在复数的姓氏前表示一家 人或夫妇二人 The Blacks will come to dinner tonight. 布莱克一家今晚要来 吃晚饭。 The Browns like to chat online. 布朗一家人喜欢网上聊天。 7 用于序数词、形容词和副词最 The most famous of these 高级前，在形容词和副词特定 的比较级前 animals were dinosaurs.这些动 物中最有名的是恐龙。 My deskmate is always the first to come and the last to leave.我的同桌总是第一个 来，最后一个离开。 ★He is the taller of the two children. 他是两个孩子中较 高的一个。 8 用于国家、党派、机构、公共 建筑物、报纸、杂志、朝代、 江河湖海、山川群岛的名词前 the United Kingdom, the Communist Party of China, the United Nations, the WTO, the New York Times, the Tang Dynasty, the Summer Palace, the Yangtze River, the Red Sea, the Taiwan Straits, the Sahara Desert 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词 前 The compass was invented by the Chinese 2，000 years ago. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世 纪的某个年代 in the 1990s 20 世纪 90 年代 11 用于表示计量的名词前 by the year (the month, the week, the day, the hour…) by the yard (the pound, the kilo, the ton) ★ by volume (按体积), by weight (按重量) 12 用于表示方位、方向的名词前 in the east (the west, the north, the south) keep to the right, turn to the left, in the middle 13 用于抓、打人体某个部位名词 前，常见的此类动词有 take, catch, hold, seize, pull, hit, pat, lead, strike 等。常用的介词有 in, on, by 等 pat (hit, strike) sb. on the head (the nose, the shoulder, the back) pat (hit, strike) sb. in the face (the eye, the stomach) take (catch, seize) sb. by the arm (the hair, the hand) lead sb. by the nose 14 用于某些固定的短语中 at the age of, at the foot of, by the end of, in the day, tell the truth, at the beginning of, at the top of, by the way, at the same time, in the end, on the contrary, to the point, the other day, on the radio Ⅳ.零冠词(不用冠词)的用法 1 表示一类人或事物的复数名 词前不用冠词 Horses are useful animals. 马 是一种有用的动物。 Trees can help clean the air. 树 木可以帮助净化空气。 2 抽象名词、物质名词泛指一般 概念时不用冠词 Knowledge begins with practice. 知识从实践开始。 Iron and steel play an important role in industry. 钢 铁在工业中起重要的作用。 3 不含有普通名词的专有名词 前(包括人名、地名、国家名 称、车站、街道、公园等)不 用冠词 Beijing University, Lincoln Street, Harvard University, Hyde Park, China, Japan, Changsha Railway Station 4 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 词时不用冠词 I want this book, not that one. 我想要的是这本书，不是那一 本。 Whose purse is this? 这是谁 的钱包？ 5 季节、月份、星期、节假日、 一日三餐等名词前不用冠词 in spring (summer, autumn, winter)/January (February, March…) on Sunday ( Monday, Tuesday…) have breakfast (lunch, supper, dinner) New Year's Day, Mother's Day, Christmas Day, Teachers' Day ★the Spring Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival ★the Dragon Boat Festival, the Lantern Festival 6 表示职位、身份、头衔的名词 作表语、补足语、同位语时不 用冠词 Lincoln was made President of America. 林肯被选为美国总 统。 Mr. Smith, head of the group, will visit our school. 团队的 领袖史密斯先生将访问我们 学校。 7 表示球类、棋类等运动的名词 前不用冠词 play basketball (football, baseball, tennis, volleyball, chess…) 8 与 by 连用表示交通或通讯方 by bus (car, plane, train, ship, 式的名词前不用冠词 taxi, bike …)/land (water, air, sea) by letter (mail, radio, telephone, email, fax, telegram) 9 用 and, after, by, from, to 等连 接对等名词时不用冠词 knife and fork, day and night, heart and soul; day by day, side by side, step by step; day after day, one after another; shoulder to shoulder; from door to door, from morning to night 10 as / though 引导的让步状语 从句中作表语的名词提前到 句首时不用冠词 Poor boy as he is (＝Though he is a poor boy), he is honest. 他虽然穷，但很诚实。 11 在某些固定的词组中不用冠 词 at home, at first, at war, at present, at random, at night by accident, by chance, by design, by way of, by means of catch hold of, catch sight of, do damage/harm to in advance, in common, in debt, in face, in effect, in danger in favor of, in other words, in high/low spirits, in modern times in order, in pain, in person, in trouble, in silence, in surprise learn…by heart, keep…in mind, put…into practice make fun of, make room for, make use of, make repairs on time, on foot, on show, on duty, on purpose, on sale out of breath, out of control, out of work under construction, under consideration, under discussion Ⅴ.有无冠词在词组中的差异 无冠词 有冠词 无冠词 有冠词 go to sea (当水手) go to college (上大学) go to church (做礼拜) in case of (以防) in force (在实施中) in front of (在……的前面) in hospital (住院) in office (执政) in prison (坐牢) go to the sea (到海边去) go to the college (到大学去) go to the church (去教堂) in the case of (就……来说) in the force (在军队服役) in the front of (在……里面的前面) in the hospital (在医院里) in the office (在办公室) in the prison (在监狱里) out of question (毫无疑问) sit at table (坐下吃饭) two of us (我们当中两人) in charge of (负责，管理) in possession of (占有，拥有) in store (储备，即将到来) leave school (辍学) on fire (着火) in place of (代替) out of the question (不可能) sit at the table (坐在桌旁) the two of us (就我们俩) in the charge of (由……负责/管理) in the possession of (被……所占有) in the store (在商店，在仓库里) leave the school (离校) on the fire (在火炉上) in the place of (在……位置上)