高中英语语法复习：词性、句子成分、句型（共25张PPT)

十 大 词 性词词性性又叫词又叫词类类，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 其中实词有六类：其中实词有六类： ①① 名词名词 noun n. student noun n. student 学生学生 ②②代词代词 pronoun pron. you pronoun pron. you 你你 ③③ 形容词形容词 adjective adj. happy adjective adj. happy 高兴的高兴的 ④④副词副词 adverb adv. quickly adverb adv. quickly 迅速迅速 地地 ⑤⑤ 动词动词 verb v. cut verb v. cut 砍、割砍、割 ⑥⑥数词数词 numeral num. three numeral num. three 三三 虚词有四类：虚词有四类： ⑦⑦冠词冠词 article art. a article art. a 一个一个 ⑧⑧介词介词 preposition prep. at preposition prep. at 在在...... ⑨⑨ 连词连词 conjunction conj. and conjunction conj. and 和和 ⑩⑩感叹词感叹词 interjection interj. oh interjection interj. oh 哦哦八 大 句 子 成 分主语(subject) 动作的发出者，一般位于句首。 名词作主语名词作主语 English English is very important. is very important. 代词作主语代词作主语 They They go to school by bus. go to school by bus. 动名词作主语动名词作主语 Seeing Seeing is believingis believing. . 动词不定式动词不定式((短语短语))作主语作主语 It is necessary It is necessary to master a foreign languageto master a foreign language. . 谓语(predicate) 谓语由动词构成，谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的 变化上，一般在主语之后。 （及物动词）（及物动词）All of the students All of the students like like the novel. the novel. （不及物动词）（不及物动词）The teacher The teacher came came in, book in hand. in, book in hand. （连系动词）（连系动词）He He looks looks worried.worried. 复合谓语：复合谓语： ①① 由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You You may keep may keep the book for two weeks. the book for two weeks. ②② 由助动词加动词原形由助动词加动词原形,,现在分词现在分词,,过去分词构成。如：过去分词构成。如： Do Do you you speak speak EnglishEnglish？？ They They are working are working in a field.in a field.宾语(object) 宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语成分一样，不同的是 构成宾语的代词必须是”代词宾格” 如：me, us, him （名词）（名词）I like I like Chinese foodChinese food. . （代词）（代词）I saw I saw him him yesterday. yesterday. （动名词）（动名词）I enjoyed I enjoyed talking talking to you. to you. （动词不定式）（动词不定式）He wanted He wanted to have to have a cup of tea.a cup of tea. 直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语：：有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人， 一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。 He gave He gave me some ink. me some ink. 表语(predicative) 与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征。 （代词）（代词）Is it Is it yoursyours?? （形容词）（形容词）The weather has turned The weather has turned coldcold.. （数词）（数词）Twenty minus twelve is Twenty minus twelve is eighteight.. （不定式）（不定式）The speech is The speech is to tell to tell us about the job.us about the job. （介词短语）（介词短语）The machine must be The machine must be out of orderout of order.. （动名词短语）（动名词短语）His hobby is His hobby is playing footballplaying football.. （分词）（分词）My watch is My watch is brokenbroken..定语(attribute) 修饰限制名词或代词，可分为前置定语和后置定语。 （代词）（代词）His His father is a doctor. father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。他父亲是一名医生。 （介词短语）（介词短语）The girl The girl under the tree under the tree is Kate. is Kate. （形容词）（形容词）I bought a I bought a new new dictionary. dictionary. （副词）（副词）The people The people here here are very friendly.are very friendly. （不定式）（不定式）Would you like something Would you like something to drinkto drink? ? （现在分词）（现在分词） A A barking barking dog seldom bites. dog seldom bites. （过去分词）（过去分词）The suggestion The suggestion sent sent to the committee was adopted.to the committee was adopted.状语(adverbial) 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句；状语在句子中的位 置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调 时放在句首。 （时间）（时间）I often get up at 5:30 I often get up at 5:30 iin the morningn the morning. . （地点）（地点）Pandas only livePandas only live in China in China. . （程度）（程度）He is He is quite quite young. young. （修饰（修饰adj.adj.，放在，放在adj.adj.前）前） （目的）（目的）He took some He took some moneymoney to buy a newspaperto buy a newspaper.. （方式）（方式）We usually go to school We usually go to school on footon foot. . （让步）（让步）Though she has a lot of moneyThough she has a lot of money, she is unhappy., she is unhappy.（条件）（条件）If you don't work hardIf you don't work hard, you, you''ll fall behind others. ll fall behind others. （原因）（原因）We didnWe didn''t go t go outingouting because of the bad weatherbecause of the bad weather. . （结果）（结果）The wind was The wind was so so strong strong that we couldn't move that we couldn't move forward.forward. （伴随）（伴随） The doctor hurried off, The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his armwith a medicine box under his arm. . The teacher came in, The teacher came in, followed by a group of his studentsfollowed by a group of his students. . 补语(complement) 补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。 （名词）（名词）We call her We call her Xiao Xiao LiLi. . （形容词）（形容词）You must keep the room You must keep the room clean clean and and tidytidy. . （动词不定式）（动词不定式）John asked me John asked me to help to help him with his Chinese. him with his Chinese. （过去分词）（过去分词）I will have my hair I will have my hair cut cut tomorrow. tomorrow. （现在分词）（现在分词）We saw the boy We saw the boy playing playing basketball just now. basketball just now. （动词原形）（动词原形）Rain makes plants Rain makes plants growgrow. . 后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, think, make call, think, make等，后跟形容词作宾语补等，后跟形容词作宾语补 足语的谓语动词有足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get keep, find, get等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语 动词为感官动词动词为感官动词((如如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, sound, feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, sound, 等等)) ，使役动词，使役动词let, have, makelet, have, make动词不定式不带动词不定式不带 to to，，getget要带要带toto。。同位语(appositive) 一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限 定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与 被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。 由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,,其中前项与后项所指相同其中前项与后项所指相同,, 句法功能也相同句法功能也相同,,后项是前项的同位语。后项是前项的同位语。 Mr. Smith, Mr. Smith, our new teacherour new teacher, is very kind to us. , is very kind to us. Mr. Smith Mr. Smith是主词是主词our new teacherour new teacher的同位语的同位语,,指同一人。指同一人。 如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;;如同位语对其同位成分只作如同位语对其同位成分只作 补充解释时可用逗点隔开。补充解释时可用逗点隔开。 He told me that his brother He told me that his brother John John is a world-famous doctor. is a world-famous doctor. brother brother和和JohnJohn都是单一的字作同位语都是单一的字作同位语,,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。五 大 基 本 句 型 主语+谓语+宾语 • S(subject) + V(vt.) + O(object) S(subject) + V(vt.) + O(object) → → 中国：中国： 三口之家三口之家 • e.g. e.g. We are family. We are family. 主语+谓语 • S(subject) + V(vi.) S(subject) + V(vi.) → → 日本：丁克家族日本：丁克家族 • e.g. e.g. They agreed. They agreed. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 • S(subject) + V(vt.) + IO(object)+DO(direct object) S(subject) + V(vt.) + IO(object)+DO(direct object) → → 中国：四口之家（二胎政策）中国：四口之家（二胎政策） • e.g.e.g. I give my brother a book. I give my brother a book. 常见的常见的双宾语动词有：双宾语动词有：buy, pass, lend, buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, sendgive, tell, teach, show, bring, send等等 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 • S(subject) + V(vt.) + O(object)+OC( object complement) S(subject) + V(vt.) + O(object)+OC( object complement) → → 欧美：保姆欧美：保姆 • e.g.e.g. I keep the room clean. I keep the room clean. We call them moon-cakes. We call them moon-cakes. 常见的加宾补的动词 • find I find English find I find English interesting.interesting. • make Reading makes me make Reading makes me happy. happy. • feel I felt it necessary to feel I felt it necessary to learn English. learn English. • keep I kept the room tidy.keep I kept the room tidy. • leave Don't leave me alone.leave Don't leave me alone. • think I think it possible to think I think it possible to succeed. succeed. • drive The weather drive drive The weather drive me mad. me mad. • wish I wish you happy. wish I wish you happy. • believe I believe her believe I believe her trustworthy. trustworthy. • consider I consider it easy consider I consider it easy to find the park. to find the park. • get Try to get him pleased.get Try to get him pleased. 主语+系动词+表语 • S(subject) + V(copula verb) + P(predictive) S(subject) + V(copula verb) + P(predictive) → → 照镜子照镜子 • e.g.e.g. She looks beautiful.She looks beautiful. Dancing is her hobby.Dancing is her hobby. The book is on the desk. The book is on the desk.常见的系动词 • 状态系动词：状态系动词： be, keep, stay, be, keep, stay, seem, appear, seem, appear, maintain, prove, maintain, prove, remainremain • 感官系动词：感官系动词： look, smell, sound, taste, feellook, smell, sound, taste, feel • 变成系动词：变成系动词： become, turn, get, grow, gobecome, turn, get, grow, go 无被动 无进行并 列 复 合 句四大并列连词 andand：表示联合关系。类似的还有：表示联合关系。类似的还有not only...but also, neither...nor...not only...but also, neither...nor...等，等， 中文意思为中文意思为““和和””，，““同同””，，““不仅不仅......而且而且””等。等。 butbut：表示转折关系。类似的还有：表示转折关系。类似的还有while, yetwhile, yet等，中文意思为等，中文意思为““但是但是””。。 oror：表示选择关系。类似的还有：表示选择关系。类似的还有otherwise, or else, either...or...otherwise, or else, either...or...等，中文等，中文 意思为意思为““或者或者””，，““否则否则””。。 soso：表示因果关系。类似的还有：表示因果关系。类似的还有forfor等，中文意思为等，中文意思为““因此因此””，，““所以所以””。。从 属 复 合 句三大从属复合句 定定语从句：在复合句中，用一个完整的句子去充当一个形容词语从句：在复合句中，用一个完整的句子去充当一个形容词((定语定语))，去修，去修 饰一个名词或者代词，这个句子叫做定语从句。饰一个名词或者代词，这个句子叫做定语从句。 I met a girl who is wearing a red dress.I met a girl who is wearing a red dress. 名词性从句：在复合句中，用一个完整的句子去代替一个名词或者名词词组，名词性从句：在复合句中，用一个完整的句子去代替一个名词或者名词词组， 这个句子叫做名词性从句。这个句子叫做名词性从句。 I love what makes me happy.I love what makes me happy. 状状语从句：在复合句中，用一个完整的句子去代替一个副词或者副词词组，语从句：在复合句中，用一个完整的句子去代替一个副词或者副词词组， 这个句子叫做状语从句。这个句子叫做状语从句。 Although I like meat, I can't eat much.Although I like meat, I can't eat much.Thank you!