牛津英语模块6Unit4单词课文记忆和讲解讲义

高中牛津英语模块 6Unit 4 单词语篇记忆和讲解讲义 语篇记忆 Module 6 Unit 4 People often refer to poverty as lack of money and food or being in possession of nothing valuable. We may have read many descriptions of remote mountainous areas in primitive condition, where people obtain water only by means of digging wells. Children cannot get hold of safe shelter but study in a muddy and crowded wooden houses, which have been vacant for years. In addition, damp weather has left the area in chaos, making it easy for bacteria to spread. Many people fall victim to it. 人们常常认为贫穷是缺钱缺粮，或者没有值钱的财产。我们可能读过大量的关于还处在原始 状态下的偏远山区的描述。那儿的人只能靠挖井来取水。孩子们没有安全的住所，只能在充 满泥泞的拥挤的木房子里学习，这些房子已经空置很多年了。而且，潮湿的天气使得该地区 狼藉一片，导致细菌很容易传播。很多人成为它的受害者。 It is urgent that we should remind people to contribute to our charity and draw the government’s attention to provide equal rights for those suffering starvation. First, it is worthwhile to encourage people to acquire a good knowledge of environmental protection. They can grow fruit trees and fetch a good price by exporting fruit to other areas. They can also take the alternative of setting up ecology-friendly villages. Second, more volunteers are in need. For example, without wage, we have been doing the voluntary and worthy work. Our colleagues and other staff, including assistants, make a commitment to relieve the local people from the troublesome pain, such as providing heating for them. 紧迫的是，我们要提醒人们向我们的慈善组织捐钱，吸引政府的注意力来给遭受饥饿的人们 提供平等的权利。首先，鼓励人们充分掌握环保知识。他们可以种果树，出口到其它地区来 卖得好价格。他们也可以选择成立生态环保村庄。第二，需要更多的志愿者。例如，我们就 在没有薪水的情况下，一直在做义务的却很有意义的工作。我们的同事和其它员工，包括助 手，都承诺让当地人摆脱疾苦，例如，给他们供热。 Of course, local accent is a big barrier to understanding each other without an interpreter. Luckily, the project under the umbrella of the local government expands quickly. When we think back to the difficulty we have in starting our project, we feel that every one can make a big difference to others. If only more and more volunteers joined in our cause! 当然，没有翻译员的话，当地的口音也是彼此了解的一大障碍。幸运的是，这项政府支持保 护的事业拓展迅速。当我们回想起成立我们这个项目的困难时，我们感觉每个人都能对他人 有莫大的影响。但愿越来越多的志愿者加入我们的事业。 单词解释 1. lack by〔for，from〕 lack of 因…而没有 a lack of food / money / skills 缺乏食物/金钱/技能 The trip was cancelled through lack of (= because there was not enough) interest.因为缺乏兴趣 这次旅行被取消了。 There was no lack of volunteers.志愿者不乏其人。 lack 可作“不足”或“没有”解。例如： He cannot do this work for lack of（作“不足”或“没有”解）skill. He cannot do this work because he lacks（作“不足”或“没有”解）skill. He cannot do this work because he is lacking in（作“不足”或“没有”解）skill. 2. refer to 1.谈到；提到 * It was unwise in your speech to refer to rising unemployment. 你在讲话中谈到失业率上升的 情况，这是不明智的。 2. look at sth. for information 查阅 * If you don't know what it means, refer to the dictionary. 如果你不知道它的意思，可以查字 典。 * In drawing up the plan, they went to the library to refer to many books. 在制订计划时，他们 到图书馆查阅了许多书籍。 3. concern; relate or apply to 涉及；关于；有关 * I have examined all the documents referring to the matter. 我翻阅了所有关于此事的文件。 * What I have to say refers to all of you. 我要讲的话与你们大家都有关。 3. description Her beauty is beyond description.她的美无与伦比。 give / provide etc a description The booklet gives a brief description of each place.这本小册子对每一个地方都作了简短的描 述。 4. worthy Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause.她每年都为一项高尚的事业捐一大笔 钱。 worthy of attention/notice ■deserving to be given attention, noticed, etc 值得注意的 •Two points in this report are especially worthy of notice.这份报告中有两点特别值得注意。 注意： 1．下面四句意思相同： This is worthy to be done. This is worthy of being done. This is worthy being done. This is worth doing. 下面几点该注意： （1）第一句不很自然。第三句现在远不及第二句普通。假使动名词改作名词，也是这样， 如 This is worthy consideration 现在远不及 This is worthy of consideration 普通。 （2）worthy 后面的不定式不一定属于被动语态，比较下面两句： This question is worthy to be considered. （这问题是值得被考虑的。） He is worthy to consider this question. （他是值得考虑这问题的［他有考虑这问题的能力］。） （3）说“值得被某人……的”通常用第一句，不用第二句或第三句，不可用第四句。 2．下面两句意思不同： This task is not worthy of him. （这件工作配不上他［太简易，配不上有像他这样本领、经验 等的人］。） He is not worthy of this task. （他配不上这件工作［他的本领、经验等太差，配不上这件工 作］。） 3．worthy 不可单独用作表语，如不可说 He is worthy 或 The reward is worthy，该改作 He is a worthy man 和 This is a worthy reward。worthy man 和 man of worth 略有不同。worthy man 里的 worthy 往往含有“还算不坏”、“殊堪嘉尚”等不很尊敬的意思，man of worth 是“德 才兼备的人”。 5. victim The company has fallen victim to increased competition.日益激烈的竞争让这家公司深受其害。 He was used to being in charge, not being the victim of circumstance .他习惯于掌控一切，而不 是受制于环境。 6. equal All people are equal, deserving the same rights as each other.所有人都是平等的，享有同等的权 利。 It's a challenging job but I'm sure you'll prove equal to it.这项工作很有挑战性，但是我相信你最 终有能力完成它。 熟词生义：产生，得出〔特定结果或效果〕: A highly-trained workforce equals high productivity.高素质的劳动力创造高生产力。 7. contribute 1. (give) 捐献 ‹money, aid, goods› • to contribute money to or towards [something] 为某事物捐款 2. (offer) 提出 ‹suggestion, views, ideas, advice› 3. Journalism, Publishing 把…投稿 ‹article, poem› 4. contribute to ... 是…的原因之一；增加；增进 • unemployment contributes to a high crime rate 失业是犯罪率高的原因之一 This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject. 此书对我们了解这门学科无所 助益。 8. acquire 学到，获得〔知识、技能〕: He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.他花了许多年时间学习外科医生的技能。 Elsie acquired a good knowledge of Chinese.埃尔茜汉语学得很好。 acquire a taste for sth 开始喜欢某事物: She had acquired a taste for European beer.她开始喜欢喝欧洲啤酒了。 9. expand 对…详述；进一步说明 •She mentioned a few ideas, but she didn't expand on them.她提到了几个想法，但并没有进行 详细说明。 拓展 ‹horizons, knowledge› The computer industry has expanded greatly over the last decade.算机行业在过去十年间发展 迅速。 10. worthwhile 重要的; 有益的; 值得做的: He wanted to do a worthwhile job.他想干值得一做的工作。 We decided to give the money to a worthwhile cause (=one that helps people) .我们决定把这 笔钱投入到慈善事业中。 it is worthwhile to do sth I thought it was worthwhile to clarify the matter.我认为有必要澄清事实。 it is worthwhile doing sth It wasn't worthwhile continuing with the project.继续这个项目很不值得。 11. urgent in urgent need of sth Many people are in urgent need of food and water.很多人极需食物和水。 注意了： 1．urgent 后面接不定式作“坚持要……的”解，不作“急需……的”解，如 He was urgent to have more 是“他坚持要多得些”，不是“他急需多得些”，尽可以说 He was urgent to have more, though he had quite enough。 2．注意 It is urgent that he start 里用 start（虚拟现在式），不用 starts。 在英国英语中一般使用 should+动词原形，在美国英语中则使用现在时虚拟式(be 型虚拟式)。 urgent 这一语法特 点同 essential，imperative，vital，important，necessary 等。 12. starvation die of / from starvation 饿死 Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the drought.由于发生旱灾,明年将有数百万 人面临饥饿的威胁。 13. boil boil down to sth 要点是某事，归结为某事: It boils down to a question of priorities.归根到底是事情轻重缓急的问题。 He was boiling with rage. 他怒不可遏。 14. fetch I asked my son to fetch me a drink of water. 我叫儿子去给我拿杯水来。 The painting is expected to fetch up to £220,000. 这幅画有望拍到 22 万英镑。 15. Alternative an alternative to coffee 咖啡代用品 •There must be an alternative to people sleeping on the streets.一定要想办法解决街头露宿者 的问题。 •I'm afraid I have no alternative but to ask you to leave (= that is what I have to do).恐怕我别无 选择，只有让你离开。 16. remote remote chance / possibility There's a remote chance that you can catch him before he leaves.你不大可能在他离开前抓住 他。 The prospect of peace seems remote.实现和平的希望似乎渺茫。 很不相同的: ▪ [+ from ] The Heights was quiet and clean and remote from the busy daily life of the city. 高地清静干净，与忙碌的城市生活极不相同。 not have the remotest idea / interest / intention etc 一无所知/毫无兴趣/毫无打算等: 17. possession The possession of large amounts of money does not ensure happiness.拥有大量金钱并不能保 证一定会幸福。 Fear had taken possession of his soul. 恐惧占据了他的灵魂。 I am in possession of some information that I think will interest you. 我掌握了一些在我看来你 会感兴趣的消息。 18. poverty to alleviate / relieve poverty 缓解/解除贫困 Many elderly people live in poverty.许多老年人生活于贫困之中。 Helping to alleviate poverty in developing countries also helps to reduce environmental destruction.帮助缓解开发中国家的贫困也有助减少对环境的破坏。 a poverty of sth formal ■a lack of something …的贫乏，…的缺少；…的劣质 •There is a disappointing poverty of creativity in their work.他们的工作缺乏创造性，令人失望。 19. means For most people, the car is still their main means of transport .对大多数人来说汽车仍是他们主 要的交通工具。 The only means of communication was sign language.唯一的交流方法是手语。 "May I borrow this book?" "By all means."“我可以借这本书吗？”“当然可以。” It is by no means certain that we'll finish the project by June.我们能否在六月份前完成这项工程 还很难确定。 a means to an end 达到目的的手段 •I didn't particularly like the job - it was just a means to an end.我不是特别喜欢这项工作——不 过是一个谋生手段罢了。 20.primitive The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable.当地医院的治疗水平落后，靠不住。 Conditions at the camp are very primitive.营地条件非常简陋。 21. obtain be easily obtained 容易获得:Such information is easily obtained from the Internet.这种信息从 互联网上很容易获得。 obtain 有时有双宾语，作“使……得到……”解。例如：His work obtained him a regular income. 22. break down The police broke the door down. 警察破门而入。 They broke down all opposition. 他们压倒了所有的对手。 The car broke down on the way to the airport. 车子在去机场的路上抛锚了。 The plan was good, but it broke down, because people were unwilling to cooperate. 计划是好 的，但由于人们不愿合作，还是失败了。 When he heard his sentence, the man broke down. 听到判决，那人不禁号啕大哭。 Your health will break down if you work too hard. 太劳累的话，你身体会垮的。 23. commitment [+ to ] Her commitment to work is beyond question.她的敬业精神是不容置疑的。 必须做（或处理）的事情 •family/work commitments 家庭义务／工作任务 •I've got too many commitments at the moment to do an evening class.我眼下要做的事情太 多，没时间晚上上课。 24. chaos Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.大雪导致道路上交通一片混乱。 The house was in chaos after the party.聚会后,房子里一片狼藉。 25. vacant The seat next to him was vacant.他旁边的座位空着。 无聊的；茫然的；没精打采的 •She had a vacant look/expression on her face.她一脸的茫然。 26. get hold of to take hold of 抓住，握住 【例解】1. At last he got hold of the beast’s tail.他终于抓住了大象 的尾巴。 2. John took hold of the ladder，and began to climb. 约翰抓住了梯 子，开始爬上去。 3. I can’t keep hold of it; it’s too slippery.我握不住它，它太滑了。 【说明】(1)get hold of 中，介词 of 有时也可用 on 代替(参见下面辨 异)。(2)get hold of 中动 词 get，通常还可用 take，catch，seize，keep 替代。(3)get hold of 的反意短语是 lose hold of 或 leave hold of 或 let go。 【辨异】get hold of，have a grasp of 这两个短语从关键词中可以看出它们之间的差别。hold 着重指抓 住、得到，而 grasp 一词， 除了可表示“抓住”外，还有“精通，掌握”的 含义。如：①Wilma had to stop to get a good hold on the stick.为了 抓住接力棒，威尔玛只好停一下。②You seem to have a good grasp of English history. 你似乎很精通英国历史。 27. shelter The trees gave/provided some shelter from the rain.这些树遮了一些雨。 • to shelter [somebody] from [somebody]/[something] 使某人免受某人/某物所害 28. crowd He pushed his way through the crowd. 他在人群中往前挤。 follow the crowd 随大流，随波逐流，人云亦云 •Think for yourself, don't just follow the crowd.要独立思考，不要只是人云亦云。 You have to do things exceptionally well to stand out from the crowd (=be different from ordinary people) .要想胜人一筹的话，你做事就得非常出色。 〔想法或观点〕塞满〔脑子〕: Strange thoughts and worries were crowding his mind.他脑子里 满是奇怪的想法和忧虑。 crowd in on / crowd into〔问题或想法〕涌上心头，涌入脑海: Too many uncomfortable thoughts were crowding in on her. 她心乱如麻。 Memories came crowding into her mind. 往事一齐涌上她的心头。 29. remind 'You need to finish that essay.' ' Don't remind me (= I don't want to think about it).' "你要完成那篇论文。" "别提啦！" You remind me of your father when you say that. 你说这样的话,使我想起了你的父亲。 Remind me to phone Alan before I go out. 提醒我在出去之前给艾伦打电话。 30. barrier The mountains acted as a natural barrier to the spread of the disease.群山成为了阻止这疾病扩 散的天然屏障。 Despite the language barrier (= not speaking the same language) , they soon became good friends.尽管语言上存有障碍，他们还是很快就成为了好朋友。 •Shyness is one of the biggest barriers to making friends (= something that makes this difficult). 害羞是交友的最大障碍之一。 31. angle Try looking at the problem from another angle] from my angle.尝试换个角度／从我的角度来看 这个问题。 The press was looking for a new/fresh angle on the situation.新闻界正在寻找一个新的角度来 审度这种局面。