满分写作体裁一
应用文
应用文的定义
应用文是为处理日常事务而写作的一种文体，
在人们日常生活和工作中被广泛使用，其种
类主要包括书信（如申请信、道歉信等）、
通知、便条、日记、演讲稿、电子邮件等，
根据应用文种类的不同，格式也不相同。
应用文的特点
★ 语言规范
语言比较规范，有其自身特定的表达方式，学生在平时要积累不同文体
常用的套话及写作格式（如书信开头和结尾的套话要运用恰当，格式要
正确）。
★ 目的明确
主要在于传达基本信息。
★ 时态多样
根据具体应用文种类确定，如：日记一般用过去时，海报、便条、通知
采用一般将来时。
笔尖探秘——书信篇
例题展示
你叫李宏，你校在为一批来自加拿大的交流学生征
寻为期两周的住宿家庭。你有意申请，写封信说明
你申请的理由（包括所具备的条件）。
审题分析
☛ 确定文体
本题是一篇申请信，属于应用文体，但其中会有议论的部分。
☛ 确定素材
在信件开头应点明写信的主要目的，即申请成为交流生的住宿家
庭。信中应说明申请理由，该申请理由中可以罗列自身具备的申
请条件，也可以谈谈为此申请自己会去做哪些事，还可以说明促
使自己申请的根本原因。
☛ 注意事项
作为一篇申请信，本文语言要求恳切而坚定，能够表现出申请人
强烈的意愿和合理的理由，从而让读者认同。因此，本文的语言
不能像其他说理型议论文那样硬朗，不然则显得过于生硬。
例文点评
Dear Sir/Madam,
①I'm Li Hong. Hearing that you are looking for host families for Canadian exchange students
for two weeks, I would really like to apply for this opportunity.
②My parents and I have discussed the matter and they strongly advise me to try my best to
be a little host. Since I have the experience of being an exchange student for a year, I will surely
be able to understand many of the troubles that an exchange student will encounter. ③Problems
such as being homesick and cultural shock can be solved easily if the host family and the exchange
student work with combined efforts and take each other's feeling into consideration.
④What's more, I have already worked out a tour plan to show our guest around the city. A
special food plan is also on the way, and they will be exposed to the wonderful Chinese cuisine,
enabling them to have a taste of a different food culture.
⑤The most important of all is I have a wish to enhance the valuable friendship between
Chinese and Canadian people and I believe with such determination, I will become a good host and
make their stay in China enjoyable and meaningful.
⑥I sincerely hope you could give me this honor. I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hong
甄选亮点
①说明情境，提出申请，入题迅速，用I would really like
to表达出了作者强烈的愿望，用词恳切。
②以与家长的讨论和他们的建议开头，使得理由的提出更加自然，同时也表现出
其家庭对于此申请的全力支持。
③ 从自身经历出发，既说明了所具备的条件（the expericnce of being an
exchange student），又提出了充分的申请理由
（understand many of the troubles），言辞诚恳。
④将旅游计划和饮食文化计划归为一段，言简意赅地写出了作者为了申请所做的
准备。
⑤将“尽力提升中加人民之间的友谊”这一理由放在最后，升华全文。
⑥“sincerely”，“could”和“honor”，用词委婉低调，表现出作者对于申请
一事的诚意。
☛ work with combined efforts = work with joint
efforts，意为“在共同努力下”。
take...into consideration的意为“将……纳入考虑”。
例题展示
你校的校报将新增一个英语版面（an English
section），主编Tery向全校同学广泛征求意见。请
你以Allen的名义给他写一封邮件，谈谈你希望在该
版面看到的内容和你的理由。
（注意：短文中不得出现考生姓名、校名及其他相
关信息，否则不予评分。）
审题分析
☛ 确定文体
本题是应用文邮件的书写，考查学生对邮件格式的掌握，主体涉及夹叙夹议。此
类题目，应在开篇点出写此邮件的目的。本文的目的是“提建议”或“表达自己
的看法”。本题要求学生陈述希望在英语版面中看到的“内容”及其“理由”。
通常情况下，“内容”以2到3个为宜，既可以“内容”和“理由”夹叙夹议，也
可以一段说明“内容”，一段讲述“理由”。不过，当“内容”达到3个时，夹
叙夹议的形式更加显得结构紧凑。
☛ 确定素材
鉴于题目中校报所增加的是一个英语版面，因此应选择与英语有关，并且符合“
校报”背景的“内容”。
☛注意事项
作为一封“提意见”的邮件，语言要恳切柔和，尤其在承接转换时要避免如first
，second之类太过生硬的转换。
例文点评
Dear Terry①,
Learning that a new English section will be added to the school newspaper, I'd like to express
some of my ideas.
To begin with, serving as a platform for us students to exchange thoughts as well as improve
English, the section can offer us a golden opportunity to advance writing skillswhen we submit a
piece of writing in English to the newspaper. ②And I believe, seeing our own works published
will ③surely enhance our confidence and passion for English study.
What's more, if suggestions on English learning from some native speakers are presented in this
section, ④we students can be exposed to more authentic expressions,more practical use of daily
English, and thus gain more benefits.
Last but not least, we're eager to get a vivid account of the unique customs of some western
countries. With the fast pace of globalization, chances are that we may further our study abroad or
travel around the world some day. ⑤ A better grasp of different cultures will not only help
to eliminate misunderstanding but also broaden our horizons.
As a loyal reader of the school newspaper, I sincerely hope to see the new section function well.
Yours,
Allen
行文解析
①注意信件格式——
在称呼之后要用“，”而不是“：”。这点和中文信件的开头格式有所不同。
②此长句词组
③副词surely的使用增强了文章语气，与前面的I believe相呼应。
④这里we students
使用了同位语来强调主语，同时后面使用了并列的谓语动词be exposed
和 gain more benefits ，且and 后用了thus来表示两个动作间的因果关系。
⑤ 这句话用连词not only... but
also...连接两个动作，使句意更加连贯，且句中使用了高级词汇eliminat
e 来表达“消除误会”。
运用丰富，出彩的词组较多。句子以动名词短语seeing our o works 做
主语，同时又有过去分词published 做宾补，使得句式更加复杂，显示作
者英wn文功底。
甄选亮点
句子一：
The section can offer us a golden opportunity to advancewriting skills.
☛ 用golden（黄金的，极好的）、advance（进步，改进）代替常用的good和improve。a golden
opportunity指“绝好的机会”，是一个固定搭配。
句子二：
And I believe, seeing our own works published will surelyenhance our confidence and passion for
English study.
☛ 用enhance（增强）代替常用的 promote。
句子三：
We're eager to get a vivid account of the unique customs of some western countries.
☛ 用get a vivid account of （得到对……的生动描述）代替常用的get a general
idea of，和句中的eager相呼应，表现出作者对此内容的深厚兴趣。
句子四：
With the fast pace of globalization, chances are that we may further our study abroad or travel
around the world some day.
☛ 用chances are that（很有可能）来代替其他表示“可能”的结构。
笔尖探秘——演讲篇
例文展示
你是张华，你要竞选班长（class president），请写
一篇竞选演讲词。
演讲词中应包括：
1.你为何认为自己可以胜任班长工作？
2.如果当选你将会为本班同学做什么？
审题分析
☛ 确定文体
本题要求写竞选演讲词，学生要说明“张华”可以胜任班长的理由，
以及当选后会为班级做什么。属于应用类文体，正文部分会有夹叙夹
议的内容。其中叙述部分为“会为本班同学做什么”，议论部分为“
为什么可以胜任班长工作”。
☛ 确定素材
在叙述部分，“会为本班同学做什么”的措施应避免过于剑走偏锋，
仍然需要契合班长工作的实际；也应避免将班长工作描述成一个全能
老好人的工作，如：I'll satisfy all your needs.
☛ 注意事项
本文语言要求雄辩、有力，能够说服读者接受“张华”是一个强有力
的班长候选人。
例文点评
Dear classmates,
① I'm now running for the class president, for I believe I deserve this position.
② My confidence is based on the following reasons. ③ First, I do well in all the
subjects and always gain high scores. Besides that, I am a person with a high sense of
responsibility. I am not afraid of facing challenges. In addition, I'm a hardworking
person, willing to take up all kinds of work and always ready to help you.
If I'm elected class president, I'll certainly do a lot for you. I'll arrange many new
extra-curricular activities, and make some changes to the current ones, which are too
boring.I' ll set up a regular relationship between this class and our teachers, in order
to keep us tighter together and to help us know each other better. Finally, ④ I'll
arrange a thorough cleaning and redecoration of our classroom so that the classroom
can take on a new look and everyone in it will feel the change, thus studying in a more
delightful environment.
⑤That's all. Vote for me, Zhang Hua, and I will be a good class president. Thank
you!
行文解析：
①作文开头开门见山，没有多余冗长的语言。由for引导的表原因的并列句简洁有
力地表达出了作者的观点并吸引读者继续读下去，寻求“为什么”。
②第二段开头直入主题，引出自己为什么可以胜任班长。作为表达观点的中心句，
其被动语态的运用强调了my confidence，连接文章开头，并且与上文的deserve
this position相呼应；be based on的运用又很好地引出了下文即将描述的内容。
③划线词组承接本段的三个层次，使得本段层次分明，并且，每个层次的比例均匀
，重点突出，没有废话。
④将“安排班级进行大扫除和重新装饰，并使得班级呈现新貌”这一举措作为“如
果当选会为班级做什么”的收尾，使得整个叙述部分振奋人心。文中so that，take
on a new look，feel the change，thus studying的运用使得作文有了饱满的热情。
⑤结尾再次重申自己的口号，表达自己的决心，并为自己拉票，简洁有力，不拖沓。
甄选亮点
句子一：
My confidence is based on the following reasons.
☛ ...is based on the following reasons.
运用被动句，自然的引出原因，和前文的观点衔接，行文更加流畅。
句子二：
I'm a hardworking person, willing to take up all kinds of work and always ready to help you.
☛ 三个形容词及形容词词组并列，简明扼要地写出“我”的优秀品质。
句子三：
I'll arrange a thorough cleaning and redecoration of our classroom so that the classroom
can take on a new lookand everyone in it will feel the change, thus studying in a more
delightful environment.
☛ so that（目的状语从句）和thus
doing（现在分词短语作伴随状语）的运用使得句式丰富多样。take on a new look和feel the
change两个词组两相呼应，增亮文字。
妙笔即练
题1
假设你是新城中学学生李华，在网上得知英曜中学生John打算寒假来中国参加中
国传统艺术节,他向网友招募翻译。你有兴趣为他翻译。请给John写一封自荐信
，内容要点如下：
1. 自我介绍；
2. 你的优势；
3. 希望能成为John的翻译。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：中国传统艺术节 Chinese Traditional Art Festival；招募recruit
范文
Dear John,
How do you do? I've learned from your post that you want to take part in the
Chinese Traditional Art Festival during this winter holiday and are recruiting
an interpreter, so I'm writing to you to recommend myself.
I'm Li Hua, a student from Xincheng High School. I love Chinese art and I've
done much research on it in my spare time. Therefore, I have a good
knowledge of different art styles of each period, such as calligraphy in the
Tang Dynasty, water painting in the Qing Dynasty and so on. More
importantly, I can speak English fluently.
I believe I'm the right person you're looking for. Looking forward to your
reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
解析
此文为提纲式作文。文章为申请信，主要介绍自己，自己的
优势，以及自己的希望。文章亮点分析：
1.高级词汇：recruiting an interpreter, recommend, have
a good knowledge of
2.注意文章的衔接过渡：so, therefore, more importantly
3.使用从句，提升句子：How do you do? I've learned from
your post that you want to take part in the Chinese
Traditional Art Festival during this winter holiday and are
recruiting an interpreter（宾语从句）
I believe I'm the right person you're looking for（定语从句）
申请信常用句型
【篇首句】介绍自己，简要说明信息来源，并提出申请。
1. I'm Li Hua, from Class One, Senior Two. 我是李华，来自高二一班。
2. I have read in the newspaper that a secretary is wanted in your
company. 我在报纸上看到你们公司在招聘一名秘书。
3. I read the announcement of the Experience Life that you have
posted on the Internet and I am interested in it.
我在网上看到你们发布的体验生活的消息，我对此很感兴趣。
4. I am extremely pleased to see your advertisement for an English
tutor in the newspaper. 我很高兴看到你们在报纸上招聘家庭教师 /
助教的广告。
5. I am writing to apply for the summer camp in your school.
我写信是想申请加入你们学校的夏令营。
申请信常用句型
【篇中句】突出自己的特点，具体说明胜任理由。
1. I think I'm qualified for the position.
我认为对于这个职位我是能胜任的。
2. In the first place, I have strong communication skills.
首先，我有很好的交流技巧。
3. What's more, I am well acquainted with the western culture.
而且，我非常熟悉西方文化。
4. Last but not the least, I have good personality, and I am
independent in life.
最后但也是很重要的一点是，我性格好，并且在生活中很独立。
5. That's why I am applying for the position.
那就是我申请这个职位的原因。
申请信常用句型
【篇尾句】请求给予机会，期望尽快回复。
1. I will be much grateful if you can give me the opportunity.
如果你能给我这个机会，我会非常感激。
2. I hope you can offer me the opportunity.
我希望你能提供给我这个机会。
3. I hope I can be accepted as a member of your summer camp.
我希望我能成为你们夏令营的一员。
4. If you need to know more about me, please contact me at 189...
如果你需要了解我更多，请给我打电话189......
5. I am looking forward to your early reply. 期待你的早日回复。
6. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
期待早日收到你的来信。
满分写作体裁二
记叙文
记叙文的定义
记叙文是以记叙或描写为主要手段，通过写人、记事、写景
把人物的经历或事物发展变化的过程表述出来，用来表达某
种思想或感情的一种文体。当然，写人的记叙文离不开记事
，但两者的侧重点有所不同，写人的记叙文，以人为主导，
所写的事都是为衬托人物服务的。写事的记叙文则重在记录
事实，描写事物变化。所以，记叙时，外貌的描写、性格的
刻画等要服务于人物，不可喧宾夺主、本末倒置。记叙文以
记叙为主，但描写文、议论文、说明文等也都有记叙的成分
，所以，掌握记叙文是学习写作其他各类文章的基础。
记叙文的特点
★ 所需“六要素”
时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果（即who,
when, where, what, why,how）。
Who is the main character?
When did the story happen?
Where did the story happen?
What happened in the story?
Why was the matter caused?
How was the matter solved/ended?
记叙文的特点
★ 顺序多样化
记叙文的写作顺序包括顺叙，倒叙，插叙，和平叙。最常用的是顺叙，其优点是可以
把事情的来龙去脉表达清楚。
☛ 顺叙：通常是按事情发生的先后顺序进行叙述。
☛ 倒叙：把事件的结局提到前面叙述，然后再按时间的进展顺序进行叙述。
☛ 插叙：在叙述过程中，由于某种需要，暂时把叙述的线索中断，插入与之相关的另
外一件事。
☛ 平叙：指叙述两件或两件以上的同一时间内不同地点发生的事情。
★ 多与其他文体连用
高考英语考试在考察记叙文体写作时，一般会与议论文相结合，要求学生在记叙完事
情或人物后，发表自己的看法，注重对学生辩证思维能力和思想表达能力的考察，较
常见的是夹叙夹议。
时态和人称
记叙文的时态
记叙文多叙述过去发生的动作，所以叙述中常用过去时态，当然有时也会出现一般现在时或其他时态，尤其是在
直接引语中。
记叙文的人称
记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。
☛ 用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读
者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。
如：The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards
me. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I
fell off it.
☛ 用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受“我”的活动范围限制，能够通过作者与读者之外的第三者直接把故事
中的情节展现在读者面前，文章的客观性很强。
如：Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old
woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the
umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea...
例题展示
新学期开学，你校英语报为高三学生开设专栏，讨论高中生的学习问题。
假定你是高三学生李华，请你结合自身实际，根据以下提示，用英语为
该专栏写一篇稿件：
1.过去的三年中，你在学习上遇到了不少的困难；
2.列举其中的一次困难并阐述你是如何克服的；
3.从此次困难中，你认识到了什么；
4.谈谈你对解决高中生学习上遇的困难的建议。
注意：
1.词数120左右，开头已为你写好（不计入总词数）；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.不得透露学校名称和个人真实姓名。
写作点拨
☛ 记叙文的连接词
一般用时间连接词，体现事情发展的时间顺序，常用的连接有：afterwards，after that，after a
while，at first，at the beginning，to begin with，later，next，finally，all of a
sudden/suddenly，at that moment，as soon as，from then on，meanwhile，not...until，in the
end/eventually，last week，On doing...（一…就…）句式。
☛ 记叙文常用句式
On our arrival, we were warmly welcomed by the local people.
No sooner had we arrived there than we were warmly welcomed.
We set off early in the morning and it took us more than 2 hours to get there.
On the way home, I caught sight of a car knocking into a big truck.
We were chatting happily when I suddenlyremembered that I had left my handbag in the taxi.
My teachers encourage us to take part in some social practice in our summer holidays, which they
think can help make ourselves fully developed.
To our delight, they thought highly of what we did.
写作步骤
★ 审题
确定文体：夹叙夹议。记叙高中学习过程中遇到的困难及克服困
难的过程，并表达自己的看法。
确定时态：一般现在时+一般过去时
★ 列提纲
初步确定文章布局：三段式（首段引出问题；第二段记叙问题；
第三段谈感悟想法及总结。）
初步搜集写作素材：英语口音重，被嘲笑，后来找到克服方法：
模仿音频，求助老师。
初步思考词语句子：As a result, be sure to do, communicate
with, meet with difficulty, make great progress, contribute to
doing...
★ 初步下笔初稿
When we first get into high school, we ①sure to meet with
difficulties in our study. A difficulty I ②met with was that I had strong
Chinese accent while communicating with others in English, ③ made
everyone laugh at me.
④Facing the difficulty, I bought ⑤the CDs of native speakers'
public speaking and tried to imitate every day. I often ⑥ask the
teacher for help ⑦ and he always helped correct my
pronunciation. ⑧As a result, I made great progress.
We do meet some difficulties in our study, but each man is the
architect of his own fate and success always grows out of struggles to
overcome difficulties. To ⑨solve our difficulties in study,
we ⑩should find out the reasons first and then take effective
measures. ⑪Beside, consulting our teachers can contribute a lot to
solving the problems. ⑫We can perform well and gain success by
doing so.
检查语法
通读全文，对语法词汇进行快速检查和修改。
1.容易犯的语法错误包括：非谓语结构错误，如③made
→making；时态不一致，如 ⑥ask→asked
2.容易犯的词汇错误包括：单词误拼，如 ⑪Beside→Beside
s；词性误用，如①sure不是动词是形容词，用be
sure；冠词误用，如 ⑤复数名词CDs表示泛指，不需要定冠
词the；固定搭配错误，如 ④Face →Face with 面对。
升格词汇
1.常见普通词换难的高级词，如：①be sure to do → be
bound to；②meet with → encounter；⑤无修饰 → a large
quantity of + 复数n；⑧As a result → As a
consequence；⑨solve → cope/deal with；⑩should → are
supposed to；⑪Besides → In addition / What's more /
Moreover 。
2.添加连接词，如at that time, eventually。
3.简单句变复合句，如⑦and he always → who always。
4.使用特殊句型代替陈述句，如⑫陈述句 → 倒装句。
最终定稿
When we first get into high school, we are bound tomeet with
difficulties in our study. A difficulty Iencountered was that I had strong
Chinese accent while communicating with others in
English, making everyone laugh at me.
Faced with the difficulty, I bought a large quantity ofCDs of
native speakers' public speaking and tried to imitate every day. I often
turned to the teacher for help,who always helped correct my
pronunciation at that time.As a consequence, I eventually made great
progress.
We do meet some difficulties in our study, but each man is the
architect of his own fate and success always grows out of struggles to
overcome difficulties. Tocope/deal with our difficulties in study, we are
supposed to find out the reasons first and then take effective
measures. In addition/What's more/Moreover, consulting our teachers
can contribute a lot to solving the problems.Only in this way can
we perform well and gain success.
妙笔即练
题1
你所在学校的英文校刊向全体高一学生征稿，主题是"我的高一生活"，
你有意参加此次活动．请根据下列要点完成一篇英语作文．
1．从进入高中至今，你的经历和感受；
2．你对即将进入高中的学生们的建议．
注意：
1．词数100以上；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯．
3．文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称
范文
Last September，I entered my high school．The moment I stepped into the
campus，I could feel something amazing was happening．Actually，my new
school life was happier than I had expect．I met friendly classmates and lots of
excellent teachers．It seemed that my ideal daydream came into reality．
I studied much harder than in junior middle school because I knew there's a bigger
challenge waiting for me．And I also joined in a variety of after﹣school activities
which cultivated my all﹣sided abilities．I didn't stop struggling for my goal in
every single day though there were ups and downs．To my satisfaction，my
efforts were paid back．I have seen my gradual growth and development in the
past year．My first high school year can be a cornerstone of the future success．
I really like to share my experience with the new comers to help them adapt to
their new lives in high school．I suggest that they make proper plans to make sure
that no time will be wasted．And I also think they had better learn to make a
balance between study and after﹣school activities．
满分写作体裁三
记叙文
议论文的定义
议论文是高考英语写作中常见的体裁。议论文指的
是针对某个问题或事件采用逻辑证明或推理的方法
进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、
主张的一类文体。
议论文是高考英语写作中常见的体裁。议论文指的
是针对某个问题或事件采用逻辑证明或推理的方法
进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、
主张的一类文体。
议论文的要素
★
论点：即作者要阐述的观点，对论题将有的见解和主张。论
点可以是题目，也可以在文章开头、中间或者结尾出现。
★
论据：即支持论点的依据，一般是用事实、理论做论据，但
是必要时也可以用故事、寓言等作为论据，论据要充分、明
白、确切、使人信服。
★
论证：即论点与论据之间的逻辑关系，就是用充分有力的论
据来证实论点的过程和方法。论证要合乎逻据。通过论证做
到观点与材料的统一，即观点统率材料，材料论证观点。
议论文的结构
议论文通常都以三段式的形式（总一分一总）展开议论：
引段：开门见山，提出论点；
主体段：核心论证段，是文章的主要部分，对提出的问
题进行分析、推理，摆出事实或引出理论进行具体论证；
结尾段：为总结语。对主体部分作出概括，明确所要解
决、论证的问题。重申论点，首尾呼应。
议论文引段
★ 引段
高考英语议论文的引言可以有两部分组成：现象+观
点。
现象来自于作文题目，所以学生必须要理解题目中
的每句话，把题目中的中文用英语表达出来就能成
为不错的开篇。然后再开门见山地亮出自己的观点。
议论文主体段
☛ 引证法：即引用一些名人名言、成语、格言、谚语等作为论据，如：
1. All things in their being are good for something.天生我才必有用。
2. Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
3. A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.千里之行，始于足下。
☛例证法：即举例来进行论证，如：
Some students think WeChat will affect their study. For example, they may be
tricked by strange net friends by texting messsages all the time, which will
surely take them much time and it will also affect their eyesight to use WeChat
for a long time .
☛喻证法：用比喻的方法来论证事理，把深奥、抽象的事理表述得浅显易懂，使文
章既生动又形象，如：
Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to
use WeChat.
议论文主体段
☛对比论证法：通过对事物的正反两个方面的对比来分析论证，使文章的表达
效果更强烈，给人留下深刻印象，如：
第一段：There is nowadays much discussion about whether or not children
should stay in their own classrooms during break time. Personally I believe
that children can never be kept in the classrooms between
classes.（表明作者观点）
第二段：I would argue that break time is our only opportunity to choose
what we want to do.（正面论述“课间不能只待在教室里”的理由。）
第三段：Another reason why people say that children have to stay in their
own classrooms at break time is that it would be difficult to organize dinners
if they are out.（批驳反面观点或进一步阐述正面观点。）
议论文主体段
☛归纳法：从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。
From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has (a) great influence
on young adults' behavior. Therefore, one can naturally reach this conclusion that ...
☛推理法：从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论，如：
1. Because / Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.
2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.
3. The cause of / reason for overweight is eating too much.
☛驳论法：先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点，如：
1. This is a very conventional issue, but we can approach it from a new angle / a new point of view.
2. Although everyone believes that..., I doubt / wonder whether the argument bears much analysis.
3. When we talk about..., we usually mean ..., or even that... The true... is not..., but that...
在主体段中，务必要牢记应采用先总后分的手法——
先亮出主题句，然后再用发展句充实段落。学生必须围绕着引言段的观点展开，千万不能让人觉得的的
文章段落之间没有衔接。此外，在主体段中要恰当地使用过渡词，有明显的层次感，引领阅读者一层一
层地根据你的分论点走向最终你要阐述的观点。
议论文结尾段
结论，用一、二句话来结束文章，做到首尾
呼应。一定要再次澄清你的观点，切记与引
言段的观点一致，建议用不同的词句法表达
同一个意思。
例题展示
暑假即将来临，你班同学就假期计划进行讨论，提出了不同看法，
请根据提示写一篇英语短文，并谈谈你的看法。
优点 缺点
待在家中 花费少，舒适方便 不能亲自了解外界
外出旅游 增长知识，开阔眼界 花费多，旅途不便
注意：
1.词数120左右；
2.短文必须包括表中所列要点，可根据内容分段表述；
3.可适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
4.参考词汇：眼界horizon（view）。
议论文常用开头语
...has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary
from person to person.
There is an argument / no consensus of opinions among people
concerning/over...
Different people have different views / perspectives on...
Some people are inclined to think that... On the contrary / In
contrast, there are still many people who won't agree, and they
claim that...
When it comes to..., some people think / believe that..., while
others argue / claim that the opposite / reverse is true.
议论文常用的过渡句
For my part / As to me / As far as I am concerned, I'd like to
agree to the former. / I'm in favor of the former. / I'm on the
side of the former. / My favor goes to the first point of view.
In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we..., we should
take all aspects of the problems into consideration and then
make the right decision.
There are several remarkable reasons.
The reasons can be listed as follows. For one thing, ... For
another...
in addition, what's more, in short, a typical / striking example is
that..., nevertheless, in spite of
议论文常用结束语
In conclusion, ...
We have made much effort, there is still more
we need to make.
If it were left for me to decide whether... , I
would, without hesitation, choose...
写作步骤
★ 审题
确定文体：这是一篇典型的议论文，它以表格的形式提出了论点（待在家中的优点和缺点以及外出
旅游的优点和缺点）和论据，还以文字提示形式提出了话题（假期计划）及需要考生自由发挥的部
分（你的看法），自己的看法可选择上述中的任何一种，并就此发表个人的见解。本文的重点是表
格中两种方式的优缺点，根据题目的特点，以三段式的形式来写作比较好。
确定时态：一般现在时+一般将来时
★ 列提纲
初步确定文章布局：三段式：首段引出问题；第二段讨论问题；第三段总结。
初步确定写作素材：表格所给信息 +
自由发挥，如外出旅游优点还有结交更多的朋友，丰富阅历，锻炼独立能力等。
初步思考词语句子：advantage，disadvantage，increase their knowledge，broaden their
horizons。
★ 写作
整合表格内容，将信息正确地表达出来，做到主题明确，层次明显，衔接连贯，合乎逻辑。
★ 形成初稿
Our class have ①discussion about what to do during the holiday.
Some ②is in favor of staying at home. They ③think it's both
convenient and comfortable. They can save money for other
purposes. ④But they will lose ⑤the chance to get to know the
outside world. But others prefer to go out for traveling since it can
increase their knowledge and broaden their ⑥horzons. But they will
spend more money and meet some difficulties while traveling.
⑦In my opinion, it would be much better to travel outside, for
I can enjoy myself and learn to be more independent as well as get
along well with others during the trip.
★ 检查语法
☞ 通读全文，对语法词汇进行快速检查和修改。
1.容易犯的语法错误包括：谓语动词单复数错误，如②are
→is；非谓语动词错误，如 ⑤the chance to get →the chance of
getting。
2.容易犯的词汇错误包括：单词误拼，如
⑥horzons→horizons；冠词缺失，如① have discussion →have a
discussion。
☞ 升格词汇
1. 常见普通词换难的高级词，如：③think →hold the opinion
that；关于旅行的高级词汇：visit places of interest，appreciate the
beauty of nature等。
2.添加连接词，如：What's more, However。
3.简单句变复合句，如：④But → though，⑦最后一段过于简单。
最终定稿
There is no consensus of opinions among my
classmates concerning what to do during the summer holidays after
our discussion.
Some are in favor of staying at home. They hold the opinion
that it's both convenient and comfortable. What's more, they can
save money, though they will lose the chance of knowing the
outside world. However, others prefer to go out for traveling since it
can increase their knowledge and broaden horizons. But they will
spend more money and meet some difficulties while traveling.
If it were left for me to decide whether to stay
homeor travel outside, I would, without hesitation, choose to
visit places of interest, for I can not only appreciate the beauty of
nature, but learn to be more independent as well as get along well
with others during the trip.
妙笔即练
假定你班在“珍爱生命，拒闯红灯”教育活动中，召开了一次主题班会。请你根据下表中的内容，用英
语写一篇短文。
注意：
1.内容可适当发挥，注意行文连贯；
2.词数：120左右。
参考词汇：pedestrian n.（行人）；jay-walk vi.（乱穿马路）；reprimand vt.（批评，训诫）
行人闯红灯的危害 1．妨碍交通，影响车辆的正常行驶
2．容易引发事故，危及他人和自身的生命安全
3．……（自己设想）
对行人闯红灯的处罚措施 1．批评教育，让其意识到闯红灯的危害性
2．当场给予警告并罚款
3．……（自己设想）
范文
Last week, we held a class meeting to discuss the problem of pedestrians
crossing the street while the traffic light is red. As we can see, some
pedestrians don't obey traffic rules and jay-walk frequently. This blocks
traffic, seriously affects drivers and causes accidents to happen,
endangering the safety of pedestrians and driver alike. In a word, jay-
walking produces negative effects and does not help to develop good
social behavior.
It is really a pity to see all these in our society and to deal with the
situation, the government has taken some measures. When caught jay-
walking, pedestrians are reprimanded so that they will become aware of
the danger of doing this, or they are fined on the spot. Sometimes the
traffic police will report jay-walkers to their workplace and expose them
to the public. However, it will still take a long time to stop pedestrians
from jay-walking.
解析
试题分析：本文是议论文，讨论目前闯红灯的社会
现象，有哪些危害以及该如何去制止或者如何向人
们传达遵守交通规则的意识，表格中给出了一些危
害及应对措施，学生写作时也可以自己发挥，写出
其他观点。
【亮点说明】
文中用了一些高级的短语和句式。如：endangering
非谓语动词、As we can see
引导的定语从句，expose them to，It is really a
pity to 等都很不错。
满分写作体裁四
说明文
说明文的基本定义
说明文是对事物的类别、性质、状态、功能等进行解说，以
及对事物的发生、发展到消亡过程进行阐述的文章。常见的
说明文包括说明书、书文简介、科普文、内容提要等。
说明文的设题材料
说明文常见的设题材料是文字和图表。无论是文字叙述还是
图表标识，只要无时间限制，说明文中一般都要用现在时态。
做这一类写作时，学生要能在分清图与图之间逻辑关系的基
础上，列出要点，逐条予以说明。这样，既能避免主次不分
，又能有效防止要点的遗漏。
说明文的写作方法
★ 定义法
让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解，以利于下文的展开。
如：An anemometer is an instrument used for measuring
temperature.
就是对anemometer 下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确
定义，但我们可以交待这个事物的背景来源或列举出它的一些典
型特征，以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语，也可以是外国
人所不了解的中国传统事物，如介绍The Dragon Boat
Festival ：The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu
Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month
according to the Chinese calendar. People always eat rice
dumplings and watch dragon boat races to celebrate it.
说明文的写作方法
★ 举例法
举出具有代表性的例子，能够真切地说明事物，化抽象为具
体，使段落变得有血有肉，丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有
：for example（例如），for instance（例如），as an
example of（作为……的例子），take...for
example（以…为例）等。
★ 比较法
为了突出事物鲜明的特点，我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。
比如我们想向读者介绍什么是“电脑”，我们可以说“It's a
kind of electrical or
artificial（人工的）brain.”这样把电脑和人脑进行了比较，
从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。
说明文的写作方法
★ 分类法
将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。如：Some books
are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to
be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be
read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously;
and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and
attention.（书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消
化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数
则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。）
说明文的写作顺序
★ 时间顺序
即按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物。凡是事物的发展变化都离
不开时间，如说明生产技术、产品制作、工作方法、历史发展、文字演
变、人物成长、动植物生长等等，都应以时间为序。
★ 空间顺序
即按照事物空间存在的方式，或从外到内，或从上到下，或从整体到局
部来加以介绍，这种说明顺序有利于全面说明事物各方面的特征。一般
说明某一静态实体（如建筑物等），常用这种顺序。
★ 逻辑顺序
即按照事物、事理的内在逻辑关系或者因果关系，由个别到一般，由具
体到抽象，由主要到次要，由现象到本质，由原因到结果等，来一一介
绍说明。
说明文的注意事项
1.抓住说明对象的基本特征，即一事物区别于其他事物的标
志。
2.要遵循一定的顺序，使文章条理清楚，中心突出。常见的
说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序。
3.要运用恰当的方法进行说明。常用的方法有：定义法、举
例法、比较法、分类法等。
4.语言要做到简洁明了，准确无误。
例题展示
请根据下表提供的信息写一篇文章向外宾介绍国家体育馆“鸟巢”。
字数：100字左右提示词汇：标志性建筑 symbolism。
地点 北京北部。
建筑面积 5.8万平方米，可容纳9万多名观众。
开/竣工时间 2003年12月一2008年。
外观 犹如树枝搭成的鸟巢。
用途 奥运会期间可举办田径、足球比赛；
奥运会后可用于举办各种大型活动。
专家评价 奥运史上一个难以置信的标志性建筑。
说明文模板1
说明文常考的说明类型包括介绍地理位置，描绘路
线，事理说明等。对于此种写作可以参考以下模板。
☛ 模板一：地理介绍型
_______ is located in + 位置, covering an area of +
面积. It has a population of +人口. It
grows______, and it is rich in + 特点.
In a word, _____is a fascinating place with
fascinating people. Welcome to______.
说明文模板2
模板二：路线描绘型
We are going to + 举行活动 at / in / on + 时间 at / in + 地点. It is not
very difficult to find your way to this place. / Now let me tell you the
way to this place.
When you get out of + 某地一, you can take Bus +几路公交车 to 某地二,
and get off at the second / third crossing. Walk across the crossing to
the east / west / south / northuntil you see + 某地三 on your left /
right. Turn left / rightthere / at the corner and go straight on / go
ahead. Then you can see / find + 某地四 is on your left / right. The
place is next to / opposite to +某地点.
The place is + 多远 yards / kilometers down the street on the left /
right. Find Room + 几号房间 and we will be meeting you there.
说明文模板3
☛ 模板三：事理说明型
In recent years, the topic of + 事实/现象 which has aroused public
attention, is being more and more popular. Undoubtedly / No
doubt that + 总述问题的作用/重要性. On one hand, + 作用1 . On
the other hand, + 作用2.
However, it should be mentioned that + 分析问题的意义和原因 /
进一步分析其意义.
Therefore, it is of high significance / it is high time that +
解决问题. In the first place, + 解决方法1. Furthermore, +
解决方法2. Only in this way + 解决问题.
写作步骤
★ 审题
确定文体：本文属于说明文，要求写作者向外宾介绍“鸟巢”。
确定时态：一般现在时+一般过去时。
★ 列提纲
初步确定文章布局：三段式：第一段主要介绍鸟巢的位置，面积等信息
；第二段说明鸟巢的建造及用途等；第三段总结概括鸟巢的特征及存在
意义。时态用一般现在时和一般过去时。
初步确定写作素材：表格所给信息。
初步思考词语句子：be located in，with an area of，made of
branches，regard as...
★ 写作
整合表格内容，将信息正确地表达出来，做到主题明确，层次明显，衔
接连贯，合乎逻辑。
形成初稿
①The national stadium of The Birds Nest is located in the
north of Beijing, ②with an area of 5.8 million square
meters. ③ It can hold more than 90, 000 audience.
The construction of The Birds Nest started in
December, 2007 and completed in 2008. It ④will be used for
track and field events and football matches during the
Beijing Olympic Games, while ④ after that used to hold all
kinds of grand activities.
⑤When is seen from the outside, it ⑥looks like a real
bird nest made of branches, which explains how its name
came from. It is no ⑦wander regarded by experts as an
symbolism in Olympic history.
检查语法
☞ 通读全文，对语法词汇进行快速检查和修改。
1.容易犯的语法错误包括：时态错误，如④will be → was；after that →
now；非谓语动词错误，如 ⑤When is seen → When it is seen from /
Seen from。
2.容易犯的词汇错误包括：单词误拼，如⑦wander →wonder。
☞ 升格词汇
1. 常见普通词换难的高级词，如：⑥looks like →
resembles；关于面积的高级词汇：cover an area
of...；关于情感：incredible。
2. 句式结构变化，如：①可以使用同位语；②with →
covering；③使用定语从句，将两个分句整合成一句话。
最终定稿
The Birds Nest, the national stadium, which can hold more than
90,000 audience, is located in the north of Beijing, covering an
area of 5.8 million square meters.
The construction of The Birds Nest started in December, 2007
and was completed in 2008. It was used for track and field events
as well as football matches during the Beijing Olympic Games,
while now it is generally used to hold all kinds of grand activities.
Seen from the outside, it resembles a real bird nestmade
of branches, which explains how its name came from. It is no
wonder regarded by experts as an incrediblesymbolism in Olympic
history.
名师点评
题目要求介绍北京奥运会的举办场地——鸟巢。一般
来说，说明文用的是一般现在时，因为说明文是作
为一种介绍性文体，具有客观性。但是本篇文章涉
及到具体的过去时间时，部分时态要用一般过去时，
学生很容易混淆。但是本篇文章时态正确，信息完
整，遣词造句上也颇为用心，用了插入语，固定句
型，非谓语动词以及复合句等，使得整篇文章更加
地道。
妙笔即练
根据以下内容写一篇说明文，标题为“Australia”。
澳大利亚位于太平洋（the
Pacific）的西侧，是大洋洲最大的国家，面积760万平方公里。
人口稀少，只有1,000多万，多数集中在东部沿海地区。
首都堪培拉（Canberra）风景秀丽。
悉尼（Sydney）是澳大利亚最大城市。有许多名胜，其中悉尼歌剧院（Opera
House）闻名于世。2000年奥运会就是在悉尼举行的。
注意：
1).词数：100左右，文章开头已给出（不计入总词数）；
2).可以根据内容要点提示适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
Australia
Australia is the largest country in Oceania.
范文
Australia is the largest country in Oceania. It is located on the west
coast of the Pacific, covering an area of 7.6 million square
kilometers. Australia has a small population of over 10 million. Most
Australians live in the east of the country by the sea. There are many
kinds of unique animals in Australia,such as kangaroos. The capital of
Australia is Canberra, which is a beautiful city. Sydney, the biggest
city in Australia,has many places of interest, for example, the Opera
House. And the 2000 Olympic Games, which were held there, gave a
deep impression on the people around the world.
Now Australia attracts more people to come.
解析
本题是一篇命题作文，要求考生介绍澳大利亚，写作要点已经给
出，属于提纲类作文，内容包括：澳大利亚位于太平洋（the
Pacific）的西侧，是大洋洲最大的国家，面积760万平方公里；
人口稀少，只有1,000多万，多数集中在东部沿海地区；首都堪
培拉（Canberra）风景秀丽；悉尼（Sydney）是澳大利亚最大城
市。有许多名胜，其中悉尼歌剧院（Opera
House）闻名于世。2000年奥运会就是在悉尼举行的。写作时要
点要全面，层次要清晰，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量
使用自己熟悉的单词句式。同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句
型使文章显得更有档次，特别注意在选择句式时要富有变化。
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