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UNIT 4 BODY LANGUAGE
4.3 Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
Words And Phrases
知识要点 1 assessment n. 评价；评定
(教材 P40)We make assessments and inferences from body language.
我们从肢体语言进行评估和推断。
[例 1] What is your assessment of the situation?
你对时局的看法如何？
[例 2] There is little assessment of the damage to the natural environment.
几乎没对自然环境破坏程度作出评估。
[知识拓展]
assess vt. 评估；评定
assess sth.at 评估某物(多少钱)
be assessed as... 被评定为……
assess＋从句 评定；估定
知识要点 2 in other words 换句话说；也就是说
(教材 P43)In other words...换句话说……
[例 1] In other words, she must give up singing.
换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
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[例 2] In other words, the ice begins to melt.
换句话说, 冰开始融化了。
[知识拓展]
in a/one word 总而言之
have a word with sb. 与某人说(私)话
have words with sb. 与某人吵架
keep/break one's word 遵守诺言/失信
beyond words 无法用言语表达
in words 用语言
word came that... 有消息说……
[名师点津]
(1)与 in other words 意思相同的表达有：namely, that is, that is to say, in another word。
(2)word 表示言辞、语言时通常用复数 words；表示新闻、消息时是不可数名词。
知识要点 3 occupy vt.占据；占用
(教材 P44)With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the
ceiling.
双手托着下巴，他们专心于盯着窗外或天花板。
[例 1] Mr.White occupies an important position in the Ministry of Education.
怀特先生在教育部里担任要职。
[例 2] He occupied himself in collecting stamps.
他忙于集邮。
[知识拓展]
(1)be occupied in doing sth./with sth.忙于做某事
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occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth.
忙于某事；专心于某事
keep sb.occupied 使某人忙碌
(2)occupation n. 占用；职业
知识要点 4 distinguish vi.& vt.区分；区别；辨别
(教材 P44)While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much
harder to distinguish when students are troubled.
尽管学生们何时(对讲课)感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要发现学生何时有困
扰有时会难得多。
[例 1] We can distinguish between gold and silver.
我们能区分金和银。
[例 2] He distinguished himself in physics.
他在物理方面享有盛名。
识拓展]
(1)distinguish between...and...
区分/辨别……和……
distinguish...from... 使……有别于……的特征；区别/辨
别……和……
distinguish oneself by... 通过……显示自己或使自己扬名
distinguish oneself (as...) (作为……)表现突出
(2)distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的；杰出的
be distinguished for... 因……而出名
知识要点 5 ( 教 材 P44)They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are embarrassed or
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ashamed.他们也可能用手掩面，就像他们感到尴尬或羞愧一样。
(1)embarrassed adj.尴尬的；难堪的
[例 1] A parrot can sometimes make you embarrassed.
鹦鹉有时候会让人很尴尬。
[例 2] He became embarrassed when a journalist asked him pointed questions about his finances.
一名记者对他的经济情况接连提出尖锐的问题，他很是尴尬。
[知识拓展]
(1)be/feel embarrassed to do sth.对做某事感到尴尬
be/feel embarrassed about/at sth.
对某事感到难为情/不知所措
(2)embarrass vt. 使难堪，使局促不安
embarrassing adj. 令人难堪的
embarrassment n. 难堪，困窘
(2)ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧
[例 1] Her husband felt ashamed at her behaviour.
她丈夫为她的行为感到害臊。
[例 2] He felt very much ashamed whenever he encountered any of his old mates.
每当遇到老相识时，他总是感到很难为情。
[知识拓展]
(1)be ashamed of (doing) sth.
因(做了)某事而感到羞愧
be ashamed to do sth. 耻于做……；因难为情而不愿做……
be ashamed that... 对……感到内疚
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(2)shame n. 羞耻；惭愧；遗憾的事
It's a shame that... ……真让人遗憾
What a shame/pity! 真可惜！
知识要点 6 call on (短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请
(教材 P44)Some students act this way merely because they are afraid of being called on by the teacher.
有些学生这样做只是因为他们害怕老师叫他们。
[例 1] I like that you should call on me frequently.
我喜欢你经常来拜访我。
[例 2] He called on his friends to help him.
他向朋友求助。
[知识拓展]
call back 召唤某人回来；回电话
call for 要求；需要；接(某人)
call in 请来；召集
call off 取消
call up 给……打电话；(使)回忆起；征召……入伍
知识要点 7 bother vi.& vt. 费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便
(教材 P44) However, if a student does not bother to brush her hair and her eyes are red from weeping, then I
can infer that there are deeper issues at work.
但是，要是学生懒得梳头，并且两眼因哭泣而发红，那么我能够推断她遇到了更严重的问题。
[例 1] Thank you, but please don't bother.
谢谢, 但请你不要费事了。
[例 2] What a bother! We've missed the bus.
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真恼人！我们错过了公交车。
[知识拓展]
(1)bother sb.with sth. 因某事打扰或麻烦某人
bother to do/doing sth. 操心做某事
it bothers sb.that/to do sth.
使某人苦恼的是……
Don't bother. 不用费心了。
(2)put sb.to any bother 给某人添乱/让某人心烦
知识要点 8 conflict n．矛盾；冲突 vi.冲突；抵触
(教材 P44) It could be that she is having serious conflicts with other students or at home.
可能是她和其他学生或在家里发生了严重的冲突。
[例 1] It is not surprising that such a view has led to very considerable conflict.
这样的一种观点引起很大的分歧是不足为怪的。
[例 2] Do British immigration laws conflict with any international laws?
英国的移民法与国际法有抵触吗？
[知识拓展]
(1)in conflict with 与……冲突/与…… 矛盾
come into conflict with 与……冲突/与……矛盾
(2)conflict with 与……矛盾/冲突
知识要点 9 adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.& vt.适应；(使)习惯
(教材 P44) Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities, when to intervene, and when to
talk to students individually...
他们的肢体语言让我知道什么时候调整课堂活动，什么时候进行干预，什么时候与学生单独交谈……
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[例 1] Adjust your language to the age of your audience.
要根据听众的年龄使用相应的语言。
[例 2] You will quickly adjust yourself to student life.
你将很快适应学生生活。
[知识拓展]
(1)adjust sth.to sth. 调整……以适应……
adjust to (doing) sth. 适应/习惯(做)某事
adjust oneself to... 使自己适应……
(2)adjustable adj. 可调节的；可调整的
(3)adjustment n. 调整；调节
make adjustments to 对……做出调整
Sentence Patterns
重点句式 1 部分否定
(教材 P44)Of course，not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class.
当然，并不是每个抬头看的人上课都专心。
句式分析：句中 not everyone...＝ everyone...not...，意为“并非每个人都……”，为部分否定。
[例 1] Not everyone in the world will be kind and caring towards you.
并非世上每个人都会对你友善关心。
[例 2] Unsurprisingly, not everyone agrees that things are better.
不出所料，并非人人都认同情况有所好转。
[知识拓展]
(1)当 not 与 all，both，everyone，everything，everywhere 等词连用时为部分否定，意为“并不都……”。
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(2)当 not 与 any，anyone，anywhere，anything 连用或出现 no，nothing，nobody，nowhere，none 时是
完全否定。
重点句式 2 as though 引导表语从句
(教材 P44)It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.
好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。
句式分析：句中 as though 意为“仿佛；好像”，引导的是表语从句。
[例 1] It sounds as though there is a knock at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
[例 2] It seems as though it was spring already.
现在好像是春天了。
[知识拓展]
(1)as though/if 意为“仿佛；好像”，引导方式状语从句或表语从句。
(2)as though/if 后面的从句可用虚拟语气，表示一种假设或不大可能的事。从句表示与现在事实相反时，
谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反时，用 had＋过去分词；表示将来的可能性不大的情况时，用
would/could/might＋动词原形。
(3)从句的省略：若 as though/if 引导的从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语为 be，则省略“从句主
语＋be”，从句就变成了“as though/if＋形容词/副词/名词/介宾短语/分词/不定式”。
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I.根据提示填空
1. Confucius started the private teaching of the wind, to become the world’s one of the greatest (教育
家).
2. Your job is to (标出)the names of those presents at the meeting.
3. You can (倚, 靠) the wet umbrellas on the shelf.
4. If something bad happens on a particular day, people have a tendency associate that day with the
negative event.
5. The development of the sites will have (imply)for the surrounding countryside.
6. He occupied himself packing the luggage.
7. How do you (理解) the morality of career?
8. The leader can perceive the people’s (渴望)for the war to end.
9. This can make them nervous or embarrassed speaking English in public.
10. Trust is a vital (成分, 部分) in any relationship.
答案：
1. educators 2. tick 3.lean 4. to 5. implications 6. with 7. perceive 8. anxiety 9. about
10.component
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. The purpose of having a small talk is to show the other person that
闲聊的目的是让其他人知道你很乐意交谈。
2. I around the holidays.
我打算在假期增加体重。
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3. She her father’s funny stories.
她父亲那些逗人的故事使她很开心。
4. It was only three years ago, but it feels decades have passed.
不过只是三年前, 但是感觉好像已经过了几十年。
5. Being a kindly person, he never his neighborhoods.
他是一个很友善的人, 从不和他的邻居有矛盾。
6. The factory will compensate their workers .
如果工人在工作中受伤, 工厂会给予他们受伤补偿。
7. But experts said no one should .
但专家告诫说, 不能长时间用肉眼注视太阳。
8. Let your body .
让你的身体适应温度。
9. It helped me learn how to speak in public and .
它帮助我学会了如何在公众面前讲话, 如何同听众互动。
答案：
1. you are willing to make a conversation.
2. tend to gain weight
3. was amused by
4. as though
5. has conflict with
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6. if they are hurt at work.
7. stare at the sun with naked eyes too long.
8. adjust to the temperature.
9. interact with audiences.
Ⅲ. 英译汉
1. I think coffee tastes good, but not everybody likes drinking it.
2. He sounds as though he has the weight of the world on him.
3. While some see the bright side of the policy, others worry that it will lead to a baby boom in China.
4. She sensed that mastering a foreign language and programming skills could be the key to a good programming
job.
5. You know you have to read “between the lines” to get the most out of the book.
答案：
1.我认为咖啡品尝起来不错, 但是并非每个人都喜欢喝。
2.他让人听着好像全世界的重量都压在他身上。
3.一些人看到了政策的光明面, 另一些人则担心这会导致中国的生育高峰。
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4.她意识到掌握一门外语和编程技能可能是找到一份好的编程工作的关键。
5.你知道读书必须要阅读“字里行间的言外之意”, 以求得最充分的理解。
I.阅读理解
1
The Story Behind the Words
1.husband Comes from two Old Norse words (the language spoken by the Vikings) that mean “house” and
“owner”. The word originally had nothing to do with marriage, except for the fact that home ownership made these
men extremely desirable marriage partners.
2.cab From “cabrioler”,a French word that means “jump like a goat.” The first carriages for public rental
bounced up and down so much that they reminded people of goats jumping on a hillside.
3.alarm From the Italian “To arms!”—which was what soldiers shouted when they saw that the enemy was
attacking.
4.jeans Genoa, called “Gene” by sixteenth-century Europeans, was the first city to make denim cloth. The
pants were named after the city.
5.escape In Latin, this means “without your cape”. The ancient Romans would often avoid capture by
throwing off their capes when fleeing so that they could run more quickly.
6.hooligan It is believed that this term originated from a man’s last name. The man, whose first name was
Patrick, terrorized a section of London with his family in the 1890s.
7.broke Many banks in post-Renaissance Europe issued small “borrower’s tiles(瓦片)” to their customers.
Like credit cards, these tiles were imprinted with the owner’s name and credit limit, and the name of the bank. In
order to borrow money, the customer had to present the tile to the bank teller who would compare the imprinted
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credit limit with how much the customer had already borrowed. If the borrower was over the limit, the teller broke
the tile on the spot.
8.genuine From the Latin, originally meant “placed on the knees”. In Ancient Rome,a father legally claimed
his newborn child by sitting in front of his family and placing the child on his knee.
9.tip The popular explanation of the origin of this word is that it is an acronym(首字母缩略词)meaning “To
Insure Promptness”, that is, to make sure the service in, e.g., a restaurant, is fast. This is incorrect. The word was
underworld slang from the early 1600s,meaning “to pass on a small sum of money.”
10.addict This was the Latin name for a slave given to Roman soldiers to reward them for performance in
battle. Eventually, this term was applied to anyone who was a slave to anything, e.g., a drug.
1.Which pair of words originated from the names of two people?
A.addict and escape. B.jeans and escape.
C.hooligans and jeans. D.hooligan and addict.
2.The common belief of the origin of “ ” is not true to the fact.
A.husband B.tip C.jeans D.escape
3.Which of the following words best fits the blank in the sentence: “He got again due to gambling?”
A.cab B.genuine C.alarm D.broke
【答案】
1.D
2.B
3.D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了十个单词的起源以及它们背后的故事。
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1.
细节理解题。根据第六段中“It is believed that this term originated from a man’s last name.( 据信，这个词起源
于一个男人的姓)”以及最后一段中“This was the Latin name for a slave given to Roman soldiers to reward them
for performance in battle.(这是给罗马士兵的奴隶的拉丁文名字，来奖励他们在战斗中的表现)”由此可知，
hooligan 和 addict 这两个单词来源于两个人的名字。故选 D。
2.
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The popular explanation of the origin of this word is that it is an acronym(首字母
缩略词)meaning ‘To Insure Promptness’, that is, to make sure the service in, e.g., a restaurant, is fast. This is
incorrect. The word was underworld slang from the early 1600s, meaning ‘to pass on a small sum of money.’”可知
关于这个词的起源，普遍的解释是，它是一个首字母缩略词，意思是“确保及时性”，也就是说，确保在餐馆
里的服务很快。这是不正确的。这个词在 17 世纪早期是黑社会的俚语，意思是“传递一小笔钱”。由此可知，
人们普遍认为“tip”的起源与事实不符。故选 B。
3.
推理判断题。根据第七段中“Like credit cards, these tiles were imprinted with the owner’s name and credit limit,
and the name of the bank. In order to borrow money, the customer had to present the tile to the bank teller who
would compare the imprinted credit limit with how much the customer had already borrowed. If the borrower was
over the limit, the teller broke the tile on the spot.”可知像信用卡一样，这些瓦片上印着所有者的名字、信用额
度和银行的名字。为了借钱，客户必须将瓦片出示给银行出纳员，由他来比较印在瓦片上的信用额度和客
户已经借了多少钱。如果借款方超过限额，出纳员当场将瓦片打碎。由此可推知，broke 用来表示借款超过
限额，故题干中句子填入“broke”，表示“由于赌博，他又破产了”最符合。故选 D。
1
Americans use many expressions with the word dog. People in the United States love their dogs and treat them
well. They take their dogs for walks, let them play outside and give them good food and medical care. However,
dogs without owners to care for them lead a different kind of life. The expression, to lead a dog's life, describes a
person who has an unhappy existence.
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Some people say we live in a dog-eat-dog world. That means many people are competing for the same things,
like good jobs. They say that to be successful, a person has to work like a dog. This means they have to work very,
very hard. Such hard work can make people dog-tired. And, the situation would be even worse if they became sick
as a dog.
Still, people say every dog has its day. This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or
her life, To be successful, people often have to learn new skills. Yet, some people say that you can never teach an
old dog new tricks. They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and will not change the way they
do things.
Some people are compared to dogs in bad ways. People who are unkind or uncaring can be described as
meaner than a junkyard dog. Junkyard dogs live in places where people throw away things they do not want. Mean
dogs are often used to guard this property. They bark or attack people who try to enter the property. However,
sometimes a person who appears to be mean and threatening is really not so bad. We say his bark is worse than his
bite.
Dog expressions also are used to describe the weather. The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year.
A rainstorm may cool the weather. But we do not want it to rain too hard. We do not want it to rain cats and dogs.
4.What does the passage mainly talk about?
A.How to live with the dog. B.Expressions related to the word “dog”.
C.American’s love to the dog. D.Dog expressions with the weather.
5.Working too hard can result in______.
A.leading a dog’s life B.becoming sick as a dog
C.living in a dog-eat-dog world D.working like a dog
6.What can we learn from the passage?
A.Everyone can be successful if he learns from the old.
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B.It might be difficult for the young to learn new skills.
C.Mean dogs aren’t so awful as their appearance in fact.
D.Junkyard dogs are not careful in money arrangement.
7.To support his idea, the author develop the passage mainly by______.
A.listing reasons B.giving examples C.making comparisons D.using quotations
【答案】
4.B
5.D
6.C
7.B
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了一些与 dog 有关的英语短语并解释了这些短语的意思以及使用语境。
4.
主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Americans use many expressions with the word dog.”说明在美国人的语言中有很
多与 dog 有关的词组，接下来在文章中作者列举了很多有“dog”这个单词的短语并解释了这些短语的意思以
及使用语境。所以短文主要是关于与“狗”相关的语言表达。故选 B。
5.
细节理解题。根据第二段中“They say that to be successful, a person has to work like a dog. This means they have
to work very, very hard. ”可知，他们说，一个人要想成功，就得像狗一样拼命工作。这意味着他们必须非常
非常努力地工作。由此可知，努力工作可以用“像狗一样拼命工作”来形容。故选 D。
6.
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细节理解题。根据第四段中“However, sometimes a person who appears to be mean and threatening is really not so
bad. We say his bark is worse than his bite.”可知，然而，有时一个人看起来很刻薄，很有威胁性，其实并没有
那么糟糕。我们说他是刀子嘴豆腐心。由此可知，实际上，凶狠的人有时不像他们的外表那么可怕。故选 C。
7.
推理判断题。结合文章中作者列举了很多有“dog”这个单词的短语并解释了这些短语的意思以及使用语境，
可推知，为了支持自己的观点，作者主要通过举例来展开这篇文章。故选 B。
II.七选五
Small talk is a good way to make friends. If you travel to other countries or have friends from abroad, do you
know how to use small talk to make conversation?
In Britain, the best topic is the weather. British weather is changing all the time. 8.
Besides weather, it’s good to talk about gardens with British. You could say “Those roses look really beautiful,
don’t they?” 9. .So it’s also nice to start with “What a lovely dog! What is his name?”
In America, people like to talk about sports news ,such as American football and basketball.10. So you might
say “It’s a nice shirt! Where did you get it?” Weather is a safe topic there, too.
11. Don’t ask people “How old are you?” Never ask: “How much money do you make?”It makes people
uncomfortable. Don’t ask strangers weather they are married. 12. There are others in our daily life.
A.You can start chatting by saying “It’s a lovely day today, isn’t it?”
B.There are also a lot of topics to avoid(避免) during small talk.
C.Friends are important to us all, but how to make friends is a problem.
D.Americans also talk about clothes.
E.Politics or religion（宗教） is not a good topic for two people that have just met either.
F.English people love their pets.
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G.Only a few topics are not used for small talk.
【答案】
8.A
9.F
10.D
11.B
12.E
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了交朋友的一种好方法——聊天，以及和英美人聊天的注意事项。
8.
根据上文“In Britain, the best topic is the weather. British weather is changing all the time.”（在英国，最好的话题
是天气，英国的天气一直在变化。）可知，下文（空格）所举事例应该是有关天气的内容。上文关键词 weather
和选项 A 中 a lovely day 有关联。故选 A 项。
9.
根据下文 So it’s also nice to start with “What a lovely dog! What is his name?”（ 所以以“多么可爱的狗啊! 它叫
什么名字? ”开头也不错？）可知，上文（空格）谈论的是应该是“宠物”，因为“英国人很爱宠物”，所以，以
谈论“狗”开头也不错。选项 F 中关键词 pets 和下文 dog 相关联。故选 F 项。
10.
根据下文 So you might say “It’s a nice shirt! Where did you get it?”（ 所以你可能会说: “这件衬衫不错! ！你从
哪儿弄来的? ”）可知，上文（空格）谈论的是“衣服”，因为“美国人也谈论衣服”，所以你聊天可以谈论“衣
服（衬衫）”。选项 D 中关键词 clothes 和下文 a nice shirt 相关联。故选 D 项。
11.
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根据下文“Don’t ask…”，“Never ask…”（不要谈论……）可知，本段是讲的是“聊天中避免谈论的话题”。B
项位于段首，点明主题。故选 B 项。
12.
根据上文可知本段中心是说“聊天中避免谈论的话题”，选项 E 政治或宗教对于两个刚认识的人来说也都不
是一个好话题。尤其“either”（也），说明是 E 项是对前面“避免谈论话题”的内容补充。故选 E 项。
III.完形填空
Over the centuries Shakespeare’s plays have gained a reputation for being difficult to understand. But if his
work is experienced on stage as Shakespeare intended, then it can become much clearer. In fact 95% of the words
used in Shakespeare’s plays are the same words we use today.
The meanings of some words have altered significantly, 13 , because Shakespeare was writing at a time
of great linguistic change. This gave him a certain amount of 14 license in his language.
So what can Shakespeare’s plays tell us about how people really spoke at this time? And did anyone really
speak like his characters? The lines spoken by Corin to Rosalind and Celia in As You Like It probably weren’t
15 of an Elizabethan shepherd.
The first thing to remember about Shakespeare’s work is that he wrote plays to entertain. They are 16
works, and the dialogue was exploited to suit the stage. Therefore his characters’ language did not always 17
how real people would have spoken.
For instance, in As You Like It when Corin, the shepherd, talks of love, his lines are beautiful and poetic – but
18 unrealistic. The lines Shakespeare gave Corin probably wouldn’t have been used by an Elizabethan
shepherd – instead they 19 to highlight the drama.
Another example of how the theatrical style enriched Shakespeare’s text can be seen in the structure of his
lines. According to the practice of the time, Shakespeare wrote his poems in iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) so
it was 20 for his actors to learn. When Shakespeare was writing, new plays were performed every day so
this 10-beat structure was a great help for anyone having to learn a lot of lines for the next day’s play.
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21 this structure meant that, on occasion, Shakespeare made up or adapted words to fit. 22 , on
several occasions Shakespeare changed the word “vast” to “vasty” when “vast” did not fit the 23 of the
line. But if we look beyond the dialogue to the words themselves we can find out a little of how people really
spoke.
We can come close to this thanks to “original pronunciation” which is a system of 24 that reproduce
how the Elizabethans are believed to have spoken. Today it sounds like a West Country accent, with echoes of other
parts of the country. When we 25 this to Shakespeare’s dialogue, rhymes and puns(押韵与双关) that are
not heard in modern English are suddenly revealed.
So through Shakespeare’s plays we can 26 a great deal about how people really spoke. His dialogue
was on the whole representative of the language of the time and area and now provides us with invaluable insight
into a(n) 27 language.
13.A.otherwise B.furthermore C.however D.hence
14.A.creative B.significant C.limited D.practical
15.A.critical B.typical C.proud D.afraid
16.A.valuable B.outstanding C.efficient D.dramatic
17.A.reflect B.mean C.sign D.signal
18.A.luckily B.essentially C.generally D.naturally
19.A.construct B.produce C.function D.illustrate
20.A.easier B.worse C.wiser D.slower
21.A.Falling into B.Varying from C.Agreeing to D.Sticking to
22.A.By contrast B.For example C.What’s more D.In consequence
23.A.structure B.style C.rhythm D.form
24.A.speech B.writing C.communication D.symbol
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25.A.fit B.devote C.apply D.input
26.A.keep up B.find out C.take on D.bring about
27.A.lost B.difficult C.ongoing D.global
【答案】
13.C
14.A
15.B
16.D
17.A
18.B
19.C
20.A
21.D
22.B
23.C
24.A
25.C
26.B
27.A
【分析】
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这是一篇说明文。文章通过莎士比亚的戏剧讲述了人们是如何说话的。
13.
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有些词的意思已经发生了很大的变化，因为莎士比亚是在语言发生巨大
变化的时候写作的。A. otherwise 否则；B. furthermore 而且；C. however 然而；D. hence 因此。由上文的 95%
of the words used in Shakespeare’s plays are the same words we use today 和 The meanings of some words have
altered significantly 可知，前后两句表转折，应用 however。故选 C 项。
14.
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在他的语言中，这给予他某种创造性的许可证。A. creative 创造力的；B. significant
重要的；C. limited 有限的；D. practical 实际的。由上文的 Shakespeare was writing at a time of great linguistic
change 可知，莎士比亚在语言发生巨变的时候写作，所以语言会具有创造性。故选 A 项。
15.
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科林在《皆大欢喜》中对罗莎琳德和西莉亚说的台词不可能代表伊丽莎白时
代牧羊人说话方法。A. critical 关键的；B. typical 典型的、代表的；C. proud 骄傲的；D. afraid 害怕的。由下
文的 when Corin, the shepherd, talks of love, his lines are beautiful and poetic 可知，莎士比亚笔下的牧羊人说的
诗句优美而富有诗意，这不可能代表伊丽莎白时代牧羊人说话方式。故选 B 项。
16.
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们是戏剧作品，对话被用来配合舞台。A. valuable 贵重的；B. outstanding
杰出的；C. efficient 有效的；D. dramatic 戏剧的。由下文的 the dialogue was exploited to suit the stage 可知，
莎士比亚的作品是戏剧作品。故选 D 项。
17.
考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，他笔下人物的语言并不总是能反映出真实的人是如何说话的。A. reflect
反映；B. mean 意味着；C. sign 签（名）；D. signal 示意。由上文的 he wrote plays to entertain 和 the dialogue
was exploited to suit the stage 可知，他笔下人物的语言并不总是能反映出真实的人是如何说话的。故选 A 项。
18.
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考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，在《皆大欢喜》中，牧羊人科林谈到爱时，他的诗句优美而富有诗意，
但本质上是不现实的。A. luckily 幸运地；B. essentially 本质上地；C. generally 一般地；D. naturally 自然地。
由上文的 when Corin, the shepherd, talks of love, his lines are beautiful and poetic 可知，牧羊人的诗句优美而富
有诗意，这本质上是不现实的。故选 B 项。
19.
考查动词词义辨析。句意：莎士比亚给科林的台词可能不会被伊丽莎白时代的牧羊人使用，相反，它们的
作用是突出戏剧。A. construct 建造；B. produce 产生；C. function 起作用；D. illustrate 解释、说明。由上文
的 the dialogue was exploited to suit the stage 可知，莎士比亚语言的作用是突出戏剧。故选 C 项。
20.
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据当时的惯例，莎士比亚用抑扬格五步格来写他的诗，这样他的演员们就
更容易学习了。A. easier 更简单的；B. worse 更糟的；C. wiser 更聪明的；D. slower 更慢的。由上文的 According
to the practice of the time 可知，莎士比亚按惯例用抑扬格五步格来写他的诗，所以演员们更容易学习。故选
A 项。
21.
考查动词短语辨析。句意：坚持这种结构意味着，莎士比亚有时会编造或改编词语来适应。A. Falling into
陷入；B. Varying from 不同于；C. Agreeing to 同意；D. Sticking to 坚持。由上文的 this 10-beat structure was a
great help for anyone having to learn a lot of lines for the next day’s play 可知莎士比亚坚持抑扬格五步格结构。
故选 D 项。
22.
考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，莎士比亚曾多次将“vast”一词改为“vasty”，而“vast”与诗行的节奏不符。A.
By contrast 作比较；B. For example 例如；C. What’s more 更重要的是；D. In consequence 结果。由全文语境
可知，此处表示举例。故选 B 项。
23.
考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，莎士比亚曾多次将“vast”一词改为“vasty”，而“vast”与诗行的节奏不符。A.
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structure 结构；B. style 风格；C. rhythm 节奏；D. form 形式。由上文的 Shakespeare changed the word “vast” to
“vasty”可知，“vast”与诗行的节奏不符。故选 C 项。
24.
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们之所以能接近这一点，要归功于“原始发音”，这是一种模仿伊丽莎白时代人
说话方式的语言系统。A. speech 说话方式；B. writing 写作；C. communication 交流；D. symbol 象征。由上
文的 original pronunciation 可知，这是一种语言系统。故选 A 项。
25.
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们把这一点应用到莎士比亚的对话中时，现代英语中听不到的押韵和双关
语会突然显露出来。A. fit 适合；B. devote 贡献；C. apply 应用；D. input 输入。由下文的 rhymes and puns(押
韵与双关) that are not heard in modern English are suddenly revealed 可知，是把这一点应用到了莎士比亚的对
话中，才能凸显区别（听到现代英语中听不到的押韵和双关语）。故选 C 项。
26.
考查动词短语辨析。句意：因此，通过莎士比亚的戏剧，我们可以发现很多关于人们是如何说话的。A. keep
up 保持；B. find out 发现；C. take on 承担；D. bring about 导致。由上文的 But if we look beyond the dialogue
to the words themselves we can find out a little of how people really spoke 可知，从莎士比亚的戏剧中，我们可
以发现人们是如何说话的。故选 B 项。
27.
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他的对话大体上代表了当时和地区的语言，现在为我们提供了对一种失落的
语言的宝贵见解。A. lost 失去的、失落的；B. difficult 困难的；C. ongoing 不断发展的；D. global 全球的。
由全文语境可知，莎士比亚的语言现在已经不被使用了，失去了。故选 A 项。
IV.应用文写作
假如你是李华，你的英国朋友 Jim 对汉字感兴趣。请你给他写封信介绍一下汉字。内容包括：1.汉字的
特点；2.汉字的起源；3.汉字的演变。
注意：
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1.词数 80 左右；2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.信的开头结尾已给出。
Dear Jim,
I’m glad that you are interested in Chinese characters.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】
Dear Jim,
I’m glad that you are interested in Chinese characters.
Different from western languages, Chinese characters stand for ideas, as they’ve developed from drawings.
According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie saw the tracks of animals in the snow and got the idea of
using shapes to represent objects. That’s how Chinese characters were invented. Some characters have been
simplified while others have been made more difficult over time. And more characters have been developed.
Hope you’ll enjoy learning Chinese characters.
Yours,
Li Hua
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一封信，向英国朋友 Jim 介绍汉字，包括其特点，起源和演变。
【详解】
第一步：审题
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体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态应为一般过去时和一般现在时。
结构：三段式结构。第一段寒暄问候；第二段介绍汉字相关的信息（特点；起源；演变）；第三段寒暄结
束。
要求：1.寒暄问候
2.介绍汉字相关的信息
1）汉字的特点（stand for ideas）
2）汉字的起源（develop from drawings; a man named Cang Jie; be invented）
3) 汉字的演变（be simplified; be more difficult）
3.寒暄结束（Hope you’ll enjoy learning Chinese characters.）
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
different from; stand for; develop from; according to; be simplified; some… others…; over time; enjoy doing
第三步：连词成句
1. Different from western languages, Chinese characters stand for ideas, as they’ve developed from drawings.
2. According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie saw the tracks of animals in the snow and got the idea of
using shapes to represent objects.
3. Some characters have been simplified while others have been made more difficult over time.
4. Hope you’ll enjoy learning Chinese characters.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
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第五步：润色修改
【点睛】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。
1.作者在范文中使用了主从复合句和高级语法句式，如：
Different from western languages, Chinese characters stand for ideas, as they’ve developed from drawings.( 与西
方语言不同，汉字代表思想，因为它们是从图画发展而来的。)这句话中 as 引导原因状语从句。
According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie saw the tracks of animals in the snow and got the idea of
using shapes to represent objects.( 根据一个古老的故事，一个名叫仓颉的人看到了动物在雪地上留下的足迹，
就想到了用形状来代表物体。)这句话中“named Cang Jie”为过去分词作后置定语；“using shapes to represent
objects”为动名词短语作宾语。
That’s how Chinese characters were invented.( 汉字就是这样被发明出来的。)这句话中 how 引导表语从句。
2.使用了一些固定词组，如 different from; stand for; develop from; according to; be simplified; some… others…;
over time; enjoy doing 等。
全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句
转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
V.概要写作
阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
How much do you know about the English of Canada, the US‟ neighbor to the north? As the accents of people
from Canada sound very similar to those of people from the US, it‟d be easy to think that they share the exact same
language.
However, Canadian English and US English share as many differences as they do similarities. Founded as a
colony （ 殖 民 地 ） of France in the 1500s, Canada later became part of the British Empire, before gaining
independence in 1867. Its connection to the former British Empire can be seen in the way it spells certain words.
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For example, many nouns use “our” endings instead of “or”, such as “colour” or “neighbour”. At the same time, its
French influences can be seen through Canadian English words such as “toque”, a word from French used to
describe a woolly hat worn in cold weather.
But that‟s not to say that Canadian English has no identity of its own. Many words that are used to describe
everyday things by Canadian people may leave English speakers from other countries feeling confused. A
“parkade”, for example, means a multi-level parking lot, while “runners” are what Americans would call “sneakers”.
“Language is one of the few ways we have left of making statements of local belonging since we now all dress the
same, we all watch the same movies,” Charles Boberg, author of The English Language of Canada, told the BBC.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_
【答案】
People tend to think Canadian English and U.S English the same language. (要点 1)However, they have some
differences.(要点 2) On one hand, Canadian English is connected to British English in spelling for some historical
reason.（要点 3） On the other hand, it is also influenced by French. （要点 4）To sum up, Canadian English is a
unique language, thus giving Canadian people a sense of identity.（要点 5）
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇概要写作。主要内容是加拿大英语和美国英语虽然相似，但也有不同点，以及加拿大英语的特
色。
【详解】
第一步：阅读
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认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子；决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要，对重
要的部分的主要观点进行概括。
简要记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概要写作重要的东西。
第二步：写作步骤
浏览课文，找出主题：加拿大英语和美国英语虽然相似，但也有不同点，以及加拿大英语的特色。
分析文章的结构，把它分成几个部分，找出每个部分的主要思想，用自己的文字简短地写出来，本文分为
五个部分。第一部分：People tend to think Canadian English and U.S English the same language. 第二部分：
However, they have some differences.第三部分：On one hand, Canadian English is connected to British English in
spelling for some historical reason.第四部分：On the other hand, it is also influenced by French. 第五部分：To
sum up, Canadian English is a unique language, thus giving Canadian people a sense of identity.
第三步：修改成文
与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。再检查拼写、
语法和标点符号的错误。
【点睛】
范文的亮点在于，①把文章几个要点用：However, on one hand, on the other hand, to sum up 来联系上下文；
②概括文章要点的五个句子都是简单句，可见对原文的概括简洁明了。
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