外研版中考英语复习第3讲冠词和数词学案

第 3 讲 冠词和数词 概述 适用学科 初中英语 适用年级 初中三年级 适用区域 外研版区域 课时时长（分钟） 120 知识点 1.不定冠词 2.定冠词 3.零冠词 4.基数词 5.序数词 教学目标 冠词方面，要求考生对不定冠词、定冠词及零冠词基本用法、固定词组/短语和习惯用语 的掌握。 数词方面，要求考生对基数词、序数词形式上的掌握和区分，世纪、年代和年月日的表示 法，以及生活中常见数词的表示法。 教学重点 1. 不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的应用 2. 序数词的应用 教学难点 1. 零冠词的用法 2. 定冠词的用法 【教学建议】 冠词的主要考察方向：单选题型中 an/a 的辨析，考察对其所修饰名词因素（标）的掌握；翻 译题型中不定冠词和定冠词的区分，考察能否正确使用冠词。 数词的主要考察方向：单选题型中考察基数词、序数词和分数表达；选词填空题型中考察数词 相互转换、固定表达和表示数量的短语；翻译题型考察数词在简单句型中的用法。 教学过程 一、导入 1、不定冠词 a，an ①不定冠词 an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前，而 a 用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。如： an apple 一个苹果 an hour 一小时 a book 一本书 a university 一所大学 ②泛指某一类人或物。如： A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。 ③表示数量“一”，但没有 one 强。如： I would like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。 ④用在文中第一次提到某人或某物时。如： —What's this？这是什么？ —It's a bike.这是一辆自行车。 ⑤用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前有“每一”的意思，相当于 every。如： three times a week 每周三次 ⑥用于某些固定短语中。如： a lot of 许多，have a cold 感冒，have a good time 玩得高兴/过得愉快，in a hurry 匆忙，take a bus 乘坐公共汽 车 2、定冠词 定冠词 the ①谈话双方都知道的人或物。如： The girl is Lucy's sister.这个女孩是露茜的妹妹。 ②用于特指某人或某物。如： The man in the car is my teacher.坐在车里的那个人是我的老师。 ③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 ④用在乐器名称前。如： She is playing the piano.她正在弹钢琴。 ⑤在序数词或形容词的最高级前。如： Tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆在他班上个子最高。 ⑥用在姓氏的复数前，表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。如： The Browns are having dinner.布朗一家正在吃晚饭。 ⑦用在上文已提到的人或物前。如： Nancy has a cat. The cat is very cute.南希有一只猫，这只猫很可爱。 ⑧用在表示海洋、江河、山脉、群岛、国家和党派等名词前，或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如： the Huai River 淮河，the United Kingdom 英国，the Great Wall 长城 ⑨用在某些形容词前表示一类人。如： the old 老人，the young 年轻人，the rich 富人，the poor 穷人 ⑩用于“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”及“the＋比较级＋of＋两者”的句型中。如： The more he thinks of it，the sadder he will be.他越想越难过。 Maria is the thinner of the two girls.玛利亚是两个女孩中较瘦的那一个。 ⑪the 用在某个世纪的某个年代。如： in the 1980s 20 世纪 80 年代 ⑫用在某些固定短语中。如： at the age of 在……岁时，all the time 一直，by the way 顺便说一下，in the end 最后，终于，in the morning 在早上，on the right 在右边，in the middle of 在……中间 3、零冠词 ①复数名词和不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时前面不用冠词。如： Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。 ②在某些专有名词前不用冠词，如国名、人名等。如： China has a long history.中国拥有悠久的历史。 ③在星期、日期、月份、季节、节日前不用冠词。如： October 1st is National Day.十月一日是国庆节。 注：若特指某年的某月或某季节时，则要在月份、季节前加定冠词 the。如： In the winter of 2010，he moved to China.在 2010 年的冬天，他搬到了中国。 ④在三餐、球类运动及娱乐活动的名词之前不用冠词。如： He went to school without breakfast this morning. 他今天早晨没有吃早饭就去上学了。 Davy likes playing basketball.戴维喜欢打篮球。 ⑤当名词前有 this，that，these，those，every，his，your，some，any 等限定词或名词所有格修饰时，不用 冠词。如： Jenny's sister is my friend.珍妮的妹妹是我的朋友。 Those students often play football after school.那些学生放学后经常踢足球。 ⑥在表示职位和称呼前不用冠词。如： He was elected manager of our company last year.去年他当选为我们公司的经理。 ⑦与 by 连用的表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如： by bus 坐公共汽车 by train 坐火车 注：动词 take 或介词 in，on 后接表示交通工具的名词前要加冠词。如： take a bus 坐公共汽车 on a/the bus 坐公共汽车 in a/the car 乘小汽车 ⑧用在某些习惯用语中。如： go to school 去上学；at home 在家 on time 按时；in trouble 陷入困境 on foot 步行；in silence 沉默；无声 4、基数词 基数词的构成 ①1～12 独立成词：one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve。 ②13～19 的基数词以 teen 结尾。要注意 thirteen，fifteen，eighteen 的拼写。 ③表示整“十”的基数词：20～90 的基数词都以 ty 结尾。其中特别要注意 twenty，thirty，forty，fifty，ninety 的正确写法。 ④21～99 的写法是：十位数加个位数，中间用连字符“”连接。如：26 twenty six；57 fifty-seven。 ⑤101～999 的构成是：百位数与十位数之间用 and 连接。如：123 one hundred and twenty-three。 ⑥hundred，thousand，million，billion 等词在表示确定数目的时候，直接前面加基数词；表示不确定数目时， 要在它们后面加 s，其后还要加 of。如： three hundred students 三百名学生 thousands of students 成千上万的学生 基数词的用法 ①表示数量的多少。 ②表示年份。1988 读作 nineteen eighty eight ③表示时刻。7：00 读作 seven o'clock 8：30 读作 half past eight/eight thirty 3：05 读作 five past three/three five 5：48 读作 twelve to six/five forty eight ④表示顺序。单数名词＋基数词，名词的第一个字母通常要大写。如： Class Two，Room 12，No.3 Middle School 注：“单数名词＋基数词”可转换成“the＋序数词＋单数名词”，此时名词的第一个字母不大写。如：Lesson Three ＝the third lesson ⑤“数词＋单数名词”相当于合成形容词作定语(如：a threeyearold girl)。合成形容词中的名词一定是单数。合 成形容词不能作表语，后面必须跟所修饰的名词。 ⑥与表示时间、距离、长度的名词一起构成“数词＋单位名词＋形容词”，表示事物的形状、年代及距离等。 如：ten years old，3600 meters long ⑦“几十”的基数词复数形式可用来表示某人约几十岁或年代。如： In his twenties，he rode a bike round the world.在他 20 岁时，他骑自行车环游世界。 The light was invented in the 1870s.灯泡是 19 世纪 70 年代发明的。 ⑧与 another，more 连用时，表示在已有基础上再增加—定数量。如： another three hours，two more cakes 5、序数词 序数词的构成 1 数词多数是由“基数词＋th”构成。如：six →sixth，seven →seventh 等。 2 y 结尾的整十的数字，先将 y 改为 i，再加 eth。如：fifty →fiftieth，seventy →seventieth 等。 3 21 以上的非整十的数字，将末位数(即个位数)改为序数词，其他的位数仍用基数词。如： twenty one →twenty first，thirty two →thirty second，two hundred and ninety eight →two hundred and ninety eighth 等。 4 数的序数词属于特殊情况，而且这类词也常常是考点，大家要特别注意记忆。如： one →first，two →second，three →third，five →fifth，eight →eighth，twelve →twelfth 注：fourteenth(第十四)，fortieth(第四十)，ninth(第九)，nineteenth(第十九)，ninetieth(第九十) 二、知识讲解 知识点 1 不定冠词 (一)不定冠词 A. 不定冠词的基本用法 a) 叙述时第一次提及某人或某物：This is a pen. b) 泛指某人或某物：An old man is standing outside our door. c) 区别于其他种类的某一类别：A plane is a machine that can fly. d) 用于可视为一套/整体的两个名词前：a knife and fork e) a+序数词 表示“又一，再一”：I’d like to have a second chance. f) 用于比率、速度、价格等，有“每一”的意思：six lessons a day B. 常见的固定词组 A few/ little/ bit Have a talk/ look Have a drink/ rest Have a cold In a hurry For a while Have a good time Do sb a favor In a hurry D. 区别 a 和 an (根据后面单词开头的发音) a) 26 个字母中，前面用 an 的字母有： a, e, f, h, i, l, m, n, o, r, s, x b) 易错： (an) umbrella, (a) university, (a) useful tool, (an) hour, (a) European country, (an) s, (an) e-mail, (an) NBA player, (an) 8-year-old boy, (an) honest man 知识点 2 定冠词 A.定冠词的基本用法 a) 双方都知道的人或事物前 b) 特指上文提及的人或者事物 c) 世界上独一无二的： The moon goes around the earth. d) 在序数词、形容词最高级前 e) 用在单数可数名词前表一类人或事物或动物种类 f) 用在形容词前表一类人或事物 g) 表示地方的专有名词前：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace h) 表示方位或乐器前：I heard that you can play the piano. 口诀：特指双熟悉、上文已提及、世上独无二、序数最高级、普通专有名、习语和乐器。 B. 常见的固定词组 In the morning In the daytime In the end All the time At the same time By the way At the age of At the beginning On the other side In middle of At the moment 知识点 3 零冠词 A. 零冠词的基本用法 a) 不可数名词和复数名词表泛指：Pandas eat bamboos. 【易错】 b) 某些专有名词，表泛指 c) 称呼语或头衔前面，三餐前，球类运动前，科学名称前，节假日前 d) By + 交通工具名词 B. 零常见的固定短语 Day and night Face to face Side by side Step by step Watch TV At school/work/home At first/last Go to school/ work At noon/ night 知识点 4 数词 基数词 序数词 基数词 序数词 One First Nine Ninth Two Second Ten Tenth Three Third Eleven Eleventh Four Fourth Twelve Twelfth Five Fifth Twenty Twentieth Six sixth Forty Fortieth Seven Seventh Twenty-one Twenty-first Eight Eighth One hundred One hundredth A. 基数词的用法 a) 当基数词表示不确切的数字时，以复数形式出现：hundreds of, thousands of, millions of。 b) 表示“不确切岁数或年代”，用十几的复数形式：in one’s thirties, in the 1960s。 B. 序数词的用法 a) 序数词前如果出现不定冠词 a/an，表示“又一，再一”：a second time【易错】 C. 生活中常见数词的表示法 a) 表示时间、距离时，使用数词+名词所有格形式作定语：one hour’s ride, five minutes’ walk【易错】 b) 数词-名词单数形式 作定语 ： five-minute walk, sixteen-year-old girl c) 表示“比……大/小几倍”： N times + 形容词比较级 than 三、例题精析 【教学建议】 此处内容主要用于教师课堂的精讲，每个题目结合试题本身、答案和解析部分，教师有的放矢的进行讲授 或与学生互动练习。 例题 1 【题干】Look! There is________ bottle on the table. (2017，山东青岛) A．a B．an C．the D．/ 例题 2 【题干】Jack is such _______ friendly boy. He gets along well with his classmates. (2017，福建) A．an B．a C．the D．/ 例题 3 【题干】—This is a useful dictionary，I think. —So it is，and it's ________ unusual one. A．the B．an C．a D．/ 例题 4 【题干】There is ________ “s” in the word “summer”． A．a B．the C． an D．/ 例题 5 【题干】Christine is selling her house, but on ______ other hand she doesn’t want to move. (2017 上海) A．a B．an C．the D．/ 例题 6 【题干】Look at ____ calendar. It's June 22.(2015 河北) A．a B．an C．the D．/ 例题 7 【题干】In Nanjing，we stayed at a very nice hotel. But I can't remember ____ name of it.(2015 丹东模拟) A．the B．a C．an D．/ 例题 8 【题干】I play _______guitar in my spare time. It makes my life more colorful. (2017 吉林长春) A．a B．an C．the D．/ 例题 9 【题干】Perhaps the famous football star won't play ________ football any longer. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 例题 10 【题干】________ Father's Day is coming. Jerry will buy a new wallet for his father. A．A B．An C．The D．/ 例题 11 【题干】There are twelve boys and thirteen girls in Class Four, which means ______ students in total. (2017 甘肃 白银) A．33 B．25 C．13 D．12 例题 12 【题干】It's never too old to learn. Karl Marx began to learn English in his ________.(2015 丹东二模) A．the fiftieth B．fiftieth C．fifty D．fifties 例题 13 【题干】—Excuse me，sir. Here's a package for Lin Tao. Which room does he live in? —________. A．308 Room B．Room 308 C．The Room 308 D．The 308 Room 例题 14 【题干】1、This Saturday is my______ birthday. Welcome to my party! (2017 重庆 B 卷) A．fourteenth B．the fourteenth C．fourteen D．the fourteen 例题 15 【题干】Rose received a letter full of love from her parents on her ________ birthday. (2015，营口二模) A．sixteen B．sixteen's C．sixteenth D．sixteenths 例题 16 【题干】Mother's Day is on the ________ Sunday in May every year. A．two B．second C．six D．sixth 四 、课堂运用 【教学建议】 在对课堂知识讲解完，把握了重点突破了难点以及练习精讲了之后，再用练习进行课堂检测，根据学生情 况建议分 3 个难度层次：易，中，难。 基础 1.During the ______(twenty)century, English became a world language.（2016 大连中考完型二 A） 2.Excuse me, where is the nearest bookshop? （2015 大连中考完型二 A） Go along the road and it’s just on the ________(third)street. 3.At primary school, I dreamed of being _____astronaut（2014 大连中考） A. a B. an C. the D. / 4.Jim is ______good basketball player. He plays in our school team. （2013 大连市中考） A. a B. an C. the D. / 5.My mother is _____English teacher in a university in Beijing. （2012 大连中考） A. a B. an C. the D. / 巩固 1．Rose received a letter full of love from her parents on her ___ birthday. A．sixteen B．sixteen's C．sixteenth D．sixteenths 2．Basketball is so exciting that ____ people play it for fun. A．million B．two millions C．million of D．millions of 3．Helen loves reading. She has read ____ books this month. A．five B．fifth C．five of D．fifth of 4．I live in Room 403.Sam lives in the room right above mine，on the ____ floor. A．third B．three C．fifth D．five 5．—How many friends will come to your ____ birthday? —About ________. A．fifteen；fifteen B．fifteenth；fifteenth C．fifteen；fifteenth D．fifteenth；fifteen 6．—There is a wrong word in Line ____． —Where? —In the ________ line. A．Two；two B．Two；second C．Second；two D．Second；second 7．—Our school is going to hold The ____ Culture Festival. —Yes！And we can take part in ________ activities. A．Fifth；fifth B．Five；fifth C．Fifth；five D．Five；five 8．I'm 13 years old and my sister is 15 years old. So my sister is ____ years older than me. A．one B．two C．three D．four 9．About ____ of the engineers in my company seem to be in their ________. A．second nines；forties B．two ninths；forties C．second ninths；fortieth D．two ninths；fortieth 10．____ of the teachers in our school are women teachers. A．Three quarter B．Two thirds C．Second threes D．Three four 拔高 1．—Does your father go to work by ____ car every day？ —No，he sometimes takes ________ bus. A．a；the B．the；a C．不填；a D．a；不填 2．His uncle will give him ____ birthday present. It'll be wonderful. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 3．Peter returned the wallet to the police. He was ____ honest boy. A．a B．an C．the D．不填 4．—Do you like ____ movie Big Hero 6? —Yes，it is ________ interesting film. I like it very much. A．a；an B．the；an C．a；the D．the；a 5．Look at ____ calendar. It's June 22. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 6．Mr. Smith is ____ old man and he usually walks his dog after ________ supper. A．a；the B．an；a C．an；不填 D．the；不填 7．Some small shops in Britain usually close for ____ hour at ________ lunchtime. A．an；the B．a；不填 C．a；the D．an；不填 8．In Nanjing，we stayed at a very nice hotel. But I can't remember ____ name of it. A．the B．a C．an D．/ 9．—Mom，why can't I have ____ new bike? —Dear，you know，________ money doesn't grow on trees. A．the；the B．a；/ C．a；the D．/；the 10．—Hurry up，or we'll be late. —Take your time—it's just ____ short distance from here to ________ cinema. A．/；the B．the；a C．a；the D．/；a 课堂小结 【教学建议】 此处内容主要用于教师对本节课重点内容进行总结，一方面是对本节课的重点难点内容的回顾，更重要的 是针对这节课学生出现的问题再次进行复习提问等，以达到让学生课上掌握的目的，同时可以对下节课内 容进行简单的铺垫，以体现出本节课内容与下节课内容之间的关系。 ★ 冠词 ★ 用于可数名词前，表示 “数量” 不定冠词的用法 用于序数词前 用于固定搭配 the 表示特指 the 表示“独一无二” 定冠词的用法 其他用法 the +序数词 the + 形容词最高级 the + 年份的复数 西洋乐器+the 由普通名次构成的专有名词 the +形容词表示一类人或一类事物 固定搭配 零冠词的用法 ★ 数词 ★ 基数词的用法 序数词的用法 年代表达法 (in the 1930’s 在 20 世纪 30 年代) 分数、编号、长宽高的表达法 距离的表达法 (5 hours’ ride) 倍数的表达法 (10 times bigger) 课后作业 【教学建议】 此处内容主要用于教师根据学生掌握情况有针对性的进行课后作业的布置，掌握好的同学可以适当的布置 难度大一些的作业，成绩一般的同学可以以基础题和巩固题目为主，但是一定要控制作业的数量，给学生 布置的作业一般不要超过 5 题，这样学生才能保证做题的质量。 基础 1．After school，they usually play ____ football for an hour in ________ playground. A．the；the B．/；/ C．/；the D．the；/ 2．The astronauts were so interested in ____ beauty of nature that they took lots of pictures in ________ space. A．the；/ B．the；the C．/；the D．/；/ 3．You've dropped ____ “f” in the word “difficult”．________ letter “f” is doubled. A．the；A B．an；The C．an；A D．a；The 4．—Do you know who invented ____ bicycle? —Sorry，I've no idea. Perhaps ________ European. A．a；an B．the；a C．/；the D．the；an 5．It was ____ Saturday when we decided to see ________ film. But it was not as good as I had been told. A．a；/ B．/；the C．a；the D．/；a 6．My father is ____ engineer. He works very hard. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 7．Which country has the largest population，____ USA，________ China or ________ Canada? A．the；the；the B．the；/；/ C．/；the；/ D．/；the；the 8．This is ____ storybook. It was written by Yang Hongying. A．the B．a C．an D．/ 9．—Who's that girl? —You mean ____ one with long blonde hair？That's Jack's daughter. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 10．—I missed the beginning of ____ musical programme The Voice of China. —What a pity！You should leave your school half ________ hour earlier. A．a；an B．the；a C．the；an D．an；the 11．—Mum，I want to buy ____ new toy car. —But ________ old one is still running，isn't it? A．the；the B．the；an C．a；the D．a；an 12．____ woman with sunglasses is ________ English teacher in New Star High School. A．The；a B．A；a C．The；an D．A；an 13．—Do not give up！Perhaps ____ tough task needs more of your effort. —I won't. I'll have ________ second try anyway. A．a；a B．the；a C．a；the D．the；the 14．Mr. Philip has made ____ survey on students' lunchtime，and ________ survey shows us a lot of problems. A．an；an B．the；the C．a；the D．the；a 15．Chairman Xi Jinping had ____ friendly talk with the US President Obama in ________ America last month. A．a；/ B．the；/ C．/；the D．a；an 巩固 用适当的冠词填空 ①There is _____old map. It is _____useful map. ② There is no classes in _____afternoon on ____Saturday. ③ Which is _____biggest, ______sun, _____moon, or_____ earth? ④ I enjoyed the performance very much. Yes, it was really good. I think _______boy in white was the best actor. ⑤ We usually go to _____ school on weekdays, and sometimes go to____ cinema at weekends. ⑥ Liu Yang became ______first Chinese woman astronaut into space on June 16, 2012. ⑦ Did you get there by_____ bike? No, I took _____taxi. ⑧ _____Greens are preparing for the coming Thanksgiving Day. 拔高 用适当的冠词填空（2014 重庆改编） At the age of four, Allman fell off __1___train and his eyes were badly hurt. Since then, he couldn’t see anything. It would be wonderful to see again, but bad luck may not be always bad. In fact, although Allman became blind, he learnt to love his life more. But he had __2__hard time before he was successful. ___3___hardest lesson was to believe in himself and it had to start with the simplest things. One day ___4__girl gave Allman a baseball. He thought she was laughing at him and he was hurt. “I can’t use this,” he said. “Take it with you and roll (滚动) it around,” __5__girl smiled and said. Her words got into his head. “Roll it around!” By rolling the ball Allman could hear where it went. This gave him ___6__idea to do something he never thought of playing___7__baseball. Years after that, he invented a successful game of baseball for ___8__blind. They called it ground ball. From then on, Allman began to smile at life and achieved more dream. 2、完成下列句子 ① 科学家认为生命已在地球上存在了数亿年之久。 Scientists think there has been life on the earth for ___________________ years. ② 偶尔，她看看姐姐的书。 _________________, she looked into her sister’s book. ③中国的人口大约是世界人口的五分之一。 The population of China is about _______________ of the world’s. ④在纽约的失物招领处通常有两千部手机。 There are usually ____________ mobile phones at the New York City Lost and Found Office. ⑤ 在 5 月 1 日早上，我打算晚点起床然后看看书。 On the morning of ______________, I’m going to get up late and then read a book.