哈姆雷特的性格

TheCharacterDevelopmentofHamlet《哈姆雷特》中的角色发展12 AbstractTosomeextent,HamletisoneoftheclassicaltragedyofWilliamShakespeare’sera,whichwasfullofinjustice,conspiracy,selfishnessandcrime.Inthecreationofdrama,Shakespeareattemptstoshapethetragicfiguretorevealthecrueltyanddarknessofthereality.TheprocrastinatedandmelancholycharacterofHamletplaysacriticalpartonthedevelopmentofplot.HamletwhoseinnerworldreflectsthesameasthatofShakespeare,penetratesthehumanisticspiritofRenaissance.Meanwhile,thecharacterofHamletisheavyhearted,procrastinated,hesitated,wiseandbravebutparadoxical.Ononehand,Hamletdesirestorevengeforhisdead,respectfulfather;ontheotherhand,hewasveryparadoxicalbecausehisnaturalsadnessandhisseriousthoughtofvalueoflife.Hestrugglesbetweenthenicetyinhisspiritandtherigorousnessintherealitywhichcontributestohishesitationandprocrastinationtosomedegree.ThepaperanalyzesthecharacterofHamletwhichcompelthedevelopmentoftheplotbasedonthecluesofthecauseofHamlet’ssadness,thebarriersonhiswaytorevengeandthegenerationoftragedy.AndstudythecauseofHamlet’sprocrastinationobjectively.ChapteroneintroducesShakespeareandHamletbriefly.ChaptertwoanalyzesthecharacterofHamlet.Chapterthreeconcludesthecauseoftragedy.Keywords:characterofHamlet;procrastination;melancholy;idealandreality;tragedy12 摘要从某种程度上说，《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚时代的悲剧经典，该时代充斥着不公，阴谋，自私与罪恶。在戏剧创作中，莎士比亚意图塑造能揭露残酷与黑暗现实的悲剧性人物。而哈姆雷特的延宕，忧郁性格对情节发展起着关键性作用。其内心世界反映了莎士比亚的思想，渗透着文艺复兴时期的人文主义精神。与此同时，哈姆雷特性格忧郁，延宕，犹豫不决，智慧勇敢却充满矛盾。一方面，他想急速为其受人敬仰的已逝父亲报仇，另一方面又自相矛盾，徘徊于忧郁和对生命意义的严肃思考中。其挣扎于理想精神世界与残酷现实中，在某种程度上造就了其行动上延宕，优柔寡断。本文通过哈姆雷特忧郁原因，复仇障碍及悲剧产生来分析其性格，客观研究其行动延宕性。第一章简单介绍莎士比亚和《哈姆雷特》；第二章分析哈姆雷特性格。第三章总结悲剧成因。关键词：哈姆雷特性格延宕忧郁理想与现实悲剧12 IIntroduction1.1IntroductionofWilliamShakespeareShakespearewasbornin1564inStratfordonAvon,asmalltowntothenorthwestofLondon.Hisfatherwasaburgher,awell-to-doglovemakerandlaterbecameanaldermanofthetown.Attheageofseven,ShakespearewassenttoGrammarSchooltostudyaboutsixyearswhenhemasteredthebasicskillofwriting,readbroadlyandbecameknowledgeable.Besides,healsolearntLatinandGreekbuthedidnotgraduateandmadealivingonhisownbecauseofhisbrokefather.In1577,hewasbackhomeandhelpedhisfatherwithsomebusiness.Hewasanapprenticeinabutcher’sshop,ateacherinruralschoolsandotherpositioninotheroccupation,whichenrichedhisexperience.In1602to1607,theEnclosureMovementinEnglishcountrieswasrisingquickly.Temporaryleagueofroyalty,bourgeoisieandrisingaristocracywasdisintegratingandthesocialcontradictionbecamedeeperanddeeper.Thesituationofpoliticandeconomybecameworseandinaddition,afterJamesthe1stcameintopower,heledaluxuriouslifeanddidthethingdisobeyedthewilloftheburghers,whichcausedthepainofcitizensanduprisingofburghers.Undersuchcircumstance,Shakespearediscoveredthefierceconflictbetweenhumanismandcruelrealityandthus,thefeatureofhiscreationbecamemelancholy,cynicalfromoptimisticanddelightful.Theimportanceofhiscreatingtragicdramawasnotforpraisingthehumanismbutrevealingandcriticizingthecrimesanddarknessinrealsociety.TheRenaissanceMovementcompelledtheEuropeintotheperiodofhumanisticawakening,givingrisetoman’ssuspectingtoGod.Atthattime,doingwhateveryouwantunderthebannerofpersonalityliberationwasregardedasakindoffashion.Foronething,theliberationofthoughtpromotedthedevelopmentofsocialcivilization.Foranotherthing,especiallyattheendofRenaissance,theselfishappetiteandchaosofcommunitygenerated.“Thetimeisoutofjoint;Ocursedspite,thateverIwasborntosetitright!”(William170)Confrontingsuchaenthusiasticbutdisorderedera,agedShakespearedidnotindulgehimselfintooptimismandromanismbroughtbytheidealofhumanismwhilecommencedtothinkaboutthehiddentroubleofidealandprogress.1.2IntroductionofHamletHamlet,ayoungprinceofDenmarkwasstudyinginWittenbergcollege.Whenheheardofthenewsthathisfatherpassedaway,hewentbacktoDenmarkatonce.Meanwhile,hisuncleClaudiuswantedtocomeintopowerashismothergotmarried12 tothenewking.Aseriesofbadnewsmadehimfeelpainful,melancholyandthecynicalfeelinggeneratedinhisspirit.WhenBernardoandFranciscowasattheirpostattheplatformbeforethecastle,theytalkedabouttheghostwithHoratio.Atmidnight,theghostofthepre-kingofDenmarkshowedupagainbuthedidnotspeakbutwalkedaround.SuchastrangethingmadeHoratiofeelweirdandherealizedthatitishisdutytotellhisgoodfriendHamlet.Attheroomofstateinthecastle,theweddingofnewkingClaudiusandqueenGertrudewasholdwhileHamletlostallhismirthandforwentallcustomofexercises.Hewasstillhangedonbycloudsandcouldnotaccepttherealityofhisfather’sdeathandhermother’sremarriage.AfterHoratiotoldHamletthathisfather’sghostshowedupattheplatform,hedecidedtomeettheghostsecretly.Whenhesawhisfather,KingHamlettoldhimthatKingClaudiusmurderedhimwithjuiceofcursedhebenonbeforehefellasleep.Hamletwasaskedtorevengeandhebegantoschemetoavengeonhisuncle.Hamletpretendedtobemadandwrotesomelines,askedtheplayerinsertlinesintothedramaMurderofGonzagoforthepurposethathewantedtoknowwhattheghostsaidwastrueandobservedthereactionofhisuncle.InordertoknowwhyHamletbecamemad,KingClaudiuscalledRosencrantzandGuildensterntofindoutthereasonofHamlet’smadness.However,Hamletdiscoveredtheattemptofthem.Atthehallofthecastle,thedramaTheMouse-TrapwasonandtheKingandQueenwasinvitedtowatch.Finally,Hamletfoundthatthecomplexionofhisuncleturnedwhite,hisrestlessnessandfright,andheleftthebanquethastilybeforethedramawasfinished.12 KingClaudiuswonderedwhatexactlyHamletplayedinthedramaandPoloniusproposedhewouldstandbehindthearrasofQueen’sclosetsoastofindthetruth.DuringthetalkbetweenHamletandhismother,HamletspokeharshlytoQueenGertrudeandbrokeherheart.Whenhefoundsomeonehidbehindthearras,hemadetheswordpassthroughthearras,contributingtoPolonius’sdeath.HamletwassenttoEnglandforhiscrimesonething,KingClaudiusfoundthatHamletknewthetruthofthedeathofKingHamletandhewrotetoKingofEnglandforthepresentdeathofHamlet.AfterthedeathofPolonius,OpheliagotmadandherbrotherLaertes,inariotoushead,defeatedtheKing’sofficers.CraftyKingClaudiusinstigatedLaertestokillHamletafterheknowHamlethadcomebackDenmark.Meanwhile,OpheliawasdrownandOsricwassenttopersuadeHamlettocompetewithLaertes.LaertesanointedtheunctionofmountebankonhisswordandKingClaudiuspreparedachaliceofpoisonousdrinkincaseHamletwasnotbeingkilledbyLaertes’ssword.Duringthecompetition,Hamletwasinadvantageandwhenatrest,LaerteswoundedHamletbeforehegotreadywhileHamletalertedtowoundLaertesback.Queendrankthetoxicdrinkaccidentlyanddied,whichledtothehatredofHamletandheforcedKingClaudiushavetheexoticdrinkandwoundedhim.Atlast,Hamletdiedofpoisoning.IAnalysisofcharacterofHamlet12 ThefirsttimethatHamletshowedupwasattheweddingofhismotherandhisuncle.AtthattimeHamletwashangedonbycloudsbecauseitwassohasteforhermothertoremarrytoKingClaudius.Hecouldnotopenhishearttoacceptthatandlostinthethoughtofvalueofmorality.FromthediscourseofQueenGertrudeandKingClaudius,Hamletwasanambitious,well-educatedandpromisingyoungman,however,hewasdepressedbythedeathofhisrespectfulfather.Hesetouttoloseinthethoughtofwhattheexactvalueoflife,inducinghissadness.Afterhamletwastoldthattheghostofhisfathershowedup,hewenttotheplatformandkinghamlettoldhimthetruth.Knowingthetruth,hamletdesiredtoavengeonKingClaudius.ButHamletdelayedhisrevengebecausehedoubtedwhattheghostsaidandthemeansofrevenge.Theprocrastinationofhamletinactionwasincrediblyreasonable,Hamletgotwell-educationinWittenbergcollegeandwasfullofhumanisticthoughtandideal.AfterthedramaTheMouse-trap,whattheghostofKingHamletsaidhadbeenconfirmed,KingClaudiuswasprayingandhamletattemptedtokillhim,butsuddenly,hehesitatedandundertooktostrugglewithhisconsciencebecausehethoughtifhekillthemaninthesamemeanway,hehadnodifferencefromthatdevil.Duringhisrevenge,melancholyledtoprocrastinationandbothofthemwereunfavourabletohisrevenge.ThedeathofKingHamletsymbolizesthedramaticalchangeofHamlet'sfate,whichmeanshehadlostintogriefandcouldnotgoonhisdelightfullife.Thenthehasteremarriageofhismother,hisunclebecamehisstepfathersosoonandaseriesofchangesfrustratedhimheavily.Heresistedthecruelrealitybyablacksuitwhichhidhispainfulandperplexedheart.“‘Tisnotalonemyinkycloak,goodmother,norcustomarysuitsofsolemnblack,norwindysuspirationofforcedbreath,no,northefruitfulriverintheeye,northedejected‘haviorofthevisage,togetherwith12 allforms,moods,shapesofgrief,thatcandenotemetruly:Theseindeedseem,fortheyareactionsthatamanmightplay:ButIhavethatwithinwhichpassethshow;Thesebutthetrappingsandthesuitsofwoe.”(William147)Duetotheunfortuneencounteramonghisgrowth,hisidealandambitionwasentirelydestroyedandhebecameapopulacefromanoblestatus.ThedisintegrationoffamilymadeHamletloseprimitiveorderofhumanmorality.QueenGertrudenotonlycouldnothelphimwiththeconfirmationofhisstatus,butalsoabandonedandstayedfarawayfromhimgradually.Asaprince,HamletwasdeprivedofhisrightofinheritanceandcraftyKingClaudiusattemptedtotamperthronebyhiscraftydiscourse.ThankstodoubtingthepurityofOphelia'slove,HamletthoughtthatshewassenttohimbyKingClaudiusandHamletdeterminedtogiveupOphelia.Inthissituation,Hamletfoundthatrealityissocruelthathedidnottrustniceidealanymore.Faithfulloveandfriendship,harmonioussociety,allofwhichwereregardedasthetreasureoflifehadturnedintobubble.YoungHamletlostinaseriesofthoughtslikefamilyshipthatwasdenied,lovethatwasdespised,thronethatwastampered,whichcompelledhimtobecomemelancholyanddoubtful.WhenHamletknewthetruthfromtheghostofKingHamlet,hisdoubtwasdeepenedandfromthenon,hesteppedintothedifficultavengeway.“Thereisaplayto-nightbeforetheking;OnescenceofitcomesnearthecircumstancewhichIhavetoldtheeofmyfather'sdeath:Iprithee,whenthouseestthatactafoot,evenwiththeverycommentofthysoulobservemineuncle:Ifhisoccultedguiltdonotitselfunkennelinonespeech,itisadamnedghostthatwehaveseen,andmyimaginationsareasfoulasVulcan'ssithy.”(William212)Fromtherealpointofview,Hamletshouldrevengedonhisuncleatoncewithoutaday'sdelaywhilehehesitatedtodothis.ThereasonswhyHamlet12 postponedtoavengecouldbeobservedfromhismelancholyandthoughtfulness.“Thusconsciencedoesmakecowardsofusall;Andthusthenativehueofresolutionissickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought,andenterprisesofgreatpithandmomentwiththisregardtheircurrentsturnawry,andlostthenameofaction.”(William204)HamletlackedofinitiativewhichcouldbefoundfromthediscourseofghostandhisavengewascompelledbytheghostofKingHamlet.Hence,theavengewasnotthewillofHamletandtosomedegreeHamletwasforcedtoavengedhisuncle.Duringtheexplorationofhumannature,Hamletfelttheuglinessofrealityandextinctionofidealgradually,causinghisdenyingofeverythingvaluable.Thenhelingeredbetweenactionorescaping.Whenheconfirmedthetruth,helostinthoughtofexistenceordestruction.“Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.Whether'tisnoblerinthemindtosuffertheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,andbyopposingendthem?”(William203)HisdiscourseshowedoutthedeepthoughtofhisheartwhichconfirmedthatHamletpredicteditaharshfightingandhissubjectiveandobjectivecontradictioninmindstruggledtoeachother.Meanwhile,whatHamletthoughtaboutwasnotconcernedindividualexistenceordeath,butthewholeuniverseandhumanbeings'existenceanddeath.Hamletwasnotatthecircleofpopulaceanylongertotakehisfateintoconsiderationbutasamanwhocouldchangetheworseandworsesituation.Hamletalsohadaprejudicetofemalebecausetheremarriageofhismotherhurthimdeeply.HegaveupOpheliaforthereasonthathedoubtedOpheliawasaspysentbyKingClaudiustodetecthismadness.OpheliawasavictimofHamlet'smisunderstandingtofemale.“Ay,truly;Forthepowerofbeautywillsoonertransformhonestyfromwhatitistoabawedthantheforceofhonestycantranslatebeautyintohislikeness:Thiswassometimeaparadox,butnowthe12 timegivesitproof.Ididloveyouonce.”(William205)Hamletbecamemadandstubborn,helaughedatOpheliawhowasregardedasbeautyandgoddessandhurtherwithharshandviolentdiscourse,leadingtothedeathofOpheliaindirectly.Graceandstrength,loveandhatred,justiceandselfishness,senseandsensibility,wordsandaction,wishandpossibility,grimnessandenthusiastic,cautionandrecklessness,madnessandsilence,hewastiredofexistencebutdidnotwanttodie,allofthesecontradictionassembledonhimandsuppressedhim.ThetragedyofHamletisequaltothetragedyofhumanismbecauseatthattime,thepowerofevilwassostrongthatevenhumanismwasaverage,itcouldnotdefeatedthedevilentirely.ThatiswhyattheendofHamlet,princeHamlethadtostepintodestructionwiththeevils.IConclusionThecauseofHamlet’stragedyisderivedfromhischaracterofdelayandsadness.ThedeathofrespectfulKingHamletfrustratedhimtopursuenoblevirtue.TheremarriageofQueenGertrudeaftertwomonthsofhisfather’sdeathmadehim.Loseinthoughtoforientationofmorality.Thebetrayalofhisfriendsandloverlethimdowntofriendshipandlove.Finally,hispromisingidealwasdestroyedbythecruelandunjustreality,whichcausedhissadness.However,Hamletwaswell-educatedandhadseenagreatdealoflife.Hence,hisconscienceandvalueofmoralitycompelledhimtofightwiththedarknesswhichtriedtoinvolvehimintorevengeinacruelway.AndthatiswhyHamletalwaysdelayedtokillhisuncleagainandagain.WhenHamlethadachancetokillKingClaudius,hehesitatedtodothat12 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