高考英语二轮专项语法复习--句子的种类学案

高考语法复习--句子的种类 ■自主探究■ Ⅰ.按句子的结构分，英语句子有以下四个类型 形式 例句 附注 简单句 My head ached. He became an explorer in his thirties. 简单句只有一个主谓结构。有 些句子可能有两个或更多主 语，也有可能有两个或更多谓 语，只要句子只有一个主谓结 构，这样的句子就叫简单句 并列句 Pip is not only a character, he also tells the story of Great Expectations. 由两个或两个以上独立的分 句并列在一起构成 复合句 He is not what he was a few years ago. The girl whom I saw is called Mary. 由一个主要的主谓结构(主 句)加上一个或几个次要的主 谓结构(从句)构成复合句(即 主从复合句)，从句通常由关 联词引出，在句子中充当某个 成分 并列复合句 I said that I had no time, but he insisted that I should go with him. I asked him who the lady was and he replied that she was his teacher 5 years ago. 在并列句的一个或多个分句 中，又含有一个或多个从句， 就构成并列复合句(即含有复 合句的并列句) Ⅱ.简单句的五个基本句型 结构 例句 附注 主语＋不及物动词 ①Hard work pays off. ②We stood around him and watched attentively. ①谓语由不及物动词充当 ②这类句子无被动语态 主语＋连系动词＋表语 ①I'm eager for more information about your activity. ②We should always remain honest. 连系动词可以分为三类： ①表状态：be, seem, look, remain, keep, stay, etc. ②表发展变化：get, go, grow, turn, become, etc. ③感觉，直觉：feel, smell, sound, taste, look, appear 主语＋及物动词＋宾语 ①I really want to obtain this precious opportunity. ②He had a beautiful singing voice. 这类句子大多能变被动语态，但有的结构 不行，如例句②，另外，下句要视为动状 结构： He walked 20 kilometres. 主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 (即双宾语) ①We should give them enough respect. →We should give enough respect to them. ②He bought me a book. →He bought a book for me. ①例①类动词常见的有： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, show, take, tell, throw, write, etc. 例②类动词常见的有： buy, book, fetch, find, get, keep, make, pay, read, etc. ②这类句子若变成被动语态，可依说话人 表达需要，将任意一个宾语作主语。留在 宾语位置上的被称为“保留宾语”。以例 ①举例： They should be given enough respect (by us)． Enough respect should be given to them (by us). 续表 结构 例句 附注 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语(宾 语＋宾补合起来称为复合宾语) ①I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday. ②Obviously，a good learning habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations. ①宾语补足语通常由 adj.，n.，adv.， prepphr.，tov.，v.ing，v.ed 充当 ②常见的带复合宾语结构的及物动词有： elect, feel, invite, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, make, notice, see, let, help, start, watch, appoint, believe, call, catch, allow, ask, cause, consider, know, tell, think, listen to, look at 等 Ⅲ.并列句的几种情况 形式 规则 例句 表联合 常由并列连词(短语)and, neither…nor, not only…but (also)等连接 By doing so，I can not__only share good ideas with others but__also learn to express myself clearly. 表选择 常由并列连词(短语)or, either…or 等连接 Every one of us should balance our work, life and health, or we will eventually become a machine and slave of work. 表转折 常由并列连词 but, yet, however, while 等连接 but 表示完全的转折，语气较 强 while 主要表示对比，“而” however 在使用时必须与句子 的其他成分用逗号隔开 yet 既可以用作并列连词，也 可以用作连接副词 ①Most of my classmates wanted to go to a park while I had an idea of going to a nicer place. ②Two boys were fighting in the far corner，yet the rest of the class seemed not to notice them. 表因果 常由并列连词 so, for, therefore 等连接 You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 表条件 或结果 常由 and, or 等连接。在这类 Don't drive too fast or you'll 并列句中，and 意为“(只 要)……就”，or 意为“否 则” have an accident. 表递进 常由连接副词 besides, furthermore, moreover 等连接 Television is entertaining; besides/furthermore/moreover, __it is instructive. Ⅳ.按句子的类型分，句子有以下 4 个种类 种类 例句 附注 陈 述 句 肯定 The Inuit believe in animal spirits. 因纽特人相信动物有 灵魂。 陈述一件事情或表明一种看 法 否定 He is not at home. 他不在家。 We can hardly wait to see them. 我们等不及要见他们。 I know nothing about it. 对此 我什么都不知道。 All hope was not lost. 并不是 所有的希望都破灭了。 否定的方式有很多，我们要掌 握的常有： ①在 be, have, 情态动词， 助 动词后＋not ②在句中有其他副词：never, hardly, seldom, etc. ③有形容词：no, few, little, etc. ④有否定代词：nothing, nobody, none, neither, etc. ⑤在 all, both, every, everyone, everything 等与否定词 not 连 用时表部分否定而非全部否 定 续表 种类 例句 附注 疑 问 句 一般 问句 Have you been there？ Is Lily singing in the room? Does she like dogs? ①主要形式： be/情态动词/助动词＋S＋V ＋其他成分 ②用 yes 或 no 回答 特殊 问句 Who will vote for you? Which language are you studying? 由 How 引起的疑问短语很 多，注意理解和回答： How long…？问一段延续的 时间 How soon…？问某事过多久 发生 How often…？问动作发生的 频率 How many times…？问经历 多少次 选择 问句 Which kind of transport do you prefer to use, bus or train？ 不能用 yes 和 no 来回答 反意 问句 You don't believe in aliens, do you? 你不相信外星人，是 吗？ 由陈述句与附加疑问句两部 分组成，用 yes 或 no 回答； 若陈述部分是否定式，疑问部 分是肯定式时，英语的回答中 用 yes 表肯定，no 表否定 祈使句 Be careful! 小心点！ Let's not kill the frogs.我们不 要杀青蛙。 用来表示请求、命令、建议等。 祈使句通常省略主语(you)， 以动词原形开头，末尾用句号 或感叹号。否定式一般由“do not/don't＋动词原形”构成 感 叹 句 what/ how 引起 的感 叹句 How time flies! 时间过得可 真快啊！ What good news you have brought us! 你给我们带来了 多好的消息啊！ ①How (＋形容词/副词)＋主 语＋谓语 ②How＋形容词＋a/an＋单数 名词＋主语＋谓语 ③What ＋a/an＋形容词＋单 数名词＋主语＋谓语 ④What＋形容词＋不可数/复 数名词＋主语＋谓语 ⑤What＋名词＋主语＋谓语 ★在口语中可省略主语、谓语 或句子的其他部分 Ⅴ.句子种类的疑难 种类 疑难 例句 一般疑 问句 通常用 yes 或 no 来回答，但 也可用 certainly, all right, probably, perhaps, with pleasure 等代替 yes, 用 never, not at all 等代替 no — Can you pass me that book? — Certainly. — Have you ever been to Russia? — Never. 其否定式往往表示提问人的 惊讶、怀疑、邀请、赞叹等， 回答这种否定句时要注意，如 果回答是肯定的，就用 yes, 否定用 no — Haven't you seen this film？ — Yes, I have. (不可说：No, I have.) — No, I haven't. (不可说：Yes, I haven't.) 特殊疑 问句 对 think, say, suppose, guess, expect 等引起的宾语从句的 某一部分提问时，特殊疑问句 的结构为：疑问词(＋被修饰 词)＋主句的一般疑问句形式 ＋宾语从句的其他部分(陈述 Why do you think sport is so popular? (think 后的宾语从句 应为 why sport is so popular) 句语序) How soon do you suppose he'll be back？(suppose 后的宾语 从句应为 how soon he'll be back) 续表 种类 疑难 例句 反义疑 问句 陈述部分含 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little 等否定意 义的词时，疑问部分用肯定式 ★但当陈述部分含有 un，in，im，dis 等否定前缀或less 等否定后缀构成的派 生词，疑问部分仍用否定形式 The man made no answer, did he? She dislikes it, doesn't she？ 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one 等指 人的不定代词时，疑问部分的主语可用 they 或 he。陈述部分的主语是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等指物的不 定代词时，疑问部分的主语用 it Everyone agrees to the plan, doesn't he? Nobody was absent from the meeting, were they？ 陈述部分的谓语含 used to(过去常常)时， 疑问部分的助动词可用 used 或 did He used to live in London, didn't/usedn't he？ 陈述部分的谓语含实义动词 have 时，如 果 have 意为“有”，疑问部分的助动词 可用 have 或 do; 如果 have 为其他意思， 则助动词只能用 do He has a large house in the countryside, hasn't/doesn't he? 他在乡下有座大房子， 是吗？ The manager had Linda do the job, didn't he? 经理让琳达来做这项工作，是吗？ 陈述部分的谓语含表示推测的情态动词 can't/couldn't, may/might, must 时，疑问部 分应根据句子所表示的时态来确定主语 前用何助动词 You might be tired, aren't you? He must have done his homework last night, didn't he? 陈述部分是 there be 句型时，疑问部分用 be there There were lots of people over there, weren't there? 陈述部分是肯定祈使句时，疑问部分一般 用 will you 表示征求意见或请求，用 won't you 表示提醒；陈述部分是否定祈使句 时，一般用 will/can you 表示提醒 Stop talking, won't you? Don't be late again, will you? 陈述部分是 Let's 开头的祈使句，us 包括 说话人和听话人，疑问部分用 shall we; 陈述部分是 Let us/me 开头的祈使句，us 不包括听话人，疑问部分用 will you Let's go shopping, shall we? Let me have a try, will you? 陈述部分是主从复合句时，疑问部分一般 与主句的主语和谓语保持一致 The problem that I put forward hasn't been solved, has it？ 陈述部分是 think, believe, expect, suppose, tell, say, be sure 等的宾语从句 时，如果主句主语是第一人称，疑问部分 一般与从句的主语和谓语保持一致；如果 主句主语是第二或第三人称，则与主句保 持一致 We believe she can do it well, can't she? You believe she can do it well, don't you？ 祈 使 句 有时在祈使句前加上主语，以加强语气， 表达某种情绪，指明请求或命令的对象 Don't you be late again. 你可别再迟到了。 You be quiet! 你给我安静点！ 在“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”结构中， 祈使句表示条件，陈述句表示结果 Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. 快点，否 则你会赶不上火车。