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虚拟语气讲义
定义
虚拟语气(the Subjunctive Mood)用来表达说话人的愿望、建议、请求、假设等不能实
现的情况或者在说话人看来不大可能实现的情况。
用法
虚拟语气主要用在条件状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。一
般以条件状语从句、主语从句和宾语从句最为常考。
一、虚拟语气用条件句
(1) If 条件句
条件从句谓语构成 主句谓语构成
与现在事实相反 动词过去式 would/could/ should/might+动原
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would/could/ should/might + have done
将来不大可能发生的事 1. 动词过去式
2. Should +动原
3. Were +动词不定式
would/could/ should/might+动原
E.g.
1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be 的过去式用 were),
主句的谓语用 should/would/might/could +动词原形。
如:If I knew English, I would go abroad to future my study.
2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用 had +过去分词,主句的谓语
should /would/might/could + have +过去分词。
如:If I had got up early, I wouldn’t have been late.
3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be 的过去式用
were); should+动词原形;were to+动词原形,主句用 should/would/might/could +动
词原形。
如:If I were to do it,I should do it at once.
If it should fail, I would try again.
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☆注意:
1.在非正式英语中,条件从句中第一、第三人称单数主语后可用 was 代替 were
If I was you,I would accept the invitation.(非正式)
If I were you,I would accept the invitation.(正式)
2.主句中的 would 可用于各种人称,而 should 只用于第一人称
3.在主句中也可用情态动词 could/might 代替 would/should.
If I had had enough time, I might have done it better.= If I had had enough time, I would have done
it better.
4.在同一个句子中,不能一部分表示真实条件,另一部分表示非真实条件
If my grandfather comes tomorrow, I should stay home.(错误)
If my grandfather comes tomorrow, I shall/will stay home.(正确)
If my grandfather were to come tomorrow, I should stay home. (正确)
(2) 省略 if 的条件句
如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有 were,had 和 should 时, if 可以省略,这时从句要用倒装
语序,即把 were,had,should 放到从句主语前面去。
如:Had I known it, I wouldn’t have made such a silly mistake.
☆注意:
若省略 if 的条件句里的谓语动词是否定形式,则不能用动词的缩略形式,且否定词 not
不提前。
如:Were it not for the rain,I would go hiking now.
(3) 错综复杂的条件句
有时条件和结果发生的时间不一致,动词形式要做出适当调整,变成错综时间条件句。
如:If it hadn’t rained so much,we would have a good harvest in autumn.(雨水是过去太多,
对过去的虚拟,收获是对现在的虚拟)
(4) 含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以 if 条件句的形式表现出来,而以介词、介词短语或其他形式表现出
来的句子叫做含蓄条件句。常见的形式有 without、thanks to、but for、or、otherwise 等。
如:But for your help, I could not sit here and prepare for my final exam.
Without sun and water, nothing would live.
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二、虚拟语气用于主语从句
“It +is +形容词/现在分词+that 引导的主语从句中,要用 “should +动词原形”虚拟语气,
should 可省略。
用于本句型的形容词和分词有要求、建议、必要、命令等意思。如:necessary,important,
imperative,better,essential,reserved,urgent,impossible ,desirable(←desire),urgent
(←urge),advisable(←advise),preferable(←prefer),demanded(←demand),proposed
(←propose)等。
如:It’s necessary (that)we (should)start to do the work right away.
三、虚拟语气用于宾语从句
(1) suggest、require、order,ect+宾语从句
在一些表示提议、愿望、要求、命令、劝告、意志等动词后,要用 “should +动词原形”虚
拟语气,这类动词有:suggest,request,demand,urge,propose,prefer,advise,insist,require,
order,command,maintain,ask,object 等。肯定句中 should 可省略。
如:She demanded (that) the paper (should)be rewritten.
☆注意:
学习这种句型时,要注意宾语从句的虚拟语气是固定形式,并不随主句谓语动词时态的变化而变化。
(2) wish+宾语从句
wish 是指未能实现或不能实现的愿望。
宾语从句谓语
与现在事实相反的愿望 过去式(be 动词用 were)
与过去事实相反的愿望 had +过去分词
将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望 would、should +动词原形
E.g.
I wish I were as strong as you.( 与现在事实相反的愿望)
I wish I had not failed the chemistry exam. (与过去事实相反的愿望)
I wish I would become a pilot when I grow up. (将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望)
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☆注意:hope 与 wish 不同,后面接宾语从句一般表示真实情况,其愿望一般可以实现。
I hope it will be fine tomorrow.
“had hoped”则表示一种过去未实现的愿望,宾语从句用“would+动词原形”来表示。
I hoped Tom would attend the meeting.
(3) would rather/had rather/would sooner+宾语从句
一般 would rather,had rather,would sooner,would just as soon 等之后的宾语从句常
表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。
1.一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望
如:I'd rather you went tomorrow.
2.用过去完成时表过去的愿望
如:I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday.
四、虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句
在一些表示愿望、建议、要求、命令等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句,谓语动词要用
“should + 动词原形”虚拟语气,should 可省略。这类名词有:proposal,decision,idea,
suggestion,order,requirement,desire,recommendation,advice,plan,necessity。
如:My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars. (表语从句)
He made the request that the problem (should) be settled at once.(同位语从句)
五、虚拟语气用于其他句型
(1) as if/as though/even if/even though+方式状语从句/表语从句。从句的谓语动词
常常使用虚拟语气动词形式。
E.g.
He speaks as if he were a manager.
主句谓语 从句谓语
与现在事实相反
非虚拟情况
动词过去式(be 动词用
were)
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/should+ 动词原形
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(2) lest/for fear/in case+ 目的状语从句。这类状语从句表示担心、忧虑,从句的
谓语动词由(should)+动词原形构成。
如:I’m telling you this lest you (should) doubt my sincerity.
(3) 在“ It +is +(high 或 about)time +(that)主语从句”句型中,谓语动词有两种
形式,动词的过去式或 should+动词原形,should 不可省略,表示“做某事的时间
早完了或早该做了”。
如:It's (high/about)time (that)you went to bed.
(4) If only 引导的感叹句。If only 表示一种愿望或是向往的假设,意为“钥匙……
就好了”这个句型中的语气是正常的,不倒装。其谓语动要用虚拟语气。
谓语
与现在事实相反的愿望 过去式(be 动词用 were)
与过去事实相反的愿望 had +过去分词
将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望 would、should +动词原形
E.g.
If only I had more money!( 与现在事实相反的愿望)
If only I had not been that silly! ( 与现在事实相反的愿望)
If onle the rain would stop. (将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望)
(5) 虚拟语气的其他用法
1. had expected/hoped/supposed etc. 表示希望、设想、预期而未实现的过去动作
如:I had expected I would pass the driving test.
2. 表示祝愿
如:May our longstanding friendship last forever.