Unit 1 Living with technology
动词与动词短语
概念引入
动词表示动作和状态,动词的应用是学习使用英语中最重要的部分,几乎所有的句子的
中心成分都是动词。从在句子中的地位分,动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词使用
时要注意其时态、语态和语气等;非谓语动词也要根据其在句子中所作成分及发生时间,选
择使用不定式、分词、动名词等的不同形式;这些都是学习和考查的重点。
而从本单元开始我们要学习根据其特征分类的动词的一些知识,包括及物动词和不及物
动词、系动词、助动词及动词短语的使用要点。
先看下面句子:
1. Technology has seen some amazing developments in the last few decades.
2. It all began in 1877, when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice on
his invention, the record player.
3. Satellites were used to broadcast TV beginning in 1962.
4. The first record players had to be wound up by hand and only played records that were
two minutes long.
5. However, his system was very primitive and had many drawbacks.
这些句子中的黑体词都是动词。句 1 中 has 是助动词,seen 是及物动词;句 2 中 began
是不及物动词,made 是及物动词;句 3 中 were 是助动词,used 和 broadcast 是及物动词,
beginning 是不及物动词;句 4 中 had to,be 是助动词,而 wound up 是短语动词,played 是
及物动词,were 是系动词;句 5 中 was 是系动词,而 had 是及物动词。及物动词和不及物
动词有什么区别?为什么 be 一会儿是助动词,一会儿又是系动词呢?而 have 有时是及物动
词,有时是助动词呢?这就是下面我们要学习的内容。
用法讲解
及物动词与不及物动词
概念
根据动词能否有宾语,动词可以分为及物动词(Transitive verbs)和不及物动词
(Intransitive verbs)。及物动词是指动词所表达的动作能有一个接受动作的对象,也就是后
面可接宾语的动词。而不及物动词是指后面不可以接宾语的动词。如:
Class begins!
Today I’ll begin our lesson with a question.
第一个句子中 begins 后面没有宾语,是不及物动词;第二个句子中的动词 begin 后接名
词短语 our lesson,即涉及到一个名词,是及物动词,所接的名词短语是其宾语。
及物动词的特点
1. 必须接名词,代词,动词不定式,动名词或宾语从句作宾语。
可以有三种构成形式:
1)Vt. + O(宾)
Bob shut the door behind himself on his way out. 鲍勃出去时关上了门。
2)Vt. + O (间宾) + O (直宾) (例句中:间接宾语---黑体;直接宾语----斜体)
This will save you much time. 这将为您节约大量的时间。
She promised me to attend my wedding. 她向我许诺参加我的婚礼。
(不定式 to attend…在此句中是直接宾语,因为不定式是许诺的内容,动作的执行者不
是宾语,而是主语)
注意:
有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调,这时,间接宾语前应加上介词 to, for 或 of。如:
He offered a job to her. 他向她提供了一份工作。
I owe my success to you. 我的成功要归功于您。
间接宾语前加介词 for 的动词有:buy, choose, get, make, order, sing, do, play, save,
do a favour 等。
Who does Mary go to do a favour for? 玛丽要给谁帮个忙?
He ordered some food for the two of them. 他为他们俩点了一些食物。
直接宾语前加介词 of 的动词有:cure, convince, inform, rob, rid, warn。
They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。
He’s warned me of the danger. 他警告过我注意危险。
3)Vt. + O (宾) + Oc (宾补) (例句中:宾语----黑体;宾语补足语----斜体)
本句型中的动词只跟宾语不能表达完整的意思,必须加一补充成分,如形容词、名词、
动词不定式、分词来补充说明宾语。宾语和宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾语做
或是/在宾语补足语。
His mother didn’t allow him to keep in touch with that girl.(他与女孩儿保持联系)
他母亲不允许他与那个女孩保持联系。
President appointed John manager of Marketing.(约翰是经理)
总裁任命约翰为营销部经理。
I found myself in dark. (我自己在黑暗中)
我发现自己还蒙在鼓里。
2. 大部分及物动词都有被动语态。
He was made to work overtime. 老板叫他加班。
不及物动词的特点
本身能表达一个完整意思的动词, 叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语
从句等作状语,不能接宾语,也不能用于被动语态,构成“主+谓”结构,如:
The machine works smoothly. 机器运转顺畅。
The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
More challenges lie ahead of me. 我的前面有更多的挑战。
Many different people contributed to the development of TV.
许多不同的人为电视的发展做出了贡献。
有些动词既是及物动词,也是不及物动词。
大多数及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词没有被动语态;
有些动词用作不及物动词时表示主语本身的性质,用主动形式。如:write, sell, tear, close,
open, lock, shut 等。
选择及物动词或不及物动词的依据是句义和句子结构的要求,这种选择是某些试题
考查的要点,如:
1. The teacher had his voice ______ to make himself heard. (rise/ raise)
2. This kind of cloth _________well, and I usually have it _______ every week. (wash)
3. Do you still remember the holiday _________ we spent in that village?
解析:
1. raised。声音是被提高的,说明宾语 his voice 和补足语“提高”是被动关系,有被动语
态的是及物动词,所以应该用及物动词 raise 的过去分词。
2. washes;washed。第一空说明主语的特点,应该用不及物动词 washes;第二空“布”
被“洗”,用及物动词 wash 的过去分词。
3. that/ which。因为 spent 是及物动词,所修饰词 the holiday 是 spent 的宾语,所以填 that
或 which。
系动词(Linking verbs)
系动词(即连系动词)本身有一定的词义,不能单独作谓语,后面必须与表语连用。说
明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。表语通常由名词、形容词、分词或介词短语等充当,说
明主语是什么或怎么样。
系动词分类
1. “存在”系动词:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态。常见的有:be (是)。
She is always like that. 她总是那样。
These shoes are too tight for me. 这双鞋我穿太小。
2.“表象”系动词:表示“看起来好像”,主要有 seem,appear,look 等。
She appeared puzzled. 她显得迷惑不解。
The doctor seemed very capable. 那医生似乎很能干。
3.“感官”系动词:表示“……起来”,有 feel(摸起来,感觉),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),
taste(尝起来)等。
Silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来很柔软平滑。
The story sounds true. 这个故事听起来很真实。
4. “持续”系动词:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类系动词强调 “持续”。常见的有: remain (依
然),keep (保持),stay (保持),continue (继续、仍旧),stand (处于某状况或情形)等。
I put the meat in the fridge to stay fresh for several days.
我把肉放入冰箱,这样可以保鲜几天。
It’s already ten. The store remains closed. 已经十点了,商店还关着门呢。
The hospital stands ready for emergency cases. 这家医院随时准备接受急病患者。
5. 表状态“变化”的系动词
She had grown thinner and thinner. 她越来越瘦了。
We get wiser as we get old. 随着年龄的增长,我们也变得聪明些了。
表状态“变化”的系动词
系动词 用法 习惯搭配
go 多指朝坏的方面变化 wrong, bad, mad, hungry, blind, etc.
turn 表“颜色、职业、年龄、时间”等 接单数名词时,名词前不接冠词
grow 表“成长,发展”中的变化 strong, tall, thick, healthy, etc.
fall 表由动态到静态的转变 ill, sick, silent, asleep, etc.
come 表事物的发展转向好的状态 true, alive, etc.
run 表发展的状态不是人们所希望的 dry, short, wild, etc.
get/become 常用来指人或物的状态的变化 get hurt,get paid,become a teacher, etc.
巧学助记:
好是 come,坏是 go;体重、外貌慢慢 grow;颜色、天气大不同 turn;get/become 口语化,
如果要说就用它,“成为”后接名词了,turn 就等于 become a/an。
6.“终止”系动词:主要有 prove,turn out (结果是,证明是)等。
His story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是假的。
My intuition turned out to be correct. 我的直觉证明是对的。
注意:make 也有系动词的用法,表示“足以成为”。
几点注意:
1. 系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如作系动词的 feel,taste 等词。
The material feels very soft. 这种材料摸着很软。
2. 一般情况下,系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
过这条非常繁忙的街道时要小心,否则会被车撞的。
3. 能接名词作表语的系动词常见的有: be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain 和 turn 等。
Twenty years later, he turned teacher. 20 年后,他成了老师。
The population growth in China remains a problem. 中国的人口增长仍是个问题。
4. 系动词也可接不定式(to do / to be),常见的有: appear, seem, remain, prove, look 等。
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide.
长途旅行中,证明彼得是一个很有趣的向导。
5. 一些系动词同时也是实义动词,如果是及物动词可有被动语态,可以单独作谓语。
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell 是系动词,后跟表语 ill,说明主语的情况)
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。(fell 是实义动词,单独作谓语)
It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine.
今天早上是阴天,幸好已经转晴了。(系动词)
All the lights in the house were turned off. 屋里的灯都关掉了。(实义动词)
助动词(Auxiliary verbs)
助动词的作用
1. 动词和其他动词一起构成时态、语气和语态。可以用作助动词的有 be、do、have 和情态
动词等。
This is the place I have been longing to visit. 这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。
Such books are to be found in any library. 这种书任何图书馆都有。
I would fly to Sweden if I were a bird. 如果我是只鸟的话,我就飞到瑞典去。
2. 助动词还可用来构成否定或疑问句,以及强调结构。
Did you study English before you came here?
He did tell me that. 他的确告诉我这件事了。
3. 情态动词表示必要性、职责和可能性。像其他助动词一样,情态动词也用于其他主要动
词前,不能单独做句子的谓语。因此,情态动词被当作情态助动词。另外,多数情态动
词可以直接构成否定与疑问。
We needn’t go home now. 我们不需要现在回家。
Students must study hard. 学生必须努力学习。
It can be very hot in summer in our hometown. 我们家乡夏天会很热。
短语助动词
短语助动词由两个或三个动词组成作为一个助动词用的,如:
have (got) to 不得不, had better 最好, be to(构成将来时)
be likely to 可能, be supposed to 应该, ought to 应该
used to 过去常常, be about to 正要, be able to 能
would sooner/rather (...than) 宁愿,更愿意
I have to go to help her every Saturday. 我每个周六不得不去帮她。
You had better take an umbrella. 你最好拿把伞。
Many countries would rather be cautious with this new technology.
许多国家对这项新技术宁愿谨慎些。
I would sooner walk to work than take a bus. 我宁愿步行上班,而不是乘公交车。
The president is to speak on TV tonight. 总统今晚要做电视讲话。
That is not likely to happen. 那好像不会发生。
You are not supposed to smoke on the bus. 你不应该在公交车上吸烟。
动词短语(Phrasal verbs)
动词常和某些其他词类用在一起,构成固定词组,形成所谓短语动词。和动词一样,短
语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种,其结构常见的有四种:
动词+副词:
1.这类短语动词有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词。如:
He took off his coat when he entered the house and put it on again when he went out.
他进来时脱掉外套,出去时又穿上。(及物短语动词)
He likes watching planes taking off and landing. (不及物短语动词)
他喜欢看飞机起飞降落。
Uncle Tom passed away (去世) many years ago.(不及物短语动词)
2. “及物动词+副词”短语的宾语既可以放在副词之前也可以放在副词之后,但如果宾语为人
称代词,则必须放在副词之前。
Having worn his raincoat all the way, he took it off when he arrived at his office.
一路都穿着大衣,到了办公室他脱了下来。
3. 这一类的短语动词很多,如:
put out 扑灭, eat up 吃光, putdown 放下, drive away 赶走, try out 试用
set off 出发, come up 走近,go on 继续, break out 爆发, link up 连起来
wash up 洗碗 talk over 讨论,说服
动词+ 介词
这类短语动词不可分开使用,其后可以直接跟宾语,宾语通常是名词、代词、动名词等,
在被动语态中介词不能省略。这一类的短语动词有很多,如
depend on (upon) 依靠, wait on 服侍, look for 寻找
deal with 对待, look after 照料, wait for 等待
ask for 要求得到, link with 与……相连
The small boy insisted on going with his parents. 那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。
Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常听英语广播吗?
I came across one of my old classmates Wang Xiaolin.
前几天我遇到我的一个老朋友王晓林。
动词+副词+介词
这类动词短语的宾语只能放在介词的后面,短语动词只能看作是一个动词, 绝对不能
拆开。
I couldn’t put up with the noise any longer. 我再也忍受不了这个噪音了。
Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment.
不要失望,我们必须继续试验。
此类短语动词常见的有:
break away from 摆脱, go on with 继续, catch up with 追上
look down on/upon 蔑视, look up to 尊敬, make up for 弥补
put up with 忍受
动词 + 名词 + 介词
这类短语动词也是及物的。
He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet. 他在宴会上和宾客一一握手。
Children often come to the Children’s Palace to take part in after school activities.
孩子们经常到少年宫来参加课外活动。
Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice. 注意仓库里的稻谷的温度。
此类短语,常见的还有:
put an end to 结束 take notice of 注意 make use of 利用
catch hold of 抓住 lose sight of 看不见