考纲解读
根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅
读理解测试中重要的一项。在完整的语篇中，单词和词
组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生
可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法
等知识确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的
意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断短语或句子的意义的推断；
既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可
以是对替代词所替代内容的判断对替代词所替代内容的判断。
在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往
不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通
过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚
不熟悉的词或短语的含义。课时学习目标：
• 1.通过上下文所提供的具体语境，正确判断生词
的含义或熟词生义，推断短语或者句子的含义。
• 2.能够根据上下文信息，上下文内在的逻辑关系
和上下文的指代关系，判断猜词的主要依据（主
要中心、段落大意和上句、下句的逻辑关系）。• Step 1 Lead-in（上周测卷）
• (2018 年 浙江)Americans use more than 100
billion thin film plastic bags every year. So
many end up in tree branches or along
highways that a growing number of cities do
not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The
bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in
California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing
these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring
scientists like Stein to make the case that their
products are not as bad for the planet as most
people assume.• What does the word “headwinds” in
paragraph 2 refer to ?
• A Bans on the plastic bag.
• B. Effects of city development.
• C. Headaches caused by garbage.
• D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
A （2019年全国新课标II）Members go on the
site and register the books they own and
would like to share. Book Crossing provides
an identification number to stick inside the
book. Then the person leaves it in a public
place, hoping that the book will have an
adventure, traveling far and wide with each
new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the
managing director of Book Crossing, says,
“The two things that change your life are the
people you meet and books you read.• What does the underlined word “it”
in paragraph 2 refer to ?
• A The book
• B An adventure
• C A public place
• D The identification number
A构词
法• 猜词题常见设问方式
• 1.By saying that “...” in the first (second ...)
paragraph, the author means that ________.
• 2.In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by
“______”．
• 3.The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is
related to ________.
• 4.Which of the following has the closest meaning
to ... (Paragraph ...)？
• 5.As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers
to ________.
• 6.The underlined word/ sentence in the ...
paragraph probably means that ________.Step 2
解题示范：
推断下面段落生词的含义，并找出判断
猜词的主要依据（用下划线画出来）• 例1 (2018年全国I卷.26)
• If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen
bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes
a“soft-serve" creamy dessert, to be eaten right
away. This makes a fun activity for a children's
party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen
bananas into the top of the machine and watching
the ice cream come out below.
• ◆What is“a juicer" in the last paragraph?
• A. A dessert. B. A drink.
• C. A container. D. A machine.you can feed in bananas ...
out come creamy
dessert
to be eaten
the process
of how to
make juice
juicer—
the machine
思路点拨• 例1 (2018年全国I卷.26)
• If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen
bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes
a“soft-serve" creamy dessert, to be eaten right
away. This makes a fun activity for a children's
party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen
bananas into the top of the machine and watching
the ice cream come out below.
• ◆What is“a juicer" in the last paragraph?
• A. A dessert. B. A drink.
• C. A container. D. A machine.D 榨汁机
the machine例2.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)
•Soon afterwards, many of those people started
settling down to become farmers, and their
languages too became more settled and fewer in
number. In recent centuries, trade,
industrialization, the development of the nation-
state and the spread of universal compulsory
education, especially globalization and better
communications in the past few decades, all have
caused many languages to disappear, and dominant
languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese
are increasingly taking over.
随着社会的发展，越来越多的语言消失了Soon
afterwards,
languages too became more
settled and fewer in number.
In recent centuries, in the past few decades,
main idea: With the development of the society,
many languages disappear
随着社会的发展，越来越多的语言消失了
...,all have caused many languages to disappear
思路点拨•◆Which of the following best explains
“dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
•A．complex. B．advanced.
• C．powerful. D．modern.C
通过下文的解释
…… all have caused many languages to
disappear, and dominant languages such as
English, Spanish and Chinese are
increasingly taking over.
did many people speak
these languages?
less people
speak
the languages
are weak•例3. (2016年全国I卷.29)
•I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer cell stem courier. Since
March 2012，I've done 89 trips--of those, 51 have been
abroad. I have 42hours to carry stem cells( 干细胞) in my
little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how
long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are
harvested from a donor ( 捐献者) to the time they can be
implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I
am always conscious of time.
•◆Which of the following can replace the underlined
word“ courier”in Paragraph 1?
•A. provider B. delivery man
•C. collector D. medical doctor
BI've done 89 trips
I have 42hours to
carry stem cells( 干细
胞) in my little box
from a donor ( 捐献者
) to the time they can
be implanted in the
patient
“trip
,carry” 从侧
面体现出作者
的职业与送东
西有关
思路点拨•例3. (2016年全国I卷.29)
•I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer cell stem courier. Since
March 2012，I've done 89 trips--of those, 51 have been
abroad. I have 42hours to carry stem cells( 干细胞) in my
little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how
long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are
harvested from a donor ( 捐献者) to the time they can be
implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I
am always conscious of time.
•◆Which of the following can replace the underlined
word“ courier”in Paragraph 1?
•A. provider B. delivery man
•C. collector D. medical doctor
B 通过下文的理解•技巧一 :根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
•题1.根据上下文定义或解释猜测词义
•阅读文章中的有些生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释
说明性的短语或句子，如that is; stand for, namely, to
refer to, to mean, in other words ,can be defined as
等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折
号、括号来表示。
•题2. 利用上下文的举例猜测词义利用上下文的举例猜测词义
•有时，可以根据上下文所举的例子，运用具体到一般的
归纳法来悟出某个单词或词组的含义。表达这类情况的
常见词语有:“for example; for instance; such; such
as; like; as; as... as..., including"等。
• • 例4. (2017年全国II卷.29)
• Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the
Yellowstone area and much of the continental
United States, but they were gradually displaced
by human development. By the1920s，wolves had
practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.
They went farther north into the deep forests of
Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
• ◆What does the underlined word“displaced" in
the paragraph mean?
• A. tested. B. separated.
• C. forced out. D. tracked down.C
转折• 技巧二: 根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
• 1.根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等
可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的
含义，来确定另一句的含义。
• 2.利用对比、类比或转折词表示对比、类比
• 转折的常见标识词有but、yet、 however、 while、
unlike、 in contrast、 on the other hand， on the
contrary、 despite、 in spite of， instead、 rather
than、 though等，也可用破折号或冒号等符号作为标识。•例5. When some kind of pain killer was brought
out recently, researchers found that the colors
turned the customers off because they made the
product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it
came on the market in a dark blue and white
package-blue because we think of it as safe, and
white as calm.
•The underlined part "the colors turned the
customers off" means that the colors
•A. attracted the customers strongly
•B. had weak effects on the customers
•C. tricked the customers into shopping
•D. caused the customers to lose interestD
因果• 技巧三 ：利用因果关系
• 表示因果关系的标识词有 because、
as、 since、for、thus、so、 so that、
hence、 therefore、 as a result等。• 技巧四：根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
• 文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指
代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指
代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，
要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容
进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。高考阅读微技能——猜测词义
解题技巧 结构或提示词
explanationexplanation
定义释义法
contrastcontrast
反义法
cause and effectcause and effect
因果法
similaritysimilarity
近义法
context context
上下文（上下文（指代关系））
Conclusion
定语从句,that is, in other words, mean,
be called, refer to ,
but, though, yet, while ,on the contrary,
on the other hand, instead of ,rather than
so…that, because, as, since, for, thus, as a
result, of course, therefore; lead to, cause,
result in, bring about
or, such as, and , like, for example , for
instance
it, that, he, him，them
Step31.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or
rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.
Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase “the
water catcher” productivity. Place your cup in the
deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so
that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest
of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.
.
What does the underlined phrase “the water
catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.The tube. B.The still.
C.The hole. D.The cup. 2. To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or
rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.
Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the
water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the
deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so
that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of
the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
3. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing
the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the
sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now
form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The
low point of the sheet must be centered directly over,
and no more than three inches above, the cup.
关注句式的使用
思路点拨
use...，place..., then
lay..., next cover...,
securing..., weighting...
the building
procedure1.根据该段前两句“ To construct a working still， use a
sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three
feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase
the water catchers productivity．＂
可知是要建造一个运作的蒸馏器，下一向指出在潮湿
的地方挖洞，恰恰是为了提高整个蒸馏器的生产力，所
以 the water catcher指的就是蒸馏器，故 。
2.B （利用转折词）
3.A4. 理解划线部分所在句，”食用质量最优良的品
种之一是Orleans Reinette", 由随后的but可推断“
得之不易”.
再由so可知前后是因果关系， “因为你需要温暖
又避风的地方，且有肥沃的土壤才可以种植它，
所以相信可以种植它的大多数苹果爱好者都_____。
”由因(种植条件苛刻)推果(想种种不了)，可知选
项B“希望落空”正确。将其余选项“实际的想法
”“非凡的计划”“自私的愿望”代入，逻辑不
通。5.B句意理解题。题干定位词: parental
involvement: Paragraph1.根据第一 段第二句
Other forms of parental involvement, including
volunteering at school and observing a child's
class,知"parental involvement"指的是“父母参
与孩子的教育"。故选B.
[语义转述] (原文)parental involvement- (答案
)parents' participation
6.C二、变式练习
1.B
2.B
3.A
4. A vain hope
5.B
6.C高考阅读微技能——猜测词义
解题技巧 结构或提示词
explanationexplanation
定义释义法
contrastcontrast
反义法
cause and effectcause and effect
因果法
similaritysimilarity
近义法
context context
上下文（上下文（指代关系））
Conclusion
定语从句,that is, in other words, mean,
be called, refer to ,
but, though, yet, while ,on the contrary,
on the other hand, instead of ,rather than
so…that, because, as, since, for, thus, as a
result, of course, therefore; lead to, cause,
result in, bring about
or, such as, and , like, for example , for
instance
it, that, he, him，them
Homework:
巩固练习
1.D
2.A
3.B
4. 1C 2B 3C 4B
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