5-2.ppt

虚拟语气 (1) 动词的语气表示说话人的态度和看法，可分为陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用来陈述讲话人认为是事实的事情，有肯定、否定、疑问和感叹等形式。祈使语气用来说明说话人的请求、命令等。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。 如果假设的情况发生的可能性不大，则用虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句分为三种，见下表： 假设情况 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 与现在事实相反 过去式 (be 的过去式 常用 were) would /should/ might/ could ＋动词原形 与将来事实相反 过去式 should ＋动词原形 were to ＋动词原形 would /should/ might/ could ＋动词原形 与过去事实相反 过去完成式 (had ＋过去分词 ) would /should/ might/ could ＋ have ＋过去分词 If I had time ， I would attend the meeting. 如果我有时间，我就参加会议了。 ( 与现在事实相反 ) If I were you, I should seize the chance to go abroad. 如果我是你，我会抓住这个出国的机会。 ( 与现在事实相反 ) If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams. 如果你采纳了我的建议，你就不会通不过考试了。 ( 与过去事实相反 ) If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 如果你明天来，我们将召开会议。 ( 与将来事实相反 ) If it were to rain, we should get wet. 要是下雨的话，我们就会淋湿了。 ( 与将来事实相反 ) If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 如果明天他不来，我们就要把会议推到下周一。 ( 与将来事实相反 ) 【 单项填空 】 ①Sorry, I didn ’ t finish my work. If I________ enough time, I________it. A ． had; would finish B ． have; could have finished C ． had had; would have finished D ． have had; have finished ②He is not native; if he were; we ________this discussion over his identity. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A ． would not be having B ． are not having C ． had not had D ． will not have 答案　 ① C 　 [ 由前句可知后句应使用虚拟语气，表示与过去情况相反。 if 引导的非真实条件句中的谓语动词形式为： had ＋动词 ed 形式；主句谓语动词的形式为： would/ should /might/ could have ＋动词 ed 形式。 ] ②A 　 [ 考查虚拟语气的用法。句意：他不是本国人，如果他是的话，我们就不会在讨论他的身份问题了。根据 were 可知，此处为与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，而只有 A 项是虚拟语气主句的结构。 ] 【 单项填空 】 ________strict with me when I was young ， I could not be such a successful person now. A. If you are not B ． If you were not C ． Were you not D ． If you had not been 答案　 D 　 [ 考查错综虚拟语气。句意：如果在我年幼时你没有对我严格要求的话，我现在就不可能是这么成功的一个人。根据句意可知，此题中主句说的是与现在事实相反的情况，而从句说的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以从句要用过去完成时，故选 D ，如果采用省略句，其结构应该是 had you not been 。 ] 【 单项填空 】 ①________ today, he would get there by Friday. But he won ’ t set off when it is raining. A ． Would he leave B ． Was he leaving C ． Were he to leave D ． If he leaves ②________ listened to the doctor, you ________ all right now. A ． If you; are B ． If you; were C ． You had; would be D ． Had you; would be 答案　 ① C 　 [ 由语境可知非真实条件从句表示将来不可能实现的事情，故从句谓语动词的形式为：过去式 (be 用 were)/ should ＋动词原形 /were to ＋动词原形，如果省略 if ，要将从句中的 were ， should ， had 等提到句首。 ] ②D 　 [ 根据主句中的时间状语 now ，可知表示与现在情况相反，故主句中谓语动词的形式为 would ＋动词原形。依据语境可知条件句表示与过去情况相反，故条件句中谓语动词的形式为 had ＋动词的 ed 形式，省略 if 时，要将 had 提到句首。 ] (3) 通过上下文的含义，句中往往有 but ， otherwise 等。 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I would have helped you. 我昨天很忙，不然的话，我会帮助你的。 She would have said no. But that she was afraid. 要不是她害怕的话，她就会说 “ 不 ” 了。 If only I had more money, I could buy the apartment. 要是我有更多的钱，我就会买这套公寓了。 But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做得如此成功。 The change could not have taken place without the open door policy. 没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。 【 单项填空 】 ①Without water in the world, everything ________. A ． will die B ． would die C ． would have died D ． has died ②Thanks a lot. We ________the work on time without your help. A ． hadn ’ t finished B ． didn ’ t finish C ． couldn ’ t have finished D ． couldn ’ t finish 答案　 ① B 　 [without 短语表示非真实条件，故句子使用虚拟语气。因其表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词的形式应为： would ＋动词原形。 ] ②C 　 [ 根据 Thanks a lot. 可知 without your help 表示非真实条件，故后句中应使用虚拟语气，由语境可知句子表示与过去情况相反，故谓语动词的形式应为： would/ should /might/ could have ＋动词 ed 形式。 ] 议论文 【 写作任务 】 假如你是本地报社的一名记者，要对昨天新华中学的学生就 “ 是否允许医学克隆存在？ ” 展开的辩论进行报道，下表是双方理由和辩论结果，请据此写一篇新闻稿。 【 写作内容 】 正方理由 反方理由 辩论结果 1. 医学克隆将会给那些因重病而丧失行动和思考能力的人带来福音； 2. 医学克隆的操作程序对病人来说将会是万无一失、安全和快捷的； 3.67% 的美国民众支持医学克隆。 1. 克隆仍然存在着安全隐患； 2. 生成医用或研究用的胚胎需要反复的尝试，在这一过程中很多潜在的生命会被无情扼杀。 反方说服力稍逊，最终观众投票正方获胜。 3 ．根据题目要求对辩论情况进行客观报道，准确把握要点。准确运用高级词汇并注意新闻类体裁的语言特点。适当运用复杂结构以提高文章的表述层次。注意篇章的整体处理和语言的连贯，并力求条理清晰、层次分明。 第二步：提炼要点 1 ． medical cloning 2 ． support the motion 3 ． serious illnesses 4 ． procedures would be safe 5 ． convincing 6 ． to oppose medical cloning 7 ． potential lives 8 ． a lively discussion 第三步：扩点成句 1 ． The arguments for medical cloning were very strongly put by the team supporting the motion. 2 ． They argued that people who were losing their ability to move or think because of serious illnesses could be helped by medical cloning. 3 ． They explained that the procedures would be safe, quick and with no problems for the patients. 4 ． Their arguments were very convincing. 5 ． The arguments put by the team opposing medical cloning were less strong. They said that the procedures were not yet secure. 6 ． They also explained that it took many tries and many potential lives had to be killed to produce one usable embryo for research. 7 ． After a lively discussion vote was taken and the side arguing for medical cloning won. 【 参考范文 】 Yesterday _ there _ was _ a _ very _ exciting _ debate _ at _ Xinhua _ Middle _ School _ about _ whether _ medical _ cloning _ should _ be _ allowed _ or _ not. The arguments for medical cloning were very strongly put by the team supporting the motion. They argued that people who were losing their ability to move or think because of serious illnesses could be helped by medical cloning. They explained that the procedures would be safe, quick and with no problems for the patients. They quoted that 67% of American citizens were for it to support their idea. Their arguments were very convincing. The arguments put by the team opposing medical cloning were less strong. They said that the procedures were not yet secure. They also explained that it took many tries and many potential lives had to be killed to produce one usable embryo for research. After a lively discussion vote was taken and the side arguing for medical cloning won. 第 3 段： However, the others are strongly against it.( 反方观点 ) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place...What ’ s more...In addition...( 列出 2 ～ 3 个反对的理由 ) 结论： 第 4 段 Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more good than harm, so I support it.( 个人观点 ) 常用词汇及结构： 1 ．开头可用的表达方式： We have a discussion about... We have had a survey on... 2 ．分别论证时用： Opinions are divided on the question. Opinions are mainly divided into two groups. Others have different opinions. On the one hand...On the other hand... 3 ．对某一观点作进一步论证时，可用 what ’ s more /besides/ in addition /furthermore/ moreover 等过渡词。 4 ．提出多个论据时，可用 First... Second... Third... 来列举论据。 5 ．进行相似的比较时用 in comparison ， likewise, similarly, in the same manner 等。 6 ．进行相反的比较时用 on the other hand ， conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with/to 等。 经典对比选择题 ( 上 ) 1 ． I don ’ t enjoy________fun of others. I don ’ t enjoy________fun of by others. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A ． to make B ． to be made C ． making D ． being made 答案　 CD 　 [ 第一句 I 和 make 是主动关系，所以用动名词的主动式；第二句 I 和 make 是被动关系，所以用动名词的被动式。 ] 2 ． Something must be done to prevent the river from________. Something must be done to prevent people from________the river. A ． pollute B ． polluting C ． pollute D ． being polluted 答案　 DB 　 [ 第一句 river 和 pollute 是被动关系，所以用动名词的被动式；第二句 people 和 pollute 是主动关系，所以用动名词的主动式。 ] 3 ． He regretted________her the secret because he shouldn ’ t have done so. He regretted ________me that he could not do so. A ． to be told B ． to tell C ． telling D ． being told 答案　 CB 　 [ regret to do sth 对将要做的事情表示遗憾或道歉； regret doing sth 后悔做了某事。 ] 4 ． He has given up______us physics because of his illness. What he has given up________ us physics because of his illness. A ． is to teach B ． to teach C ． teaching D ． taught 答案　 CA 　 [ 第一句的空后是宾语；第二句 What he has given up 是主语， is 是谓语。 ] 5 ． The boy who________faces now will be punished. The boy________faces now will be punished. A ． made B ． to make C ． making D ． is making 答案　 DC 　 [ 第一句有连接词 who ，所以用句子作定语；第二句无连词，所以用现在分词作定语，表主动。 ] 6 ． He opened the door and found the snow ________the hill. He opened the door and found the hill________ with snow. A. covers B ． cover C ． covered D ． covering 答案　 DC 　 [ 第一句 snow 和 cover 是主动关系，所以用现在分词作宾语的补足语；第二句 hill 和 cover 是被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语的补足语。 ] 7 ． He was very busy but she wanted to have him ________the clothes. He was so busy that he had to have the clothes________. A ． washing B ． washed C ． wash D ． to wash 答案　 CB 　 [ 第一句 have sb do sth 使某人干某事；第二句 have sth done 请某人干某事。 ] 8 ． Do you know the woman ________by Jack? Do you know the woman________ Jack? A ． been followed B ． followed C ． following D ． follows 答案　 BC 　 [ 第一句 the woman 被 Jack 跟踪，所以用过去分词作定语；第二句 the woman 跟踪 Jack ，所以用现在分词作定语。 ] 9 ． This is an important letter. Don ’ t forget________ it this afternoon. Don ’ t look for the letter. You must have forgotten ________it this afternoon. A. to post B ． posted C ． posting D ． post 答案　 AC 　 [ forget to do sth 忘记要做某事； forget doing sth 忘记做过某事。 ] 10 ． The decision was made ________soon after the meeting was over. Who was made ________the decision soon after the meeting was over? A. to know B ． known C ． know D ． knew 答案　 BA 　 [ 第一句 make sb or sth done 使某人或某物被 …… ；第二句是 sb is made to do sth 的句型。 ]