语法专项
动词
一. 动词是表示动作或处于某种状态的词，它分为行为动词，系动词、助动词和情态动词，动词种类多，变化又复杂，是学习英语的难点之一，下面根据动词的特点进行归类，并提供一些辨别方法，以便于理解和掌握。
1. 行为动词在动词中数量最多，它含有实在的意义（又叫实义动词），表示动作或状态，在句中可以单独作谓语，行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后面必须加宾语，意义才完整，不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语，常需要在宾语前加介词才能带宾语。
eg:
We study English very hard.
She has a book in her hand.
The sun rises in the east.
2. 连系动词本身有一定词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语，常见的连系动词有：be, look, sound, get, become等。
eg:
My parents are both farmers.
The milk tastes terrible.
The song sounds good.
3. 助动词本身无词义，不能独立作谓语，必须和主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定，时态或其它语法形式。常见的助动词有：be, have, do, will, shall等。
eg:
Do you have a brother?
Have you got an English-Chinese dictionary?
I didn’t go to the cinema yesterday.
4. 情态动词本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话者的语气和情态，情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词本身可以构成疑问和否定，常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, will, shall, need等。
eg: Can you sing the English song?
Everyone must get to school on time.
二. 动词的时态：
（一）时态概述：作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态，英语中的时态，就是通过特殊的动词词尾或加一些相关的助动词be, have（has）等，用来表示动作或事件发生的不同时间和方面。
eg: He reads newspapers every day.
He read the newspaper yesterday.
He is going to read the newspaper tomorrow.
（二）一般现在时：
1. 动词变化：一般现在时主要用动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be和have有特殊的人称形式。
在加词尾-s时要注意：
情况
加法
例词
一般情况
加-s
reads, writes, says
以ch, sh, s, x, 或o收尾的词
加-es
teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词
变y为i再加-es
try－tries
carry－carries
读音：
情况
读法
例词
在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后
［s］
helps, hates, asks, laughs
在[s][z][ ][t ][d3]等音后
［iz］
faces, rises, wishes, watches, urges
在其他情况下
［z］
plans, cries, shows
2. 一般现在时主要表示：
（1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与这样的时间状语连用：always, often, usually, sometimes等
eg: We always help each other.
It often snows in winter.
I get up early every morning.
（2）表示主语现在的特征、性格、能力等。
eg: He loves sports.
Jane is an outgoing girl.
Tom and Tim both have medium height.
（3）表示客观、普遍真理
eg:
Two and four makes six.
Water boils at 100℃
The moon moves round the earth.
3. 一般现在时的疑问句一般以在句首加助动词do，does的方式构成。第三人称单数加does，其他加do，这时动词一概用原形；动词be只需与主语位置对调就行了。
eg: Do you like English?
Do they have story books?
What does she do every evening?
Is she at home?
Are you good at English?
4. 一般现在时的否定式是do not（don’t）或does not （doesn’t）＋动词原形来构成的，be动词做谓语动词只需在be后加not构成否定。
eg:
I don’t like oranges at all.
She doesn’t work in the TV station.
They aren’t students.
I’m not busy every weekend.
三. 现在进行时：
1. 动词变化：现在进行时由“am /is /are＋动词现在分词”构成。加-ing的规则如下：
（1）一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。如：
stay－staying do－doing
listen－listening suffer－suffering
work－working spend－spending
look－looking
（2）以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing。如：
make－making take－taking
give－giving ride－riding
please－pleasing refuse－refusing
close－closing operate－operating
（3）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing。如：
put－putting sit－sitting
run－running win－winning begin－beginning
2. 现在进行时的用法
（1）表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，这时可以不用时间状语，也可以和now, at present, at the moment等时间状语连用。有时用一个动词，如look（看），listen（听）。
eg: What are you reading now?
Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.
（2）表示当前一段时期的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
eg: They are working in a factory these days.
More and more people are giving up smoking.
（3）表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
现在进行时有时可表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作，即可以用来代替将来时。
eg: When are you leaving?
Are you going to Tibet tomorrow?
3. 现在进行时的否定句和疑问句比较简单。否定句在be（am, is, are）后面加not；疑问句把be动词移到主语前。
eg:
I am not working.
What are you reading now?
How are you feeling today?
The train isn’t arriving soon.
四. 一般过去时：
1. 动词变化：一般过去时主要表示过去的动作或状态，在句中由主语＋动词的过去式来表达。
构成规则
原形
过去式
一般在动词末尾加-ed
work
plant
play
worked
planted
played
结尾是e的动词在末尾加-d
like
live
change
liked
lived
changed
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed
plan（计划）
stop
drop
planned
stopped
dropped
以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i再加-ed
carry
study
cry
carried
studied
cried
2,不规则动词过去式(没规律，要死记,下面列出一些)do→ did have→ had go→ went take→ took see→ saw make→ made run→ ran begin→ began swim→ swam forget→ forgot read→ read teach→ taught feel→ felt think→ thought tell→ told come→ came build—built eat—ate fall—fell feel—felt find—found，fly—flew，hold—held，am/is—was are—were do/does—did say—said has/have—had can—could sing—sang go—went see—saw put—putleave—left，make—made，may—might，run—ran，see—saw，take—took 3.一般过去时的句型：
否定式
疑问式
否定疑问式
简单回答
I did not work.
Did I work?
Did I not work?
Yes, you did.
No, you didn’t.
You did not work.
Did you work?
Did you not work?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.
He / She / It did not work.
Did he / she / it work?
Did he / she / it not work?
Yes, he / she / it /did.
No, he /she /it didn’t.
We did not work.
Did we work?
Did we not work?
Yes, you did.
No, you didn’t.
You did not work.
Did you work?
Did you not work?
Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.
They did not work.
Did they work?
Did you they not work?
Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.
1, be动词的过去时态表达方法:
a, 肯定句: 主语 + be 动词的过去式（was, were）+其它 例句 I was very tired last night.我昨晚很疲劳。例句 Lei Feng was a good soldier.例句 He was busy yesterday.他昨天很忙。例句 You were absent from school two days ago.你两天前没来学校. (be absent from缺席)例句 There were some books there.那有一些书.b, 否定句: 主语 + be 动词的过去式（was, were）+ not +其它例句 I wasn’t busy the other day.我前几天不忙。（the other day前几天）例句 He was not busy yesterday.他昨天不忙。例句 There weren’t any boys in the room.在那个房间里没有任何男孩.c, 疑问句及回答: be 动词的过去式（was, were）+主语 +其它 ?例句 Was he busy yesterday? 他昨天忙吗?例句 --Was there any water in the bottle? --Yes, there was.或--No, there wasn’t.在瓶里有水吗？有.或 没有.例句 --Was your father free this morning? --Yes, he was. 或--No, he wasn’t.你父亲今晚有空吗？有.或 没有.2一般动词(或叫行为动词，或叫实义动词)的过去时态表达方法 a, 肯定句: 主语 + 动词的过去式 +其它 例句 He played tennis last week.上星期他们打过网球.例句 We had a good time yesterday.例句 He had a good time yesterday.例句 I watched TV for an hour.例句 She studied Russian two years ago.例句 We said good-bye to Li Ming at five.b, 否定句: 主语 + did not + 动词原形 +其它例句 He did not play tennis last week.上星期他们没打过网球.例句 We did not have a good time yesterday.我们昨天没有玩好例句 He did not do his homework.他没做家庭作业例句 He didn’t have classes this morning.他今天上午没上课例句 You didn’t do your best to do it.你没尽自已最大努力去做这件事c, 一般疑问句及回答: Did + 主语 + 动词原形 +其它 ?
特殊疑问句: 疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它?例句 Did he play tennis last week.他上星期打过网球吗？（一般疑问句）例句 Did he go there ? *Yes, he did. *No, he didn’t.他到那里去了？是的 没有（一般疑问句）例句 Did Tom go with you ? *Yes, he did. *No, he didn’t.汤姆和你一起去的吗？没有（一般疑问句）例句 When did you get up this morning *At six. 今天早上什么时候起床？6点（特殊疑问句） 4. 一般过去时的概念及基本用法：
1）. 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
He went to Beijing last week. 他上周去北京了。
He was ill for a week. 他病过一个星期。
2）. 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作：
He often came to see us last year. 去年他经常来看我们。
We played basketball at school. 我们在学校时常打篮球。
When I was a child, I often play soccer at the playground. 当我还是一个孩子的时候，我经常在操场踢足球
3）. 另外,带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时。这些时间状语有：yesterday、two days ago 、last year 、the other day几天前 、
just now 刚刚, a day ago一天前,、when I was 8 years old……当我8岁时，last week, in 1993, at that time, once, before, a few days ago, when, a moment ago(刚才)，yesterday morning，last night/ week，the day before yesterday(前天)，in 1999在一九九九年, 等也常与表示过去时间的副词如：yesterday，last week，two hours ago, always, never等连用。
5. 一般过去时与现在完成时区别句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时，取决于动作是否对现在有影响。例句 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)例句 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)例句 His father is a film director.他父亲是电影导演。 (他现在还是) His father was a film director.他父亲曾是电影导演。 (他现在不是) 例句 How do you like the novel? 你觉得这部小说怎么样？ (还在看小说) How did you like the novel? 你觉得这部小说怎么样？ (已看完小说)例句 Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗？（意思是说你现在不饿吗？即现在的影响，用完成时） Yes, I have. 是的，我已经吃过了。（意思是说已经吃饱了，不想再吃了。）例句 When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的？（关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。只是关心时间，用过去时）例句 I had it about ten minutes ago. 我是大约十分钟以前吃的。例句 Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。（说明这是她的习惯，表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞,只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞。）例句 I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。（不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒,用过去时）
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