十年高考真题分类汇编（2010-2019） 英语
专题 22 科普类说明文阅读理解
(2010﹒安徽﹒阅读理解 B)
Have you ever wondered?
1. Why do airplanes take longer to fly west than east?
It can take five hours to go west-east from New York(NY) to London bur seven hours to travel east-west
from London to NY. The reason for the difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet(喷射)
stream. The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from the west to the east across the
Atlantic. The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are
moving with the wind than in the opposite direction.
2. What would happen if the gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off?
Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Would buildings and other structures(建筑物) float away?
What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Earth is
moving at quite a speed, moving at over a thousand miles per hours. If you turn something around your
head on a string（细绳）, it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string. Then it flies off in a
straight line. ‘Switching off’ gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not attached to the
Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed
until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space.
60.What information can we get from the first passage?
A.It is jet stream that affects how fast airplanes fly
B.Planes go slower when they are moving with the wind
C.It takes more time to fly from NY to London than from London to NY
D.The yet stream always blows from the east to the west across the Atlantic
61.The word”shoot”underline in the 2nd passage probably means “ ”
A.send for B.move quickly C.come out D.grrow quickly
62.It can be inferred that without gravity .
A.buildings and other structures would float away
B.trees and buildings would not easily fly off
C.something around your head would not fly away
D.everything outside buildings would fly off into space
63.Where can we most probably read in the text
A.In a reseach paper B.In a short story
C.In a travel magazine D.In a student’s book【解析】本文是科普说明文，主要介绍了飞机为什么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方
向．从纽约飞往伦敦要花 5 个小时，而从伦敦飞往纽约则要花 7 小时．花费时间不同的原因大气现象，喷
射气流是一个高空风，这种喷射气流总是穿过太平洋上空从西往东吹．还介绍了没有了地球引力会发生什
么．地球以一种极快的速度移动，一个小时会移动超过 1000 英里，地球引力消失就会像松开甩动的细绳
一样，在建筑里的人们将会突然以一种极快的速度被发射出去，直到撞到天花板．许多外面的东西都将飞
进太空．
60．A 归纳总结题．根据短文第一段"The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the
west-east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction"主要讲述了飞机为什
么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方向，故选 A．
61．B 词意猜测题．根据第二段"People in buildings would suddenly shootupwards at a great speed until
they hit the ceiling （="top"surface of a room）．Most things outside would fly off into space．"描述在建筑
里的人会突然以一个巨大的速度向上移动直到他们撞上天花板．很多东西会飞到外太空．故选 B．
62．B 推理判断题．根据第三段"What happened would depend on （依靠） how strongly the things were
attached （吸附） to the earth．"描述发生了什么将取决于东西连接到地球上有多结实．再根据后面描述
"Then it flies off in a straight line．‘Switching off'gravity would be like letting go of the string．Things not
attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line"可知，树以及建筑不像其他物品那样容易飞出．故选
B．
63．D 文章出处．根据四个选项，A 项，研究论文，B 项小故事，C 项旅游杂志，D 项学生课本，这
是一篇科普短文，有可能来自学生课本，故选 D．
(2010﹒江苏﹒阅读理解 D)
Imagine，one day，getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours，
and then，after a full day of work，going back home to Beijing and having dinner there．
Sounds unusual，doesn't it? But it's not that unrealistic，with the development of China’s high—speed
railway system．And that’s not a11．China has an even greater high—speed railway plan—to connect the country
with Southeast Asia，and eventually Eastern Europe．
China is negotiating to extend its own high·-speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years，
eventually reaching London and Singapore．
China has proposed three such projects．The first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via
Vietnam and Malaysia．Another could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan，and possibly
to Germany ． The third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western
Europe．
If China’s plan for the high-speed railway goes forward，people could zip over from London to Beiling in
under two days．
The new system would still follow China’s high—speed railway standard．And the trains would be able to go
346 kilometers an hour，almost as fast as some airplanes．
China’s bullet train(高速客车)，the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou，already has the World’s fastest
average speed．It covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hours．
Of course，there are some technical challenges to overcome．There are so many issues that need to be
settled，such as safety，rail gauge(轨距)，maintenance of railway tracks．So，it’s important to pay attention to every detail．
But the key issue is really money．China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic
railway expansion．
China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital
investment．Resources from those countries could stream into China to sustain development．
It’11 be a win-win project. For other countries ， the railway network will definitely create more
opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countnes．
For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed
resources，but would also help develop China’s far west．We foresee that in the coming decades，millions of
people will migrate to the western regions，where the land is empty and resources unused．With high-speed
trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11．And they’11 trade with
Central Asian and Eastern European countries．
67．China’s new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because ．
A．China will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions
B．China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways
C．China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries
D． the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation，business and tourism
【解析】选 B 在文章倒数第二段中有明确答案
68．According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is ．
A．technical issues
B．safety of the systemC．financial problems
D．maintenance of railway tracks
【解析】选 C . 在文章第 8 段看到 There are so many issues that need to be settled...及第 9 节中 But the key
issue is really money
69．Which of the following words best describes the author’s attitude towards China’s high-speed railway plan?
A．Critical． B．Reserved． C．Doubtful D. Positive．
【解析】选 D . 尽管在文章第 8，9 段中 提到存在的问题，但从最后两段中不难看出作者是持支持的态度
70．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A．New Railway Standards
B．Big Railway Dreams
C．High—speed Bullet Trains
D．International Railway Network
【解析】选 B. 贯穿全文须知这只是一个梦想
(2010﹒全国卷Ⅰ﹒阅读理解 C)
Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat
chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws(爪)on its wings when young .They build their
homes about 4.6m above the river ,an important feature(特征)for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin. In appearance，the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the
underside .The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest
relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature ,though, is only found in the young.
Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip .Using
these four claws ,together with the beak(喙),they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive
birds must have done. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly ,they lose their claws.
During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds,
but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for
producing purposes.
63．What is the text mainly about?
A．Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.
B．The relatives and enemies of hoatzins.
C．Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon.
D．The appearance and living habits of hoatzins.
64．Young hoatzins are different from their parents in that ．
A．they look like young cuckoos
B．they have claws on the wings
C．they eat a lot like a cow
D．they live on river banks
65．What can we infer about primitive birds from the text?
A．They had claws to help them climb.
B．They could fly long distances.
C．They had four wings like hoatzins.
D．They had a head with long feathers on the top.
66．Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?
A．To find more food.
B．To protect themselves better.
C．To keep themselves warm.
D．To produce their young.
【解析】
63.选 D。考查文章主题大意。纵观全文，文章主要讲的是 hoatzin 麝雉，这种鸟类的外貌以及生活习性。
64.选 B。根据第一段 has claws(爪)on its wings when young,和第三段可知，hoatzin 在幼年期是有爪子的，而长大学会
飞之后就没有了。
65.选 A。关键是 primitive“原始的，早期的”的意思。第三段第二句话。
66.选 D。最后一段最后一句话。
(2010﹒湖南﹒阅读理解 C)
People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial
expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face
as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
"We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and
neglect (忽略) the mouth."
According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is
more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally
recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye
movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces
and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how
accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more
errors than did Westerners. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of
cultural difference in facial expressions," Jack said. "Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole
face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less."
In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on,
examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human
emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will
find themselves lost in translation.
66. The discovery shows that Westerners .
A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth
B. consider facial expressions universally reliable
C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways
D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions
67. What were the people asked to do in the study?
A. To make a face at each other. B. To get their faces impressive.
C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers' faces.
68. What does the underlined word "they" in Paragraph 6 refer to?
A. The participants in the study.
B. The researchers of the study.
C. The errors made during the study.
D. The data collected from the study.
69. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to .
A. do translation more successfully
B. study the mouth more frequently
C. examine the eyes more attentively
D. read facial expressions more correctly
70. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding 【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍了最新的科学研究发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表
情。
66. A 根据第三段 “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the
eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth.” 可以得出答案
67. C 根据第五段 “…by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while
they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful,
disgusted, angry, or neutral.”可以判断选 C
68. A 根据定语从句 “that they show”所修饰的 eye movements 在研究中为 the participants 所作（从 the eye
movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people”可知）可判断选 A
69. C 根 据 第 六 段 “It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made
significantly more errors than did Westerners.”可判断选 C
70. B 文章首先指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂人的面部表情。之后更具体地介绍研
究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不同的文化背景
使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为 B
(2010﹒江西﹒阅读理解 D)
Modern inventions have speeded up people’s loves amazingly. Motor-cars cover a hundred miles
in little more than an hour, aircraft cross the world inside a day, while computers operate at
lightning speed. Indeed, this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced
which go even faster and each new computer boats (吹嘘) of saving precious seconds in handling
tasks.
All this saves time, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the world
in an airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jet-lag; our
bodies feel that they have been left behind on another time zone. Again, spending too long at
computers results in painful wrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers, according
to some scientist; too much use may transmit harmful radiation into our brains, a consequence
we do not like to think about.
However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are
so accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on
the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.
There was a time when some people’s lives were devoted simply to the cultivation of the land
or the care of cattle. No multi-tasking there; their lives went on at a much gentler pace, and
in a familiar pattern. There is much that we might envy about a way of life like this. Yet before
we do so, we must think of the hard tasks our ancestor faced: they farmed with bare hands, often
lived close to hunger, and had to fashion tools from wood and stone. Modern machinery has freed
people from that primitive existence.
68. The new products become more and more time-saving because .
A. our love of speed seems never-ending
B. time is limited.
C. the prices are increasingly high.
D. the manufactures boast a lot.
【解析】A
新发明变得越来越省时, 是因为？
A. 我们对速度的热爱从未停止。 可回原文定位 never-ending（因为有连词符号）。原文第一段说到 Indeed,
this love of speed seems never-ending.事实上, 我们对速度的热爱从未停止。A 选项是对原文的同意改写。
B. 时间有限。原文未提及。
C. 价格日渐攀升。原文未提及价格因素。
D. 生产商大肆吹嘘。回原文定位 Boast(因为有中文注释).第一段最后一句说 Every year motor-cars are
produced which go even faster and each new computer boats (吹嘘) of saving precious seconds in handling tasks.
每年都有更高速的新车出产, 而且新电脑也吹嘘能节省宝贵的每一秒钟。可见, 题目和选项矛盾。越来越
省时是事实, 不是因为吹嘘而变得省时了。
69. What does “the days” in Paragraph 3 refer to ?
A. Imaginary life B. Simple life in the past.
C. Times of inventions D. Time for constant activity.
【解析】B
第三段的“the days”指的是什么？
A: 想象的生活
B: 过去的简单生活
C: 发明的时间
D: 连续活动的时间
回原文定位第三段该句 Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on
the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.也许, 我们静静聆听广播里的故事节目,
任想象插上翅膀肆意翱翔的日子, 已经一去不返了。根据前后一句可得知, 文章重点是说的高速生活和简
单生活的对比。故:B 选项是对原文的正确解读。而 A 选项的理解有偏差, 重点转移了。
70. What is the author’s attitude towards the modern technology?
A. Critical B. Objective. C. Optimistic. D. Negative.
【解析】B
作者对现代科技的态度是？
A: 批判的 B: 客观的 C: 乐观的 D: 消极的根据文章结构, 第一段陈述事实, 说现代高科技省时省力。第二段说高速生活的弊端。第三段说对简单生
活的向往, 但最后第四段却说高科技对现代生活的积极影响。所以, 作者的观点是不偏不倚的。
71. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The present and past times.
B. Machinery and human beings.
C. Imaginations and inventions.
D. Modern technology and its influence.
【解析】D
这篇文章主要说的是什么？
A: 过去与现在
B: 机器和人类
C: 想象力和创造力
D: 现代科技和它的影响
根据文章首尾段的大意可知, 文章重在分析高科技的利与弊。
(2010﹒辽宁﹒阅读理解 C)
Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college
degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms
scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.A second study ,looking at nearly 1000 grown-ups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among
26-year –olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and
don't ride out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人）may watch lots of TV.
Their study measured the TV habits of 26-year-olds between ages5 and 15. These with college degrees had
watch an average of less than two hours of TV per week night during childhood, compared with an average of
more than 2 1/2 hours for those who had no education beyond high school.
In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest while
those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest.
While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores, it adds to accumulating
findings that children shouldn't have TVs in their bedrooms
64. According to the California study, the low-scoring group might _________.
A. have watched a lot of TV
B. not be interested ted in math
C. be unable to go to college
D. have had computers in their bedrooms
【解析】
64. A。细节理解题。根据第二段中 Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math
and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.可得出答案。
65. What is the researchers' understanding of the New Zealand study results?
A. Poorly motivated 26-year-olds watch more TV.
B. Habits of TV watching reduce learning interest. C. TV watching leads to lower education levels of the 15-year-olds.
D. The connection between TV and education levels is difficult to explain
【解析】
65. D。细节理解题。根据第三段 But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don't ride out that already
poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人）may watch lots of TV.可以确定答案。
66. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A. More time should be spent on computers.
B. Children should be forbidden from watching TV.
C. 'IV sets shouldn't be allowed in children's bedrooms,
D. Further studies on high-achieving students should be done
【解析】
66. C。推理判断题。注意最后一段开头的 while 是“尽管”的意思，所以这两段都是围绕儿童卧室不应该
放电视机的问题。
67. What would be the best title for this text?
A. Computers or Television
B. Effects of Television on Children
C. Studies on TV and College Education
D. Television and Children's Learning Habits
【解析】
67. B。主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一
段第一句话是主题句，所以 B 项作为标题是最佳的。
(2010﹒山东﹒阅读理解 D)Batteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems. While scientists are finding
ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are
much larger and heavier than the devices themselves. University of Missouri(MU) researchers are
developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient.
“To provide enough power, we need certain methods with high energy density(密度)”，said
Jae Kwon, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at MU. “The radioisotope(放
射性同位素) battery can provide power density that is much higher than chemical batteries.”
Kwon and his research team have been working on building a small nuclear battery, presently
the size and thickness of a penny, intended to power various micro / nanoelectromechanreal
systems (M/NEMS). Although nuclear batteries can cause concerns, Kwon said they are safe.
“People hear the word ‘nuclear’ and think of something very dangerous,” he said, “However,
nuclear power sources have already been safely powering a variety of devices, such as
pace-makers, space satellites and underwater systems.”
His new idea is not only in the battery’s size, but also in its semiconductor(半导体). Kwon’s
battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solid semiconductor.
“The key part of using a radioactive battery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the
radiation energy can damage the lattice structure(晶体结构) of the solid semiconductor,” Kwon
said, “By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem.”
Together with J. David Robertson, chemistry professor and associate director of the MU
Research Reactor, Kwon is working to build and test the battery. In the future, they hope to
increase the battery’s power, shrink its size and try with various other materials. Kwon said that
battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair.
71. Which of the following is true of Jae Kwon?
A. He teaches chemistry at MU.
B. He developed a chemical battery.
C. He is working on a nuclear energy source.
D. He made a breakthrough in computer engineering.
【解析】
细节理解题。根据第三段的叙述可知 Kwon 在研究一种原子能电池，所以 C 项正确。
答案:C
72. Jae Kwon gave examples in Paragraph 4_________.
A. to show chemical batteries are widely applied.
B. to introduce nuclear batteries can be safely used.
C. to describe a nuclear-powered system.
D. to introduce various energy sources.
【解析】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知 Kwon 举例的目的是为了说明原子能电池是安全的，所以 B
项正确。
答案:B
73. Liquid semiconductor is used to _________.
A. get rid of the radioactive waste B. test the power of nuclear batteries.
C. decrease the size of nuclear batteries
D. reduce the damage to lattice structure.
【解析】
细节理解题。根据 By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem 可
知 D 项正确。
答案:D
74. According to Jae Kwon, his nuclear battery _______.
A. uses a solid semiconductor
B. will soon replace the present ones.
C. could be extremely thin
D. has passed the final test.
【解析】
细节理解题。根据 Kwon said that battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair 可知
C 项正确。
答案:C
75. The text is most probably a ________.
A. science news report B. book review
C. newspaper ad D. science fiction story
【解析】
推理判断题。本文讲述了 Kwon 的原子能电池的有关情况，文章体裁应属于科普文章，所以 A
项正确。
答案:A
(2010﹒上海﹒阅读理解 C)
The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added
- a communications blackout caused by solar storms.
After a period of calm within the Sun, scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle
of sunspots that could peak in 2012, just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.
Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw
billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could
jam the telecommunications satellites and interact links sending five Olympic broadcast from
London.
"The Sun's activity has a strong influence on the Earth. The Olympics could be in the middle
of the next solar maximum which could affect the functions of communications satellites," said Professor Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in
Oxfordshire.
At the peak of the cycle, violent outbursts called coronal mass ejections (日冕物质抛射) occur
in the Sun's atmosphere, throwing out great quantities of electrically-charged matter. " A coronal
mass ejection can carry a billion tons of solar material into space at over a million kilometres
per hour. Such events can expose astronauts to a deadly amount, can disable satellites, cause
power failures on Earth and disturb communications," Professor Harrison added. The risk is
greatest during a solar maximum when there is the greatest number of sunspots.
Next week in America, NASA is scheduled to launch a satellite for monitoring solar activity
called the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which will take images of the Sun that are 10 times
clearer than the most advanced televisions available.
The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory helped to make the high-tech cameras that will capture
images of the solar flares (太阳耀斑) and explosions as they occur.
Professor Richard Hold away, the lab's director, said that the SDO should be able to provide
early warning of a solar flare or explosion big enough to affect satellite communications on
Earth "If we have advance warning, we'll be able to reduce the damage. What you don't want is
things switching off for a week with no idea of what's caused the problem," he said.
72. The phrase "communications blackout" in paragraph 1 most probably refers to during the
2012 Olympics.
A. the extinguishing of the Olympic torch
B. the collapse of broadcasting systems
C. the transportation breakdown in London
D. the destruction of weather satellites
73. What can be inferred about the solar activity described in the passage?
A. The most fatal matter from the corona falls onto Earth.
B. The solar storm peak occurs in the middle of each cycle.
C. It takes several seconds for the charged matter to reach Earth.
D. The number of sunspots declines after coronal mass ejections.74. According to the passage, NASA will launch a satellite to _________.
A. take images of the solar system B. provide early warning of thunderstorms
C. keep track of solar activities D. improve the communications on Earth
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Solar Storms: An Invisible Killer
B. Solar Storms: Earth Environment in Danger
C. Solar Storms: Threatening the Human Race
D. Solar Storms: Human Activities to Be Troubled
【解析】
72. B. 此题线索为第二三段的内容。
73. D.
74. C. 可从文章第六段直接得出答案。
75. D. 通读全文可知整篇文章讨论的是太阳运动所可能会带来的困扰。
(2010﹒浙江﹒阅读理解 C)
The term “multitasking” originally referred to a computer’s ability to carry out several tasks at one time.
For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent
mental aerobic exercises (大脑训练) involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a
time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature
for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show
that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss.
In order to multitask, the brain uses an area known as the prefrontal cortex (前额叶脑皮层). Brian
scans of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shift from task to task, this front
part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal
cortex “moment of rest” yourself if you’ve ever dialed (拨电话) a phone number and suddenly forgotten
who you dialed when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the
answering, your mind shifted to anther thought or task, and then took that “moment” to come back.
Research has also shown that for many volunteers, job efficiency ( 效 率 ) declines while multitasking, as
compared to when they perform only one task at a time.
Multitasking is easiest when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most
people don’t find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, when two or more
attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes.
We often don’t remember things as well when we’re trying to manage several details at the same
time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never
makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people’s names---even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If
someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or
disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.
49. Why are some mental aerobic exercises designed to engage people in multitasking?
A. To make them more productive. B. To reduce their stress and anxiety.
C. To develop their communication skills. D. To help them perform daily tasks more easily.
【解析】A
推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者提出：“In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises (大
脑训练) involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time.”，之后用 although 引出
转折，这种训练有时并不能 productive。所以选择 A。有部分人认为这种大脑的训练能够帮助他们高效
的工作。
50. According to Paragraph 2, why may a person suddenly forget who has called?
A. He may leave his prefrontal cortex temporarily damaged.
B. He is probably interrupted by another task.
C. He is probably not very familiar with the person he has called.
D. He may need a rest between dialing and speaking.
【解析】B
细节理解题。主要根据“this front part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks”，可以
推断出之后的“if you’ve ever dialed (拨电话) a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you dialed when
the line is answered”的情况，所以选择 B。
51. People tend to make mistake when ____.
A. they perform several challenging tasks at a time.
B. new messages are processed one after another
C. their relationships with others are affected
D. the tasks require little thought
【解析】A
细节理解题。根据第三段内容，特别是最后一句话可知当人在同时从事两项或多项需要花费精力的工
作时，常常会出错。故选择 A。
52. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Multitasking has become a way of life.
B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.
C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved.
D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.
【解析】B
主旨大意题。最后一段中作者继续描述了之前的观点：一个人同时从事多项工作会出现很多问题。回
到整篇文章，作者主要观点就是告诉大家：多项工作不能产生高效的结果，故选择 B。(2011﹒陕西﹒阅读理解 D)
Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, gentically mondified (GM, 转基因) foods
have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the word,mainly on the basis of their
promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it
would ,is it the best solutiorr?
Despite what it promiises,GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any
corp. In fact
Studies show that the most crown GM croo.
GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report than analysed nearly two decades of
research on mojor GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop
production.
Something else, however, has been on the rise, While GM seeds are expensive, GM companics tell farmers
that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides（杀虫剂）. On the contrary, US government
data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional
crops. “ The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But nether is true,” said Bill
Christison, President of the US National Farm Coalition.
At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more
than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food
distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results
from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report.
As a matter of fact ,scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that
GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are
available, among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice.
57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly .
A. by classification B. by comparison
C. by example D. by process
58. What does the underlined word “boost ” in the third paragraph probably mean?
A. Control. B. Evaluate C. Obtain. D. Increase.59. GM companies promise farmers that they will benefit from ______________.
A. practicing “green” farming B. use of less chemicals
C. fair distribution of their crops D. using more crops for fuel
60. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author towards GM technology?
A. Optimistic B. Defensive C. Disapproving D. Casual
【解析】CDBC
科普类：主要讲转基因技术并不是解决世界饥饿问题最好的方式。做此篇文章，可用我
们在课堂上讲的通过开篇特点迅速把握文章主旨，然后直接定位比较。57题，呵呵，虽然不
停的说送分题送分题，看到它我不由自主的大喊一句送分题。写作手法题中的段落行文题，
2007和2009陕西高考英语都曾出现。第二段第三行的 for instance，你们懂的。58题词汇语义
题，59题事实细节题，通过题干中 promise 和 benefit from 分别定位到文章第三段第二行和
第四行引号部分就可选出答案。60题态度观点题，到处都是答案，主旨句可解，其他题也可
为此题铺垫，选项出卖原则也可以秒杀。
(2011﹒湖南﹒阅读理解 C)
A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the
African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的) species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic
relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant,
African forest elephant and African savanna elephant
Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team
compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and
savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African
forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took
place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the
scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the
most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two
populations of the same species despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an
average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres.
The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But
the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay
in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We
now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950
all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants
are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority ( 优 先 )for conservation
purpose .”
66. One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.
A. the Asian elephant B. the forest elephant
C. the savanna elephant D. the mastodon elephant
67. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4means “________”
A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination
68. The researcher’s conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ____________
A. DNA B. height C. weight D. population
69. What were Alfred Roca’s words mainly about?
A. The conversation of African elephants.
B. The purpose of studying African elephants
C. The way to divide African elephants into two units
D. The reason for the distinction of African elephants
70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Naturalist’s Belief about Elephants. B. Amazing Experiment about Elephants
C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long scientific Debate about Elephants
【解析】科普说明文：African elephant 有两个不同的种类
66. fossils 定位，找到第三段第一句，有两种 fossils，mam 和 mas，选项 D
67. 文中 divergence of the two species 指代前文 the Ase and the Afe have been distinct species, divergence
与 distinct 同义替换，对应选项 C
68. conclusion, based on 定位，找到倒数第二段最后一句 lay in 与 based on 同义替换，答案：A
69. AR 定位，找到倒数第一段，从 AR 的话中，第一句 for conservation purpose, 最后一句 for
conservation purpose 确定 A
70.文章首句点明全文主旨，答案：C
(2011﹒江西﹒阅读理解 D)
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and
researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on
conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup(基因构成) as human beings. What drove our ancestors
to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of
a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency
to expand wherever possible.
Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas
can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With
knowledge, we can lessen its effects.
Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found. Even if we have no
immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions.
Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical
applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs
including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品) of technological developments
in the space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative,
brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many
wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger
exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance
to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to
live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in
the past and surely could in the future.
71. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?
A. To express his doubts.
B. To compare different ideas.
C. To introduce points for discussion.
D. To describe the conditions on Earth.
72. What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2?
A. Humans are nature-born to do so.
B. Humans have the tendency to fight.
C. Humans may find new sources of food.
D. Humans don’t like to stay in the same place.
73. The underlined word“spin-offs” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to______.
A. survival chances B. potential resources
C. unexpected benefits D. physical possessions
74. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?
A. O ur genetic makeup. B. Resources on the earth..
C. The adaptive ability of humans. D. By-products in space exploration.
75. Which of the statements can best sum un the passage?A. Space exploration has created many wonders.
B. Space exploration provided the best value for money.
C. Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.
【解析】
71. 推理判断题。答案选 C。文章是典型的议论说明文，是提出问题，分析问题的套路。第一段通过提出
一系列关于太空探索利弊的问题引发讨论。并不是真的有这些怀疑，也没有鲜明的正反观点，所以 AB 不
对。D 偏差较远。
72. 主旨题。答案选 A。第二段是典型的总分总结构，主旨句在段首段尾。Perhaps the best answer lies in our
genetic makeup as human beings. 主要原因在于人类基因。Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this
genetic tendency to expand wherever possible. 而 B 选项错在 fight 这个词。CD 没提及。
73. 词义猜测题。选 C。根据 spin off 前面的 we have already benefited from other spin off 关键词 benefit，
受益。而 spin off 后面的 including … 说的全是获得的利益，如 improvements in earthquake prediction. 地震
预测的进步等等，而不是什么生存机会，或者潜在资源。所以选 C。
74. 细节题。答案选 C。按照问题顺序一致原则，答案应当出现在最后两段。在最后一段的首句我们找到
了一个极端词用以定位。While earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of
humans would allow us to live on other planets.直接由翻译可知，人类的适应能力使我们在其他星球的居住
成为可能。
75. 推理判断题。选 D。除去前两段引入，第三段主旨句（首句）的意思是每个文明都会探索周围文明以
减低危险，第四段主旨句（首句）说的是探索使得我们能够发现潜在能源。第五段主旨句（首句）说的是
探索使得很多人发现解决问题的有用资源。总的来说，就可归结为，太空探索可以帮助我们很多，避免很
多问题。
(2011﹒江苏﹒阅读理解 A)
We know the famous ones—the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells —but what about the
less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器)？
Shouldn’t we know who they are?
Joan Mclean think so. In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so
strongly about this matter that she’s developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who”invented”what”, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the”why” and ”how”
questions. According to Mclean,”When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared
to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.”
So,just what is the story behind the windshield wiper? Well,Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902
after a visit to Mew York City.The day was cold and stormy, but Anderson still wanted to see the sights ,so she
jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the
winshield,she found hersefe wondering why there couldn’t be a buolt-in devic for cleaing the window. Still
wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham, Alabama, Anderson started drafting out
solutions. One of her ideas, a lever(操作杆)on the inside of a vehicle that would contral an arm on the outside,
became the first windshield wiper.
Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations，It’s hard to imagine driving without Garrett
A.Morgan’s traffic light. It’s equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J.Blodgett’s innovation that
makes glass invisible, Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses?
56.By mentionong “traffic light”and “windshield wiper”,the author indicates that countless inventions
are .
A.beneficial,because their inventors are famous
B. beneficial,though their inventors are less famous
C.not useful, because their inventors are less famous
D. not useful, though their inventors are famous
57.Professor Joan McLean’s course aims to_____.
A. add colour and variety to students’ campus life
B. inform students of the windshield wiper’s invention
C. carry out the requirements by Mountain University
D. pre[are students to try theie own invention
58．Tommy Lee’s invention of the unbreakable umbrella was _________.
A. not eventually accepted by the umbrella producer
B. inspired by the story behind the windshield wiper
C. due to his dream of being caught in a rainstormD. not related to Professor Joan McLean’s lectures
59. Which 0f the following can best serve as the title of this passage?
A How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers?
B How to Design a Built-in Dervice for Cleaning the Window?
C Shouldn’t We Know Who Inventd the Windshield Wiper?
D Shouldn’t We Develop Invention Courses in Universities?
【解析】
56. B 推理判断题。根据第一段内容结合下文可推断，作者提到交通信号灯、雨刮器等发明，是想说无数
的发明对人类十分有益，虽然它们的发明者没有太大的名气。
57. D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，John McLean 教授开设这门课程的目的就是让学生有足够
的准备去尝试自己发明东西。
58. B 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，Tommy Lee 发明的“不会折断的雨伞”就是受到了雨刮器背后
的故事的激励。
59. C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章的第一段就是主题段，特别是第一段最后一句充分体现了作者想
要表达的心声，接下来的内容都是围绕第一段展开并为第一段服务的。
(2011﹒江苏﹒阅读理解 C)
According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity
every year.Unfortunately,the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills(see picture)to touch
bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway,however,could help put them anywhere.
The project, called Hywind,is the world’s first large-scale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机).Although it
uses a fairly standard 152-ton,2.3-megawatt turbine,Hywind
represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar(see
picture),a technology Hywind’s creator,the Norwegian company StatoilHydro,has developed recently. The steel
spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable(缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the
waves.Hywind’s stability(稳定性)in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the
ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six
miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.
To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than
Hywind does, but it’s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of
the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar’s to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose
gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades (see picture )
Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farm technology could be extremely large.
Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offshore windmills are
planted. Deep-sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If the
technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet’s surface to one of the best low-carbon power
sources available.
63. The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _______.
A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor
B. the spar which is floating in deep-sea water
C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind
D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface
64. To balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its
gearbox sitting ____________.
A. on the sea floor B. on the spar top
C. at sea level D. behind the blades
65. Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can ____________.
A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills
B. make financial profits by producing more turbines
C. settle the arguments about environmental problems
D. explore low-carbon power resources available at sea
【解析】63. B 细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第三句可知，该工程采用了全新的技术，是为了确保漂浮在深海水域
中的圆材的稳定。
64. C 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，为了使较大的涡轮发电机能在圆材上保持平衡，公司计划
设计新的发电机，其变速箱在海平面上。
65. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，深海风能技术的广泛应用可能会在海洋上开发出可使用
的低碳能源。
(2011﹒湖北﹒阅读理解 B)
Howling is a behavior commonly observed among a wolf nark. An animals, wolves work together to hunt
and rely on howling was an important means of communication each other. There are different explants of a
wolf’s howl and it appears that there may be more to discover.
One theory is that wolves howl to bend better together. It’s almost as if howling together helps the pack
stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing
a song together . But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harington, a professor who studies wolf
behavior.
Indeed, there have been tines when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a exhorts, and the next,
quarreling anions each other. It appears that usually the lowest-tanking menthes of the pack may actually be
“punished” for Joining in the churs at times. So is howling a way to strcagthen a social boad or just a way to
reconfirm status among its members? ——Why do welves howl for sure?
What is cleat, however, is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each other. Hunting
grounds are distant and it happens that woloves may separate from one another at times. When this happens,
howling appcars to be an ercellent means of gathering.
Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behaviour. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will
follow. This is often seen to occat in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sotr of “roll rall”where wolves
all howl togeter to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occar in the morning, as if wolves
were doing w some sotr of “roll call”where wolves all howl together to repotr their pteence.
55.What the por similarity between wolves’ how humaes ting in chorus?
A.The act of calling each other.
B.the sense of accomplishment.C.The act of hunting for something.
D.The sense of belonging to a group.
56.Why does Harrington think the“secial boad”theory may be wrong?
A.Wolves separate from each other after howling.
B.Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds.
C.Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howling together.
D.Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join in the chorus.
57.Reseatchers are sure that wolves often howl to______.
A.show their ranks
B.
C.repotr the missing ones
D.express their lonelingess
58.“Howling… is a contagious behaviour”(in the last paragraph)means_______.
A.howling is a signal for hunting
B.howling is a way of communication
C.howling aften occurs in the morning
D.howling spreads from one to another
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了有关狼咆哮的现象，咆哮是被观察到的狼群间的一种普遍行为，和其它动
物一样，狼是群居动物，一起猎食，咆哮是狼群间相互交流的一种方式，关系狼的咆哮有好几种解释，似
乎有很多的发现．一种理论是狼是如何更好地聚集在一起．他们似乎像是被打包在一起，也有点类似人类
在一起感觉到一种互相牵连的感觉，但这种观点好像是错的．有一些时候狼会在一起合唱，然后接下来彼
此争吵．狼为什么要咆哮，是一种加强社会联系和确认成员间的地位，咆哮常常是在群体里找到彼此，狼
的咆哮是有传染性的．
55．D 细节理解题．根据文章第二段的"One theory is that wolves howl to bend better together．It's almost
as if howling together helps the pack stay together．Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of
involvement with each other when singing a song together"可知，一种理论是狼是如何更好地聚集在一起，他
们似乎像是被打包在一起，也有点类似人类在一起感觉到一种互相牵连的感觉，咆哮常常是在群体里找到彼此，即归属感故选 D．
56．C 细节理解题．定位关键词"wrong"，根据文章第一段中"there have been tines when wolves have been
seen one moment howling in a exhorts，and the next，quarreling anions each other．"可知，这种观点好像是
错的，因为有一些时候狼会在一起合唱，但然后接下来狼群间会彼此争吵，再由"It appears that usually the
lowest-tanking menthes of the pack may actually be"punished"for"，可知，排名低的狼似乎还会受到惩罚，故
选 C．
57．B 细节理解题．定位"sure"和文章第四段的"what is clear"相对应，再由"is that howling is often used among
packmates to locate each other"可知，狼的嚎叫是狼在召唤同伴，故选 B．
58．D 猜测词义题．定位"contagious behavior"，从该词下文举的例子"When one wolf starts to howl，very likely
others will follow．"说明"contagious behavior"的意思的解释，可以看出 Howling…is a contagious behavior 意
思很可能是"howling spreads from one to another"的意思，即是一种传染行为，故选 D．
(2011﹒广东﹒阅读理解 B)
Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a
dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success.
According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less
than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly.
Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
However, it wasn’t all sweetness and light. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25%
of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably
that some of their body signals were just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it signals
aggression, while a dog doing the same signals submission.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behaviour. They are
learning how to talk each other’s language. It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk ‘dog’, and dogs can
learn how to talk ‘Cat’.
What’s interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn to
read each other’s body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than was preciously
suspected. Once familiar with each other’s presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet
each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together in the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom(梳理) each other.
The significance of this research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets----to people who don’t get along,
including neighbors, colleagues at work, and even world superpowers. If cats and dogs can learn to get along,
surely people have a good chance.
31. The underlined word swimmingly in paragraph1 is closest in meaning to______.
A. early B.sweetly C.quickly D. smoothly
32. Some cats and dogs may fight when_________.
A. they are cold to each other
B. they look away from each other
C. they misunderstand each other’s signals
D. they are introduced at an early age
33. What is found surprising about cats and dogs?
A. They eat and sleep together
B. They observe each other’s behaviors
C. They learn to speak each other’s language
D. They know something from each other’s voice
34. It is suggested in paragraph 4 that cats and dogs_______.
A. have common interests
B. are less different than was thought
C. have a common body langage
D. are less intelligent than was expected
35. What can we human beings learn from cats and dogs?
A. We should learn to live in harmony
B. We should knows more about animals
C. We should live in peace with animals
D. We should learn more body languages
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。通过科学研究表明猫和狗在一定的情况下是能够和平相处的。如果先收养猫并且猫不到 6 个，狗不到一年，他们就能顺利地和平相处。通过观察他们不能和平相处的原因是他们之间误解
了彼此的身势语而造成的。但有趣的是猫和狗能够相互学习彼此的身势语，这样他们就能和平相处。
31.D 考查推测词义。如果先收养猫并且猫不到 6 个，狗不到一年，他们就能顺利的和平相处。2/3 被
采访的家庭也表明这样的结果。
32. C 考查细节理解。根据第二段 while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason
for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.可知选 C。
33.C 考查细节理解。根据文章第三段 In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a
surprising behaviour. They are learning how to talk each other’s language.可知 C 正确。
34. B 考查细节理解。根据文章第四段中的 They can learn to read each other’s body signals, suggesting that the
two may have more in common than was preciously suspected.可知 B 正确。
35. A 考查推理判断。根据文章的最后一段可知，在动物王国，人们公认的猫和狗都能和平相处，何况人呢？
(2011﹒浙江﹒阅读理解 A)
One evening in February 2007 . a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a remote in Wales . She
got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path . That's when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a
train.Her Renault Clio parked across a railway line. Second later,she watched the train drag her car almost a
kilometre down the railway tracks.
Ceely's near miss made the news because she blamed it on her GPS device(导航仪).She had never driven
the route before .It was dark and raining heavily . Ceely was relying on her GPS. But it made no mention of the
crossing ."I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train ,"she told
the BBC.
W ho is to blame here ? Rick Stevenson ,who tells Ceely's story in his book When Machines Fail US, finger
at the limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, he says,
but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled with small problems. And it’s not
just GPS devices: Stevenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to
wireless key boards.
The problem with his argument in the book is that it’s not clear why he only focuses digital
technology,while there may be a number of other possible causes. A map-maker might have left the crossing off a paper map. Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention. perhaps the railway authorities are at
fault for poor signaling system. Or maybe someone has studied the relative dangers and worked out that there
really is something specific wrong with the CPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn’t say.
It’s a problem that runs through the book. In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an accout of the advanced
techniques that criminals use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars. He offers two independent
sets of figures on car theft; both show a small rise in some parts of the country. He says that once once again not
all new locks have proved reliable. Perhaps, but maybe it’s also due to the shortage of policemen on the streets.
Or changing social circumstances. Or some combination of these factors .
The game between humans and their smart devices is complex. It is shaped by economics and psychology
and the cultures we live in. Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be way a wiser use of technology.
If there is such a way, it should involve more than just an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines.
After all, we have lived with them for thousands of years. They have probably been fooling us for just as long .
41 .What did Paula Ceely think was the cause of her accident?
A. She was not familiar with the road.
B. It was dark and raining heavily then.
C. The railway works failed to give the signal.
D. Her GPS device didn’t tell her about the crossing
42.The phrase” near miss” (paragraph 2 ) can best be replaced by _______.
A. close bit B. heavy loss C.narrow escape D. big mistake
43.Which of the following would Rick Stevenson most probably agree with?
A. Modern technology is what we can’t live without.
B. Digital technology often falls short of out expectation.
C. Digital devices are more reliable than they used to be.
D. GPS error is not the only cause for Celery’s accident.
44.In the writer’s opinion, Stevenson’s argument is________.
A. one-sided B. reasonable C.puzzling D.well-based
45.What is the real concern of the writer of this article?
A.The major causes of traffic accidents and car thefts.B.The relationship between humans and technology
C. The shortcomings of digital devices we use.
D. The human unawareness of technical problems.
【解析】
文章是一篇故事类阅读，属于记叙文，主要讲述了一个因为导航仪出错误而引起的事故，告诉大
家现代的仪器也会出问题，不要过于依赖他们．人类对于很多技术并不是完全了解，需要加强学
习．
8．D．推理判断题．根据第二段 1 行 Ceely's near miss made the news because she blamed it
on her GPS （导航仪）可知 Paula Ceely 认为事故的原因是她的导航仪没有告诉她这里有十字
路口，故选 D．
9．C．推理判断题．根据第一段 One evening in February 2007，
a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a remote road in Wales．She got ou
t to open a metal gate that blocked her path．That's when she heard the whistle sounded by th
e driver of a train．Her Renault Clio was parked across a railway line．Seconds later，
she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks．可知，他很幸运，
九死一生，没有被撞．故选 C．
10．B．推理判断题．根据文章第三段 We put our faith in digital devices，he says，but our digital
helpers are too often not up to the job．可知现代的很多装置经常不能符合我们的期望值．故选
B．
11．B．推理判断题．根据文章最后一段 If there is such a way，it should involve more than just
an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines．可知作者担心的是人类和科技的矛盾关系，
故选 B．
(2011﹒上海﹒阅读理解 C)
Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens
research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archaeologists( 考 古 学 家 ) says. I a letter
addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern”
about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human
remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision
means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural
significance.“Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether
after a standard period of two years or further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological
and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write.
The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so
bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary
extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.
The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk,
where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If
human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication
of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and
effectively destroyed.
Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and
historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured
archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.
Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely
patient because we wee led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot
wait any longer.”
The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be
kept.
72. According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because _________.
A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remains
B. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific research
C. it was introduced by the government without their knowledge
D. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains
73. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.
B. Human remains of the oldest species wee dug out at Happisburgh.
C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.
74. What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?
A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.
B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.
C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.
D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.
B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.
C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.
D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archaeologists warn.
【解析】
ＢＣＤＤ
本文是一篇关于考古话题的议论文。英国法律规定出土的文物要重新埋入地下，考古学家们认为这对考古
工作是有害的。
小题 1:归纳总结题。根据文章第二段和第四段可知考古学家们认为此项法律是不合理的，对考古工作也是
有破坏性的，故选 B。
小题 2:细节理解题。根据第三段第二句 Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them
more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.虽然时间延长了，但是这些人类的
遗骸还是要被重新埋起来，可知 C 项正确；根据第三段第二句可知 A 项说法错误；由第四段可知 B 项说法
错误；文章没有提到 D 项所叙说内容。
小题 3:判断推理题。由文章最后一段 The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be
reburied, or on what records should be kept.可推出司法部还没有对法律做出明确的规定，D 项说法正确；A
项说法与文章内容相悖；由第五段可知 B 项中的副词 only 绝对化了，不正确；C 项中的 in recent decades
说法有误。选 D。
小题 4:主旨大意题。从文章第一段的句子：Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to
science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading
archaeologists(考古学家) says. 可知法律要求出土的文物要重新被埋入地下，为此很多古代的秘密就不为人知了，故选 D。
(2011﹒上海﹒阅读理解 B)
Humpback whales
Blowhole dorsal fin
Pectoral fin
Humpback whales are sometimes called performers of
the ocean. This is because they can make impressive
movements when they dive. The name “humpback”, which
is the common name for this whale, refers to the typical
curve shape the whale’s back forms as it dives.
Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantastic
movement known as a breach. During breaching the whale
uses its powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its
body out of the water in a giant leap. A breach might also
include a sideways twist with fins stretched out like wings,
as the whale reaches the height of the breach.
A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of the
Water through two blowholes which are located near the top
of the head. It blows a double stream of water that can rise
up to 4 meters above the water.
The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towards
the tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back.
tail
flukes
Quick Facts
Size: 14m-18m in length;
30-50 tons in weight
Living: Open ocean and
shallow coastline
waters
Environment: From warm
tropical(热带的) waters,
where they breed, to
cold
polar waters, where they
eat
Diet: Shellfish, plants and
fish of small size
Hunting: Sometimes in groups, in
which several whales
form a circle under the
water, blowing bubbles
that form a “net” around
a school of fish. The fish
are then forced up to the
surface in a
concentrated mass.
Current state; endangered; it
is estimated that there
are about 5000-7500
humpback whales
worldwideother distinguishing features include large pectoral fins,
which may be up to a third of the body length, and unique
black and white spots on the underside of the tail flukes.
These markings are like fingerprints: no two are the same.
Humpback whales live in large groups. They
communicate with each other through complex “songs”.
69. According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale _____.
A. cannot survive in waters near the shore B. doesn’t live in the same waters all the time
C. lives mainly on underwater plants D. prefers t work alone when hunting food
70. To make a breach, a humpback whale must _____
A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the water B. twist its body sideways t jump high
C. blow two streams of water D. communicate with a group of humpbacks
71. From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ________.
A. has its unique markings on its tail flukes B. has black and white fingerprints
C. gets its name from the way it hunts D. is a great performer due to its songs
【解析】
69．B 细节理解题．根据文章右栏中的 Environment 中的内容"From warm tropical （热带的）
waters，where they breed，to cold polar waters，where they eat．"可知，humpback whale 在热带水域繁殖，
在寒带水域中觅食，故选 B．
70．A 细节理解题．根据文章第二段中的内容"Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantastic
movement，known as a breach．During breaching the whale uses its powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds
of its body out of the water in a giant leap"可知，有时驼背鲸在潜水时会有种意想不到的动作，称为"突破
"．在"突破"时，座头鲸会用它强有力的尾巴将自己身体的三分之二在一个飞跃到水的外面，故选 A．
71．A 细节理解题．根据文章第四段"The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towards the tail flukes about
two-thirds of the way down its back．Other distinguishing features include large pectoral fins，which may be up
to a third of the body length，and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tail flukes．These
markings are like fingerprints：no two are the same．"可知，座头鲸有一个较小的背鳍，大概是背部三分之
二靠近尾部的地方．它其他的特征还包括大的胸鳍，总长有全部身体的三分之一长，以及在尾鳍下方有一些特殊的黑与白的点．这些的特点有些像指纹那样．没有两条的驼背鲸有同样的标记．A 项说法正确，B
项错误；由第一段"The name"humpback"，which is the common name for this whale，refers to the typical curve
shape the whale's back forms as it dives"可知，起这个名字是因为当它要潜入水中时，会将背部提到一种典
型的曲线形状，C 项错误和"Humpback whales are sometimes called performers of the ocean"，驼背鲸有时称
为海洋的表演者，D 项说法错误，故选 A．
(2011﹒全国Ⅱ﹒阅读理解 B)
For those who study the development of intelligence（智力）in the animal world, self-awareness is an
important measurement. An animal that is aware（意识）of itself has a high
level of intelligence.
Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own
reflected image（反射出的影像）．Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying very little attention to the
reflected image. Only humans, and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins, have been shown to
recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.
Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self-reflection test. "We thought that elephants
were the next important animal," said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study
with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B．M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains, Reiss said, elephants
"seemed like cousins to apes and
dolphins."
The researchers tested Happy, Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put
an 8-foot-square mirror on a wall of the animals' play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what
happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror.
The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it, and to examine parts of their bodies.
Of the three, Happy then passed the test, in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She
could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long
nose.
Diana Reiss said, "We knew elephants were intelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way."
45. What can mirror tests tell us about animals?
A. Whether they have large brains.
B ．Whether they have self-awareness.
C. Whether they enjoy outdoor exercises.
D. Whether they enjoy playing with mirrors.
46. Why does the author mention apes and dolphins in the text?
A. They are most familiar to readers.
B ．They are big favorites with zoo visitors.
C. They are included in the study by Reiss.
D. They are already known to be intelligent.
47. What made Happy different from Maxine and Patty?
A. She used her nose to search behind the mirror.
B. She recognized her own image in the mirror.
C. She painted a mark on her own face.
D. She found the hidden camera.
【解析】
本文主要讲述了人类通过研究动物是否能够认出镜中的自己，即自己反 射出的影像来测试意识．许多动
物在这项测试中惨败，它们几乎没注意过那反射 出的影像．事实显示，只有人类和一些高智商的动物，
如猿和海豚，能够辨认出 镜中的影像就是自己．
45：B 细节题．由第二段第一句"Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in
the mirror"可以通过研究动物是否能够认出镜中的自 己，既是自己反射出的影像来测试意识． 可知正确
答案为 B．
46：D 推断题．由第一段第一句"For those who study the development of intelligence in the animal world，
self-awareness is an important measurement."可知，自我意识 是衡量智力的一个重要标准．而第二段"Only
humans and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins，have been shown to recognize that the image in
the mirror is of themselves."告诉我们只有大猩猩和海豚能像人类一样通过镜像测试，所以他 们是有较高智
力的，故正确答案为 D． 47：B 细节题．由第七段第一句"Of the three，Happy then passed the test，in which a clear mark was painted
on one side of her face．She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror，and she used the mirror to
touch the mark with her long nose." 可知 Happy 通过镜子看到自己脸上的图画，而 Maxine 和 Patty 没
有，故正确 答案为 B．
(2011﹒四川﹒阅读理解 C)
The pound new Library of Birmingham（LoB）will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting
the digitalization（数字化）of everyday life.
Set to open in 2013, the £188m LoB is already beginning to tale shape next to the Birmingham Repertory
Theatre, with which it will share some equipment.
As digital media（媒介）is important to its idea. the project is already providing chances for some of the
many small new local companies working at the new technologies.
Brian Gambles, the LoB project director, says it is about giving people the right tools for learning,“The aim
is to mix the physical with the digital. Providing 24-hour services which can be used through, many different
ways. It is important to enable us to reach more people, more effectively.”
The digital library will, he says, be as important as the physical one, allowing the distant use of the services,
making sure that it is never closed to the public.
Even before the LoB is complete, the public has been able to go online to visit the Virtual（虚拟的）LoB,
designed by Baden, the Birmingham virtual worlds specialists. Not only have the public been able to learn about
LoB, but the virtual one has also enabled those working on the LoB to understand the building and how it will
work before it even opens.
Two other small Birmingham-based digital companies are working on the LoB projects. Substrat, a digital
design company, is developing what it calls an example of an “enlarged reality” project. It is about the use of
an exciting smart phone, an important part of the which is the early stages of development is an online
library of figures of the city being built up by a content company in Cahoots, in which users with the encouraged
to add to and comment on the material.
Gambles says: “Technology will enable us to make the library’s and services open to citizens as sever
before.”49.The underline part “its idea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of____
A. the equipment B. the project
C. the digital media D. the physical library
50.While visiting the Virtual LoB, the public can_____
A. get a general idea of the LoB
B. meet more world-famous experts
C. learn how to put up a library building
D. understand how the specialists work on the project
51.Which of the following is true of the LoB when it opens?
a. It offers better learning tools
b. It reaches users in different ways
c. It provides users with smart phone
d. It allows users to enrich its material
e. It gives non-stop physical and digital services
A. a, b, d B. a, c ,e C. b, c, d D. b, d, e
52.This ext more from .
A. a put book B. a library guide
C. a handbook D. newspaper report
【解析】
BA AD
本篇文章为科普文章。文章报道了 Library of Birmingham（伯明翰图书馆）将会投巨资改建成一个全新的数
字化图书馆的事情。
小题 1:
词义推断题。通过分析单词所在的这个句子，可知 its（它的）指代的是主句中的主语“这个工程的”，its idea
便是指 the idea of the project。
小题 2:
细节理解题。根据第 6 段第 2 句“Not only have the public been able to learn about LoB, but the virtual one has
also enabled those working on the LoB to understand the building and how it will work before it even opens.”可知答案为 A。B、C、D 说法均有误。
小题 3:
细节理解题。根据第 4 段“it is about giving people the right tools for learning”， “which can be used through
many different ways”及第 7 段“in which users will be encouraged to add to and comment on the material”可
知。
小题 4:
推理判断题。文章首段便简明地概括了文章主题，全文体现较明显的及时性，这是新闻类文体的典型特征，
据此可判断文章应来源于一篇新闻报道。
(2011﹒福建﹒阅读理解 E)
The internet will open up new vistas (前景),creat the global village- -you can make new friends all around
the world. That,at least, is what it promised us. The difficulty is that
It did not take the human mind into account. The reality is that we cannot keep relationship than a limited
number of people. No matter how hard the internet tries to put
You in communication, its best efforts will be defeated by your mind.
The problem is twofold（双重的）. First, there is a limit on the number of people we can hole in mind and
have a meaningful relationship with. That number is about 150 and is set by the size of our brain. Second, the
quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest （投入） in then. We invest a lot in a
small number of people and then distribute what’s left among as many others as we can. The problem is that if
we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline （减弱）until eventually it dies
into “someone I once knew”.
This is not, of course, to say that the internet doesn’t serve a socially valuable function. Of course it does.
But the question is not that it allows you to increase the size of your social circle to include the rest of the world,
but that you can keep your relationships with your existing friends going even though you have to more to the
other side of the world.
In one sense, that’s a good thing. But it also has a disadvantage. If you continue to invest in your old friends
even though you can no longer see then, then certainly you aren’t using your time to make new friends where
you now live. And I suspect that probably isn’t the best use of your time. Meaningful relationships are about being able to communicate with each other, face to face. The internet will slow down the rate with which
relationships end, but it won’t stop that happening eventually.
72. What is stressed in the first paragraph?
A. The present situation of the internet.
B. The difficulty in communication on the internet.
C. The socially valuable function of the internet.
D. The role of the human mind in the internet communication.
73. The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “____”.
A. appointment B. connection C. interview D. agreement
74. According to the passenger, the author holds the view that____.
A. the internet fails to play so valuable a role in communication as it promised
B. the internet determines the quality of social relationships
C. the internet greatly increases the size of social circles
D. the internet communication is no less effective than the
face-to-face talk
75. What is the author’s attitude towards the use of the internet to strengthen relationships?
A. He is uncertain about it. B. He is hopeful of it.
C. He approves of it. D. He doubts it.
【解析】
DBAD(2012﹒重庆﹒阅读理解 C)
There is no better way to enjoy Scottish traditions than going fishing and tasting a little bit of whisky(威
士忌) at a quiet place like the Inverlochy Castle. When Queen Victoria visited the castle in 1873 she wrote in her
diary, “I never saw a lovelier spot. ” And she didn't even go fishing.
Scotland is not easily defined. In certain moments, this quiet land of lakes and grasses and mountains
changes before your very eyes. When evening gently sweeps the hillside into orange light, the rivers, teeming with
fish, can turn into streams of gold. As you settle down with just a fishing pole and a basket on the bank of River
Orchy, near the Inverlochy Castle, any frustration(烦恼) will float away as gently as the circling water. It's just
you and purple, pink, white flowers，seeking a perfect harmony. If you are a new comer to fishing, learning the
basics from a fishing guide may leave you with a lifetime's fun. For many, fishing is more than a sport; it is an art.
Scotland offers interesting places where you can rest after a long day's fishing. Set against a wild
mountain and hidden behind woodland, the beautiful Inverlochy Castle Hotel below the Nevis is a perfect place to
see the beauty of Scotland's mountains. Ben Nevis is the highest of all British mountains, and reaching its
1343metre top is a challenge. But it's not just what goes up that matters; what comes down is unique. More than
900 metres high, on the mountain's north face, lies an allimportant source of pure water. Its name comes from the
Gaelic language “usquebaugh ” or “water of life” ； and it is the single most important ingredient( 原 料 ) in
Scotland's best known drink：whisky.
64. The story of Queen Victoria is to show that ________.
A. the Queen is rich in tour experience
B. the Castle is a good place to go in Scotland
C. tasting whisky is better than going fishing
D. 1873 is a special year for the Queen
65. How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?
A. By giving descriptions.
B. By following time order.
C. By analyzing causes.
D. By making comparisons.
66. What is Ben Nevis special for?
A. The Inverlochy Castle Hotel.
B. The beauty of its surroundings.
C. The water from the mountain.
D. The challenge up to its top.67. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce Scottish traditions to tourists.
B. To show the attractions of Scotland to readers.
C. To explore geographical characteristics of Scotland.
D. To describe the pleasures of life in Scotland.
【解析】该篇材料介绍了苏格兰 Inverlochy Castle 的迤逦风光，既有地理风光，又有人文情怀。其写作目
的是向读者介绍这里的风土人情，吸引游客观光游览。
64. B 推理判断题。引用维多利亚女王的故事目的是提升其城堡的名望。
65. A 推理判断题。该段首句 Scotland is not easily defined(苏格兰很难定义)明示，该段材料使用的是
白描的手法，即通过详尽的描述来说明此地风光无限。
66. C 细节理解题。短文最后一段直接说明 Ben Nevis 的特产——酿造上等威士忌的优质水源。
67. B 写作意图题。该篇材料不惜笔墨描述 Inverlochy Castle 及其附近的风光，其目的显而易见：招
揽游客。
(2012﹒重庆﹒阅读理解 D)
To take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the Christians(基督教徒) have ever
cooked up. For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil (邪恶的). So when Columbus brought the tomato back
from South America, a land mistakenly considered to be Eden, everyone jumped to the obvious conclusion.
Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden, the tomato was shut out of the door of Europeans.
What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake，a plant that was thought to have
come from Hell (地狱). What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots which looked like a driedup
human body occupied by evil spirits. Though the tomato and the mandrake were quite different except that both
had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population considered them one and the same, too terrible to touch.
Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s
most_of_the_Western_people_continued_to_drag_their_feet. In the 1880s, the daughter of a wellknown plant
expert wrote that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at her father's house had been the “introduction of
this wonderful new fruit—or is it a vegetable ？ ” As late as the twentieth century some writers still classed
tomatoes with mandrakes as an “evil fruit”.
But in the end tomatoes carried the day.The hero of the tomato was an American named Robert
Johnson, and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820，people journeyed for hundreds of miles to
watch him drop dead. “What are you afraid of？” he shouted. “I'll show you fools that these things are good
to eat！”Then he bit into the tomato.Some people fainted. But he survived and, according to a local story，set up
a tomatocanning factory.
68. The tomato was shut out of the door of early Europeans mainly because ________.
A. it made Christians evil
B. it was the apple of Eden
C. it came from a forbidden land
D. it was religiously unacceptable
69. What can we infer from the underlined part in Paragraph 3?
A. The process of ignoring the tomato slowed down.
B. There was little progress in the study of the tomato.
C. The tomato was still refused in most western countries.
D. Most western people continued to get rid of the tomato.
70. What is the main reason for Robert Johnson to eat the tomato publicly?
A. To make himself a hero.
B. To remove people's fear of the tomato.
C. To speed up the popularity of the tomato.
D. To persuade people to buy products from his factory.
71. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To challenge people's fixed concepts of the tomato. B. To give an explanation to people's dislike of the tomato.
C. To present the change of people's attitudes to the tomato.
D. To show the process of freeing the tomato from religious influence.
【解析】本文介绍了西红柿被欧洲人视为禁果而长期受到敌视的历史渊源，而文章最后叙述的第一位在公
众面前食用该禁果的先贤 Robert Johnson 的壮举则让西红柿红遍全球。
68. D 细节理解题。第一段先谈及苹果被基督教徒视为禁果，而和苹果外观极为相似的西红柿一样被
欧洲人排斥。
69. C 推理判断题。该句前半部分中的 ignore 一词明示西红柿被视为禁果的现实，而该段最后一句则
强化了对此论断的佐证。
70. B 推理判断题。从勇士 Robert Johnson 对公众的质问句 “What are you afraid of？”及“I’ll show
you fools that these things are good to eat！”中可见其壮举的目的是为了让人们摒弃对西红柿的恐惧及偏见。
71. C 写作意图题。短文前半部分介绍了西红柿被视为禁果的原因，而最后一段则记录了 Robert
Johnson 食用所谓禁果的壮举，其写作目的是介绍人们对西红柿态度转变的历史过程。
(2012﹒浙江﹒阅读理解 A)
Easter(复活节)is still a great day for worship, candy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs, but
every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.
And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. The culprit is climate change, and some researchers
found that rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.
Take the Lower Keys Marsh rabbit, for instance. An endangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys,
this species of cottontail is a great swimmer—it lives on the islands！—but it is already severely affected by
development and now by rising sea levels. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, an ocean level rise of
only 0.6 meters will send these guys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9meter rise would wipe out their
habitat(栖息地)completely.
The snowshoe hare, on the other hand, has a color issue. Most of these rabbits change their fur color from
white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators(捕食者).
As the number of days with snow decreases all across the country, however, more and more bunnies are being left
in white fur during brown dirt days of both fall and spring, making them an easier mark for predators. Researchers
know that the color change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight, but whether the rabbit will be able to
adapt quick enough to survive is a big question. The National Wildlife Federation has reported that hunters have
noticed their numbers are already markedly down.
American pikas or rock rabbits, a relative of rabbits and hares, might be the first of these species to go extinct
due to climate change. About 78 inches long, pikas live high in the cool, damp mountains west of the Rocky
Mountains. As global temperatures rise, they would naturally migrate(迁移) to higher ground—but they already
occupy the mountaintops. They can't go any higher. The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not
be able to stand the new temperatures as their habitat heats up.
The volcano rabbit has the same problem. These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico, and recent
studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters, but there are
not suitable plants for them to move higher, so they are stuck in the middle. Scientists are concerned about their
populations.
Native to the US, pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West. They are believed
to be the smallest rabbits in the world. Their habitats have been destroyed by development. Several populations,
such as the Columbia Basin pygmy, almost went extinct and were saved by zoo breeding programs. Pygmy
rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnels through the snow to escape predators, but lesser snowfall is
leaving them exposed.
All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a giant bunny costume this Easter.
41．The writer mentions Easter at the beginning of the passage in order to ________.
A．show the importance of Easter Day
B．introduce the issue about bunniesC．remind people of Easter traditions
D．discuss the relationship between Easter and bunnies
42．The word “culprit”(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to ________.
A．criminal B．judge
C．victim D．producer
43 ． According to the passage, some rabbits can now be easily discovered by predators because they
________.
A．are exposed to more skillful hunters
B．have moved to habitats with fewer plants
C．haven't adapted themselves to climate change
D．can't change their fur color into white in the fall and the spring
44．The problem faced by volcano rabbits and rock rabbits is that ________.
A．both are affected by less snow
B．both are affected by rising sea levels
C．neither can find enough food
D．neither can migrate to higher places
45．Which best describes the writer's tone in the passage?
A．Approving. B．Concerned.
C．Enthusiastic. D．Doubtful.
【解析】复活节的兔子，本应该是很喜庆的动物，但是现状却是由于气候变化，很多兔子面临着灭绝的危
险，那么它们到底有着怎么样的困境呢？让我们读文章去了解一下吧。
41. B 推理判断题。从文章第一段…gets quite a bit worse for bunnies 和第二段 And no, not because the
kids like…等知，第一段提到复活节的目的在于引出下文中关于兔子的话题，故应该选 B 项。
42. A 词义猜测题。从文章第二段 And no, not because the kids like…和…is climate change…，以
及下文多次提到的兔子们遭受到的困境可知，这里 culprit 表示“罪魁祸首，灾难制造者”的含义，所以词
义同 A 项。
43. C 推理判断题。从第二段知，受气候的影响，兔子们遇到了困境。比如第三段提到的 Lower Keys
Marsh rabbit(湿地兔)和第四段提到的 the snowshoe hare(雪兔)都反映出它们对环境变化的不适应，这才是造
成它们受困的原因，所以选 C 项。
44. D 细 节 理 解 题 。 从 第 五 段 …they would naturally migrate( 迁 移 ) to higher ground—but
they…They can’t go any higher…和第六段…but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher…知，这
两种兔子濒临灭绝的原因在于它们都无法进一步向高地迁徙。所以选 D 项。
45. B 观点态度题。从第一段…gets quite a bit worse for bunnies，以及全文字里行间作者对于兔子遭
遇的表述可以看出，作者对于有些兔子濒临灭绝的现状表现出了关心和担忧，所以选 B 项。
(2012﹒山东﹒阅读理解 A)
The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place. Now it is an ecological disaster area.
Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.
For thousands of years, Polynesian people lived on the remote island of Nauru, far from western
civilization. The first European to arrive was John Fearn in 1798. He was the British captain of the Hunter, a
whaling ship. He called the island Pleasant Island.
However, because it was very remote, Nauru had little communication with Europeans at first. Then
whaling ships and other traders began to visit, bringing guns and alcohol. These elements destroyed the social
balance of the twelve family groups on the island. A tenyear civil war started, which reduced the population from
1,400 to 900.
Nauru's real troubles began in 1899 when a British mining company discovered phosphate(磷酸盐) on the island. In fact, it found that the island of Nauru was nearly all phosphate, which is a very important fertilizer
for farming. The company began mining the phosphate.
A phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground; it is a stripmine. When a company stripmines, it
removes the top layer of soil. Then it takes away the material it wants. Stripmining totally destroys the land.
Gradually, the lovely island of Nauru started to look like the moon.
In 1968, Nauru became one of the richest countries in the world. Every year the government received
millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate.
Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they
used millions more dollars for personal expenses. Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem—their
phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing. By 2000, Nauru
was almost financially ruined. Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years
to repair the island. This will probably never happen.
56. What might be the author's purpose in writing the text?
A. To seek help for Nauru's problems.
B. To give a warning to other countries.
C. To show the importance of money.
D. To tell a heartbreaking story of a war.
57. What was Nauru like before the Europeans came?
A. Rich and powerful.
B. Modern and open.
C. Peaceful and attractive.
D. Greedy and aggressive.
58. The ecological disaster in Nauru resulted from ________.
A. soil pollution
B. phosphate overmining
C. farming activity
D. whale hunting
59. Which of the following was a cause of Nauru's financial problem?
A. Its leaders misused the money.
B. It spent too much repairing the island.
C. Its phosphate mining cost much money.
D. It lost millions of dollars in the civil war.
60. What can we learn about Nauru from the last paragraph?
A. The ecological damage is difficult to repair.
B. The leaders will take the experts' words seriously.
C. The island was abandoned by the Nauruans.
D. The phosphate mines were destroyed.
【解析】文章主要讲述了太平洋岛国瑙鲁如何从一个环境优美的天堂岛变成一个生态失衡、满目疮痍的小
岛。
56. B 写作意图题。由文章第一段的“Now it is an ecological disaster area. Nauru's heartbreaking story
could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.”可以看出，作者的目的是给
当前很多只注重发展经济而忽略环境保护的国家一个警告。故选 B。
57. C 细节理解题。从第一段提到的“太平洋上的国家瑙鲁岛曾经是一个美丽的地方”看出，瑙鲁岛
attractive；由第二段第一句以及第三段第一句可知，上千年来，瑙鲁岛的人们生活在偏远的小岛上，过着
平静的生活。故选 C。
58. B 细节理解题。由最后一段的“Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem－their phosphate
was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.”可以看出“磷酸盐逐渐减
少，开采殆尽”。由此可以看出，“磷酸盐的过量开采”导致了生态灾难。故选 B。
59. A 细节理解题。由最后一段的“Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions
of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. ”看出，是领导人不正确使用资金
导致了财政问题。故选 A。60. A 推理判断题。文章最后告诉我们：Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and
more than 20 years to repair the island，也就是说：瑙鲁岛上的生态损失弥补起来需要大量的资金和时间，即
选项所说的“修复起来很难”。故选 A。
(2012﹒北京﹒阅读理解 D)
Wilderness
“In wilderness (荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as
one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on
environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched;
more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the
subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发)brings to such landscapes(景观)is
real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store
carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that
wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid
all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth,
and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the
ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses
contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the
argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth
valuing above all others.
I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.
One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little
more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What
position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
67．John Sauven holds that ________.
A．many people value nature too much
B．exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
C．wildernesses provide humans with necessities
D．the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
68．What is the main idea of Para.3?
A．The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.
B．Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.
C．Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.
D．All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.
69．What is the author's attitude towards this debate?
A．Objective. B．Disapproving.
C．Sceptical. D．Optimistic.
70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?CP：Central Point P：Point Sp：Subpoint(次要点)
C：Conclusion
【解析】本文是一篇关于荒野保护的文章。作者从两个方面论述了人们的观点，并对于这一论题提出了自
己的看法。
67. B 细节理解题。作者在第二段中主要论述不应该开发荒野的观点，并通过 John Sauven 的视
角“and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real.”予以说明。所以正确答案应为
B。
68. C 细节理解题。作者在第三段主要论述可以开发荒野的观点，并通过 Lee Lane 的视角“But that
is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.”说明荒
野可以开发。所以选 C。
69. A 推理判断题。 作者从正反两方面对荒野开发进行了论述，谨慎地发表了看法，所以态度
比较客观，故选 A。objective 客观的；disapproving 反对的；sceptical 怀疑的；optimistic 乐观的。
70. D 文章结构题。 本文作者首先提出中心论点，然后从正反两个方面进行了论述，然后回到
自己的观点，最后对自己的观点做了进一步的阐释。因此 D 为最佳答案。
(2012﹒第四次月考)
A funny thing happened on the way to the communications revolution: we stopped talking to one another.
I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation.There
we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and…I became invisible, absent from the conversation.
The telephone used to connect you to the absent.Now it makes people sitting next to you feel absent.Why is
it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Every advance in communications technology is a
tragedy to the closeness of human interaction.With email and instant messaging over the Internet, we can now
communicate without seeing or talking to one another.With voice mail, you can conduct entire conversations
without ever reaching anyone.If my mom has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine.
As almost every contact we can imagine between human beings gets automated, the alienation(疏远) index
goes up. You can't even call a person to get the phone number of another person anymore.Directory assistance is
almost always fully automated.
I am not against modern technology.I own a cell phone, an ATM card, a voicemail system, and an email
account.Giving them up isn't wise, they're a great help to us.It's some of their possible consequences that make me
feel uneasy.
More and more, I find myself hiding behind email to do a job meant for conversation, or being relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn' t really have time to talk.The industry devoted to helping me keep in touch is
making me lonelier, or at least facilitating my antisocial instincts.
So I've put myself on technology restriction: no instant messaging with people who live near me, no
cellphoning in the presence of friends, no letting the voice mail pick up when I'm at home.
16．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?
A.The Advance of Communications Technology
B.The Consequences of Modern Technology
C.The Story of the Communications Revolution
D.The Automation of Modern Communications
17．The sentence “Now it makes people sitting next to you feel absent” means that _________.
A．the people sitting beside you have to go away to receive phone call
B．you can hardly get in touch with the people sitting beside you
C．modern technology makes it hard for people to have a facetoface talk
D．people can now go to work without going to the office
18．The writer feels that the use of modern communications is _________.
A．satisfying B．encouraging
C．disappointing D．embarrassing
19．The passage implies that ________.
A．modern technology is bridging people
B．modern technology is separating people
C．modern technology is developing too fast
D．modern technology is interrupting our communication
20．What does the underlined word “facilitating” mean?
A．加深 B．限制
C．帮助 D．装备
【解析】 本文主要论述现代技术的消极影响——现代技术的使用在疏远人与人之间的距离。
16. B 主旨大意题。本文主要论述了现代技的影响。
17. C 句意理解题。第一段作者提出：通讯革命使我们不再面对面地交谈；第二段作者举自己生活的
一例来予以说明； 第三段作者感慨“Now it makes people sitting next to you feel absent”，即其意应为：现在
技术使人们很难有面对面的交谈。故选 C 项。
18. D 推理判断题。根据第五段可知，作者并不反对现代技术，也认为它极有帮助，只是某一些结果
让他感到不安，比如第二段中他所举的生活例子。由此判断他会认为使用现代技术有时令人感到尴尬，故
选 D 项。
19. B 推理判断题。根据第四段可推断现代技术正在疏远人们之间的关系，故选 B 项。
20. A 词义猜测题。画线词所在的这一段主要在讲述现代技术对他的消极影响，因此他才决定限制自己对
现代技术的使用。由此判断画线词应意为“加深”，即：加重他的不爱交际的天性。故选 A 项。
(2013﹒重庆·阅读理解 C)
Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was
invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.
The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence
suggests that wheels for transport didn't become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did
a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.
But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road
surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been
no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.
In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层) of large stones covered
with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road
surface became a reality. At around the same lime, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being,
followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the
appearance of tarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.
64. What might explain why transport wheels didn't become popular for some time?
A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.
B. Humans carried farming tools just as well.
C. Animals were a good means of transport.
D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.
65. What do we know about road design from the passage?
A. It was easier than wheel design.
B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.
C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.
D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.
66. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?
A. By giving examples.
B. By making comparisons.
C. By following time order.
D. By making classifications.
67. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The beginning of road design.
B. The development of transport wheels.
C. The history of public transport.
D. His invention of fast-moving vehicles.
【解析】
64. C。推理判断题。题干关键词为 didn’t become popular，定位第二段。根据 This could be because animals
did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.（这或许是因为动物在拉运农具人们的
方面做得不错。）可知由于当时动物使用的方便让轮子没能够普及。
65. D。推理判断题。难度：较难。根据题干关键词 road design，定位第 3 段 There had been no important
changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.（在现代道路设计之前，轮子和
交通工具的设计都没有重大变化）。第 4 段接着讲述了随着道路设计的进步，各种新型的轮子(包括充气轮
胎)随之发展，而且也促进了车辆的发展。由此可知，道路设计的发展促进了车轮的发展。
66. C。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第四段时间数字，In the mid-1700s、in the 1820s、in 1846、in 1967，
只有 C 项符合。
67. B。主旨大意。难度：中等。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响，故选 C 项。(2013﹒浙江·阅读理解 B)
Below is a selection from a popular science book.
If blood is red, why are veins (静脉) blue?
Actually, veins are not blue at all. They are more of a clear, yellowish colour. Although blood
looks red when it's outside the body, when it's sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin, it's
more of a dark reddish purple colour. At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red
light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison.
Which works harder, your heart or your brain?
That kind of depends on whether you are busy thinking or busy exercising. Your heart works up
to three times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a
supertanker. But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when you’re sitting
still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five tunes as
much blood to feed it.
Why do teeth fall out, and why don't they grow back in grown-ups?
Baby (or "milk") teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult
teeth later on. Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by
bacteria. Once this second set of teeth has grown in, you're done. When they're gone, they’re
gone. This is because nature figures you're set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth
switches off.
Do old people shrink as they age?
Yes and do. Many people do get shorter as they age. But, when they do, it isn't because they're
shrinking all over. They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved
due to disuse and the effects, of gravity ( 重 力 ). Many (but not all) men and women do lose
height as they get older. Men lose an average of 3-4 cm in height as they age, while women may
lose 5 cm or more. If you live to be 200 years old, would you keep shrinking till you were, like 60
cm tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people don't really shrink! It is not that they are
growing backwards 一 their legs, arms and backbones getting shorter. When they do get
shorter, it's because the spine has shortened a little. Or, more often, become more bait and
curved.
Why does spinning make you dizzy (眩晕的)?
Because your brain gets confused between what you're seeing and what you're feeling. The brain
senses that you’re spinning using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your inner ear,
which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable. But when you
suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks you're moving while
you're Dot!
Where do feelings and emotions come from?
Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system. All mammals have this brain
area — from mice to dogs, cats, and humans. So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain
and pleasure. But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more
complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?
Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them. And as far as your body is concerned, it’s
"use it, or lost it”! It's not that exercise makes you healthy; it's more that a lack of exercise leaves
your body weak and easily affected by disease.
46. What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?
A. Blue. B. Light yellow.
C. Red. D. Dark reddish purple.
47. Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?
A. Because their spine is in active use.
B. Because they are more easily affected by gravity.
C. Because they keep growing backwards.
D. Because their spine becomes more bent.
48. Which of the following statements about our brain is true?
A. In the long run, our brain probably works harder than our heart.
B. When our brain senses the spinning, we will fell dizzy.
C. The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.
D. Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.
49. What is the main purpose of the selection?
A. To give advice on how to stay healthy.
B. To provide information about our body.
C. To challenge new findings in medical research.
D. To report the latest discoveries in medical science.
【解析】
46.D． 细节理解题。从第三段第二行 when it\s sitting in the vein near the surface of the shin, it\s more of a dark
reddish purple colour. 可知选项 D 正确
47.D． 细节理解题。从第九段的 when they do get shorter, it’s not because the spine has shortened a little. Or
more often, become more bent and curved.可知老年人变矮不是因为他们的脊柱变短，更多的原因是因为他
们的脊柱变弯曲。所以 D 选项正确。A 选项的内容文中没有提及；B 选项不符合文中的内容 They simply lose
height as their spine（脊柱）becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity（重力）；
C 选项的内容与文中的描述相反。
48.A． 细节理解题。从文中 but in the long run,, your brain probably tips it, because even when you’re sitting still
your brain is using twice as much as energy as your heart,可知选项 A 正确。
第十一段的第一句就说明了人感到眩晕的原因是因为大脑分不清我们所看到的和所想的东西，排除 B；从
第十三段的描述 but since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex
emotions than any other animals on the planet.可知 C 选项错误；从第十二段的副标题和十三段的第一句
mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system 可知 D 选项错误。
49.B． 主旨大意题。从文章的副标题可知这篇文章解释了七个我们既熟悉又陌生的有关人体知识的问题，所以选项 B 正确，A、C 和 D 选项在文中均没有提及。
(2013﹒天津·阅读理解 B)
Us, night's meteor ( 流 星 ) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers.
According to Gabe Rothschild. Emerald Valley's mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy
telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky What they found instead
was a sky so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.
"My family was so frustrated." admitted town resident Daune Cosby.” We wanted to make this an unforgettable
family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”
Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decade,
They say that light pollution prevents from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.
They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.
There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light
pollution. This population consist of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects
migrating( 迁 徙 的 ) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100 million birds a year
throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”
Countless more animal casualties( 伤 亡 ) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the
benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful to humans, too. They worry that
exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person's chances of getting cancer.
Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years.
Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell
Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off
lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.
41. It happened last night that ______.
A. the city's lights affected the meteor watching
B. the meteors flew past before being noticed
C. the city light show attracted many people
D. the meteor watching ended up a social outing
42. What do the astronomers complain about?
A. Meteor showers occur less often than before.
B. Their observation equipment is in poor repair.
C. Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.
D. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting
43. What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?
A. Birds may take other migration paths.
B. Animals' living habits may change suddenly.
C. Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced.
D. Animals' survival is threatened by outdoor lighting.
44. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff. Arizona are put into effect to
A. lessen the chance of getting cancer
B. create an ideal observation conditionC. ensure citizens a good sleep at night
D. enable all creatures to live in harmony
45. What message does the author most want to give us?
A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.
B. Great efforts should be made to save energy.
C. Human activities should be environmentally friendly.
D. New equipment should be introduced for space study.
【解析】
41. A。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词 last night 快速定位第一段。根据第一段最后一句可知
“城市的夜空被灯点缀的是如此明亮以至于暗淡了头上飞过的流星的光亮，因此影响了人们观星”。所以
可以推出 A 是正确选项。
42. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词 astronomers 快速定位第三段。根据 they say that light
pollution prevents them from seeing objects … they could see quite easily in the past.可以推断灯光污染问题一
直没有得到解决，这才是他们所抱怨的。其他选项原文根本没有提到，属于无中生有的。
43. D。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干快速定位第四段。第四段驻澳讲述了灯光污染对于鸟类、蝙蝠、
青蛙、蛇等的影响，尤其严重影响你鸟类的迁徙，最后一句话“每年北美大约有一亿的鸟在与被灯光点缀
的建筑物或是高塔的撞击中死亡”因此可以推断 D 选项是正确的。
44. B。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干中的大写 Flagstaff, Arizona 快速定位文章最后一段…Flagstaff,
Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory 可
知推行此规定的目的是为天文学家更好的观察服务的。
45. C。推理判断作者意图题。难度：较难。文章主要讲的是灯光污染给人类和其它生物带来的影响，而灯
光的直接造成原因就是人类本身，因此作者写本文主要是要告知人们人类的活动应该要注意环保。其它三
项的内容均与本文无关。
(2013﹒四川·阅读理解 E)
Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the
cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their
hearts are contracting( 收 缩 ) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the
heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds
to the fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brington and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way
in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr
Garfinkel said, “The study showed fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is
relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain
influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our
feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said. “We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is death with and ways that it could be reduced,
we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be
suffering from serious stress disorder.”
47. What is the finding of the study?
A. One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B. Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C. Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D. One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
48. The study was carried out by analyzing _________.
A. volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures.
B. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions.
C. volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.
D. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication.
49. Which of the following is closet in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6?
A. Order. B. System. C. Machine. D. Treatment.
50. This study may contribute to ________.
A. treating anxiety and stress better.
B. explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety.
C. finding the key to the heart-brain communication.
D. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads.
【解析】
47.A。细节理解题。难度：较易。题干关键词 finding，定位第一段第一句 according to a study that has found
a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear（依据研究，发现：心跳循
环与人感知恐惧是有关联的）。锁定选项 A。One’s heart affects how he feels fear（人的心脏影响他对恐惧的
感知）。
48.C。细节理解题。难度：较难。题干关键词 carried out。定位文章对实验的介绍在 3-6 段。找到 Para.4. The
study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.（这项
研究对 20 名健康的志愿者试验了当他们看到恐惧面孔图片时的反应）以及 Para.5. the scientists also used a
brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
（为了演示大脑是如何影响心脏改变人对恐惧的感知方式，科学家们还使用扫描仪)。因此。选项 C。
volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans.（志愿者们对恐惧图片的反应以及来
自大脑扫描仪的数据）。
49.B。词义推测题。难度：较难。由题干的 mechanism 定位文章 Para.6,找到此词所在的句子，这个词后面
的句子就是答案。We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain ‘speak’ to each
other to change our feelings and reduce fear 翻译 mechanism 后面的句子：通过这个 mechanism，心脏和大
脑可以相互“交流”以便于改变我们的感觉减少恐惧。因此，mechanism 是心脏与大脑交流的一个完整系
统，而不是“命令、机器以及治疗”。
50.A。细节判断题。难度：较易。题干关键词 contribute to（有助于）。定位文章的末段。根据 we may be able
to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from
serious stress disorder.（我可以能够更成功地治疗忧虑症，还可以治疗那些可能正遭受应激障碍疾病痛苦的
患者）。锁定答案选项 A. treating anxiety and stress better. （更好地治疗忧虑症和应激障碍）。(2013﹒上海·阅读理解 C)
A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The
mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech systems. Designed to do what a fly does
naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform
controlled flight tasks.
“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of
individual components(元件), ”said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on
the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the
components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the
shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.
They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just
moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually
has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight
device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the
project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.
While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a
built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or
on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.
Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power,
sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. “You can start thinking
about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult
with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open
interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.”
72. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that ________.
A. they had no model in their mind
B. they did not have sufficient time
C. they had no ready-made components
D. they could no assemble the components
73. It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly_________.
A. consists of a flight device and a control system
B. can just fly in limited areas at the present time
C. can collect information from many sources
D. has been put into wide application
74. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?
A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.
B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.
C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.
D. Wood’s design can replace animals in some experiments.75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Father of Robotic Fly
B. Inspiration from Engineering Science
C. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect
D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study
【解析】
72. 答案：C.细节理解题。考生根据第二段最后一句 “The added difficulty with a project like this is that…可知
事实上那些元件没有一件能现货供应的，要理解 be off the shelf 的用法，所以选项 C. they had no ready-made
components 就是对本句的同义替换，故为正确答案根据文章第一段 Designed to do what a fly does naturally,
the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly.是有制作模型的，故排除 A。根据文章第二段“It’s extremely
important for us to think about …, ”the Harvard engineering professor who has been working ….可知选项 B.
they did not have sufficient time 他们没有充足的时间，不合适；而选项 D. they could no assemble the
components 他们不会组装元件是对原文的误解，并不是要组装，故排除选项 D。
73. 答案：B 推理判断题。题干要求在第三段和第四段来推测，所以根据文章内容 but then has to be matched
well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation,
sensing and control systems. 故选项 A. consists of a flight device and a control system 是片面的，排除；根据
第 四 段 so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the
battlefield.可知选项 C.中的 from many sources 应为 from many sites/places，故排除；选项 D. has been put
into wide application 的定位在第五段 Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could
have much broader applications.可知已经大量应用是错误的，故排除。纵观三四两段，尤其是第四段尾句
“Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.可推断出只有 B. can just fly in limited areas
at the present time 正确。
74. 答案：D 推理判断题。文章末段的 to study biology in ways…would be difficult with animals, but using these
robots instead 告诉我们这些机器人可以替代动物，故 D 项正确。考生注意的是，说明文末段尤其带有转折
关系的路标词往往是题眼所在。根据第四段 so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue
sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. 可知 A 选项错误，故排除。文章最后一段中指出“You can start
thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be
difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said.，并没有说：不允许拿动物进行生物实验，
故排除 B 选项。根据文章最后一段 Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and
control at insect-scale.及“So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are
really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.”可知以后会有更多的问题等待我们去探索，但并不是说过去在研
究昆虫飞行方面常常方法很少，故排除。
75. 答案：C 主旨大意题。本题考查考生理解全文、提炼信息、概括总结的能力。选择最佳标题，一般来
说，考生只有通篇理解文章传递的信息，才可能概括出全文的最佳标题。对比四个选项，A 选项意为“机器
人苍蝇之父”，文章的主题主要说明“机器人苍蝇”，故排除。B 选项“来自工程学中的灵感”与文章的主题“机
器人苍蝇”关系不大，故排除。D 选项“哈福大学在昆虫研究领域的突破”， 并没有点明主题“机器人苍蝇”，
故排除。C 选项既交待了“Robotic Fly” 又讲了与真实生活中昆虫的关系，所以争取答案为 C。
(2013﹒山东·阅读理解 C)
You can’t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet. That’s why he
created lampbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.
The designer says he come up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “once, I was
driving on a central Saint Petersburg street ad saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hide from the
rain. I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy(伞蓬)built into a street lamp.” he said.
The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor
which can open or close the umbrella on demand. Sensors( 传 感 器 )then ensure that the umbrella offers
pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining.
In addition to the rain sensor, there’s also a 360°motion sensor on the biberglass street lamp which detects
whether anyone’s using the lampbrella. After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed.
According to the designer, the lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the
pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting strike. Each lampbrella would offer
enough shelter for several people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger for the
tallest of pedestrians.
While there are no plans to take lampbrella into production, Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation
one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be installed on my street where a lot of people walk but
there are no canopies to provide shelter.
66. For what purpose did Belyacv create the lampbrella?
A. To predict a heavy rain B. To check the weather forecast
C. To protect people from the rain D. To remind people to take an umbrella
67. What do we know from Belyacv’s worlds in Paragraph2?
A. His creation was inspired by an experience
B. it rains a lot in the city of Saint Petersburg
C. Street lamps are protected by canopies
D. He enjoyed taking walks in the rain
68. Which of the following show how the lampbrella works?
A. motor→canopy→sensors B. Sensors→motor→canopy
C. motor→sensors→canopy D. canopy→motor→sensors
69. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella?
A. Its moving speed B. Its appearance
C. Its installation D. Its safety
70. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. The designer will open a company to promote his product
B. The lampbrella could be put into immediate production
C. The designer is confident that his creation is practical
D. The lampbrella would be put on show in Moscow
【解析】
66.C。细节理解题。难度：较易。根据第一段的 forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out
should result in you getting wet 以及后句的 That’s why…可知设计这款路灯的目的是防止淋湿路人。
解题思路：带有目的和原因的词语是题眼所在，例如本句 why 就是路标词，在第一遍阅读时要务必注意。
67. A。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第二段第一句 The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia 可见设计者是根据自己的经验有了想法，故 A 项正确。
解题思路：命题者往往把例子的具体细节作为陷阱，本题的干扰项就是如此，考生要从例子中跳出来。
68. C。细节理解题。难度：中等。根据选项定位第三段的第二行和第三行的 electric motor…
Sensors（传感器）then ensure that the umbrella 可知答案。做排序题时，考生一定要抓住时间的标志词，
如这里的 then。
干扰项排除：干扰项是 D 项， 因为此选项的顺序和第三段的三个单词的顺序一致。但不符合题干 how the
Lampbraela works?
69. D。主旨大意题。难度：中等。根据第五段中 cause harm to the pedestrian，to protected from possible lighting
strike，at 2 meters off the ground, only be a danger for the tallest pedestrians。根据这些信息可以确定本段主
要的问题是安全问题。故 D 项 Its safety 正确。
干扰项排除：A 项和 B 项中的外观和移动速度没有在本段提及，故排除。C 项的 Its installation 虽然在本段
的第三行有所提及，但并不是本段的全部信息，
70. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干要求，最后一段中 introduced his creation to，insists his creation
could be installed 都说明设计者觉得此项设计可操作，实用。故 C 项正确。
干扰项排除：末段只是提到 Belyaev says he recently introduced…并没有说他要成立公司，故 A 项错；B、D
项没有提及。
(2013﹒辽宁·阅读理解 C)
Mere is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tired. It sounds absurd. But a few
years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue
(疲劳).To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is
active，shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue
toxins (毒素）and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no
fatigue toxins at the end of the day.
So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort
as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired?
Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional (情感的）attitudes. One
of England’s most outstanding scientists, J. A. Hadfield，says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which we
suffer is of mental origin. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist,
goes even further. He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to
emotional problems.”
What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored， anger,
anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated - those are the emotions that tire sitting workers.
Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.
64. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?
Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborer’s blood.
Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work.
The brain could work for many hours without fatigue.
A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.
65. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?
Challenging mental work.Unpleasant emotions.
Endless tasks.
Physical labor.
66. What's the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ ideas?
He agrees with them.
He doubts them.
He argues against them.
He hesitates to accept them.
67. We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to _____ .
have some good food
enjoy their work
exercise regularly
discover fatigue toxins
【解析】
64.C。细节推理题。难度：较易。找到关键词 surprise，定位第一段。根据 Mere is an astonishing and significant
fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tired. It sounds absurd.（Mere 是一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实：仅仅
脑力劳动不能使我们觉得累。这听起来有点荒唐）。锁定答案 C。
65.B。细节判断题。难度：较易。找到关键词句 can make sitting workers tired，定位末段。根据 A feeling of
being bored， anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated - those are the emotions that
tire sitting workers（一种厌烦、愤怒、焦急、紧张、忧虑、不被欣赏的感觉，这些是使脑力工作者感到累
的情感因素）。因此，答案为 B。
66．A。态度判断题。难度：较难。这是一篇说明文，文章的主旨或者作者的态度一般在首末段体现。文
章的首段首句 Mere is an astonishing and significant fact（Mere 是一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实），作者的态
度是惊叹与赞同的；在末段，作者得出结论：We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the
body.（我觉得累是因为我们的感情在体内产生了紧张情绪）。因此，可以断定作者的态度是赞同的，而不
是怀疑、争论或者犹豫。
解题思路：判断一个人的态度或者性格，一定要关注文章中描绘它的形容词和动词等。如文中的
significant;declare;goes even further 等。
67.B。推理判断题。难度：较难。通过文章的大意结构图，我们知道在文中的第二三四段作者给我们分析
了科学家对致使我们劳累的因素进行的研究，在文中的末端得出了结论:不好的情绪致使体内产生紧张情愫
从而使人觉得劳累。因此答案为选项 B。enjoy their work（享受工作）。
(2013﹒江西·阅读理解 C)
Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active
exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this, or because they are not willing to
do the work, that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the
rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices
and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes.
Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person.
Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so great that it can be
accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
Most of the time we lack this energy. Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social
relationships that we are listening well, what we are usually doing is listening selectively. Often we have a
prepared list in mind and wonder, as we listen, how we can achieve certain desired results to get the
conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Many of us are far
more interested in talking than in listening, or we simply refuse to listen to what we don’t want to hear.
It wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly
listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的) In about a quarter of the patients I saw, surprising improvement
was shown during the first few months of psychotherapy(心理疗法), before any of the roots of problems had
been uncovered or explained. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, but chief among them, I believe,
was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to, often for the first time in years, and for some,
perhaps for the first time ever.
66. The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in paragraph 2 probably means _______.
A. preparing a topic list first B. focusing on one’s own mind
C. directing the talk to the desired results D. experiencing the speaker’s inside world
67. What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2 ?
A. How to listen well. B. What to listen to.
C. Benefits of listening. D. Problems in listening
68. According to the author , in communication people tend to ________.
A. listen actively B. listen purposefully
C. set aside their prejudices D. open up their inner mind
69. According to the author , the patients improved mainly because _______.
A. they were taken good care of. B. they knew they were truly listened to.
C. they had partners to talk to. D. they knew the roots of problems.
70. What type of writing the article likely to be ?
A. Science fiction B. A news report. C. A medical report. D. Popular science
【解析】
66 D。细节理解题。难度: 中等。由第二段 Bracketing includes …, to experience as far as possible someone
else’s world from the inside 可知：这个短语其实就是对此句的转化表述，上下文都在围绕专注于聆听着要
专注于说话者，让说话者感觉到被接受，融入到说话者的内心世界。
67 A。判断推理题。难度：中等。第二段第一句“Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone
else.”是本段的 key sentence，真正的聆听要求专注于说话者，本段下文均围绕，解释如何做才是真正的
聆听，因此答案为 A 选项。
68 B。细节理解题。难度：难。根据题意，可以定位到第三段第二句“Even though … what we are usually doing
is listening selectively.”即使我们感觉我们在认真听，而事实是在交流中我们通常是在加以选择性聆听，所
以本题答案 B 为正确。
69 B。细节理解题。难度：中等。由路标词可以定位到最后一段最后一句“…but chief among them, I
believe, was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to ..”众多原因中，作者认为最主要的
原因就是病人知道他们被真正的聆听，故而答案 B 正确。
70 D。判断分析题。难度: 中等。本文主要是向人们说明作为一个真正的聆听者，我们不可以作为一个被动的接受者，而是要成为和如何做我们才能成为积极的真正聆听者，最后一段则通过实例说明真正的聆听
在心理治疗上的重要性。因此，本文是在向我们宣讲大众科学，所以 D 选项为正确答案。
(2013﹒江苏·阅读理解 C)
If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly
liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp
pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be
death.
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for
example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from
their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the
bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in
on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find
out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how
ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his
colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic
period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual
evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More
than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single
Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they
lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other
animals that caused the change.
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a
large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of
which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free.
In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎
物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.
61. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?
A. A twisted body.
B. A gradual decrease in blood supply.
C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.
D. A drop in blood pressure.
62. The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see ______.
A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends
B. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression
C. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies
D. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones63. Rothschild’s finding stated in Paragraph 4 ______.
A. confirmed his assumption B. speeded up his research process
C. disagreed with his assumption D. changed his research objectives
64. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______.
A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression means
B. gradually developed measures against the bends
C. died out because of large sharks and crocodiles
D. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it
【解析】
61. A。细节理解题。根据 the bends 可定位到首段。由 The consequence…is sharp pain and a bent body—thus
the name.可知答案，a bent body 和 a twisted body 是同义转换。由第二句的“…suddenly liberated by the
reduction of pressure.”可知这是说 the bends 的形成原因，故 C 和 D 项错，而 B 项文章没有提及。
62. B。推理判断题。题干中的关键词是 Rothschild’s study。由此可定位到第三段的前两句。根据 to find out
how widespread the problem was in the past 和 to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of
decompression 可知答案为 B。其它各项与 Rothschild’s study 没有关系。
63. C。推理判断题。第四段开始说到 he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils，接
下来又说 Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite。可见，他的实验结果和他开始的预测相反，
故 C 项符合。instead 是一个转换话题的标志词，一般为题眼所在。
64. A。推理判断题。由倒数第二段的 If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means…But that is not
what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.可知，Dr Rothschild 并不认可鱼龙的抗溶解进化途径。故 A 项符合。B
项文章没有提及；文章只是说 they have surfaced to escape a predator，并不是说鱼龙的灭绝是鲨鱼造成的；
D 项与 Dr Rothschild 的看法正好相反。
(2013﹒湖北·阅读理解 D)
The technology is great. Without it we wouldn’t have been able to put a man on the moon, explore the
ocean’s depths or eat microwave sausages. Computers have revolutionized our lives and they have the power to
educate and pass on knowledge. But sometimes this power can create more problems than it solves.
Every doctor has had to try their best to calm down patients who’ve come into their surgery waving an
Internet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer. The truth is usually
far more ordinary, though: they don’t have throat cancer, and it’s just that their throats are swollen. Being a
graduate of the Internet “school” of medicine does not guarantee accurate self-health-checks.
One day Mrs. Almond came to my hospital after feeling faint at work. While I took her blood sample and
tried to find out what was wrong, she said calmly, “I know what’s wrong; I’ve got throat cancer. I know there’s
nothing you doctors can do about it and I’ve just got to wait until the day comes.”
As a matter of routine I ordered a chest X-ray. I looked at it and the blood results an hour later. Something
wasn’t right. “Did your local doctor do an X-ray?” I asked. “Oh, I haven’t been to the doctor for years,” she
replied. “I read about it on a website and the symptoms fitted, so I knew that’s what I had.” However, some of her symptoms, like the severe cough and weight loss, didn’t fit with it—but she’d just
ignored this.
I looked at the X-ray again, and more tests confirmed it wasn’t the cancer but tuberculosis ( 肺 结
核)—something that most certainly did need treating, and could be deadly. She was lucky we caught it when we
did.
Mrs. Almond went pale when I explained she would have to be on treatment for the next six months to
ensure that she was fully recovered. It was certainly a lesson for her. “I’m so embarrassed,” she said, shaking
her head, as I explained that all the people she had come into close contact with would have to be found out and
tested. She listed up to about 20, and then I went to my office to type up my notes. Unexpectedly, the computer
was not working, so I had to wait until someone from the IT department came to fix it. Typical. Maybe I should
have a microwave sausage while I waited?
63. Mrs. Almond talked about her illness calmly because ______.
A. she thought she knew it well
B. she had purchased medicine online
C. she graduated from a medical school
D. she had been treated by local doctors
64. It was lucky for Mrs. Almond ______.
A. to have contacted many friends
B. to have recovered in a short time
C. to have her assumption confirmed
D. to have her disease identified in time
65. Mrs. Almond said “I’m so embarrassed” (Para. 7) because ______.
A. she had distrusted her close friends
B. she had caused unnecessary trouble
C. she had to refuse the doctor’s advice
D. she had to tell the truth to the doctor
66. By mentioning the breakdown of the computer, the author probably wants to prove ______.
A. it’s a must to take a break at work
B. it’s vital to believe in IT professionals
C. it’s unwise to simply rely on technology
D. it’s a danger to work long hours on computers
【解析】
63. A。推理判断题。难度：较易。第三段“I know what’s wrong; I’ve got throat cancer. I know there’s nothing
you doctors can do about it and I’ve just got to wait until the day comes.”可知病人自己认为自己已经得了
throat cancer；第四段“I read about it on a website and the symptoms fitted, so I knew that’s what I had.”意
即“我在网上查了，症状相符，因此我知道我得了（喉癌）”可知，病人自认为对自己的病“成竹在胸”，
所以选 A。B、C 选项文中未提及；D 选项和文中“Oh, I haven’t been to the doctor for years,”不相符，排除
D。
64. D。推理判断题。难度：较易。“很幸运的是 Mrs. Almond…”D 选项是“她的病得到了及时确定对她来说是幸运的”。作者否定了 Mrs. Almond 自己根据网上推断自己得了喉癌，及时指出她得了肺结核，六个月
可以康复，因此选择 D 选项。A 选项是“能接触到很多朋友是很幸运的”，文中有朋友是客观事实，并未
特别说明是幸运的事；B 选项说“很短时间会恢复健康”，而文中说需要 6 个月，不算很短的时间；C 选项
“假设被证实了假设”，假设是“她自认为得了喉癌”，其实是肺结核；假设本身不对，证实是肺结核。
65. B。推理判断题。难度：中等。Mrs. Almond 感到窘迫、不好意思，是因为她了解了自己得的是肺结核，
而不是喉癌，而她的坚持说自己得了喉癌的确给医生带来了不必要的麻烦，因此选择 B 选项。A 选项说她
打扰了她的朋友，文中未提及；C 选项说她拒绝了医生的建议，其实她听从了医生的建议；D 选项“她不
得不告诉医生实话”，其实她说了实话，这并不是她窘迫的原因。
66. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。作者从一开始就说科技有时会带来麻烦，通过对 Mrs. Almond 病情的诊
断又说明了不能依赖高科技；作者打算录入电脑名单是，电脑恰恰有坏了，就进一步说明了“简单的依赖
科技是不明智的”，所有选 C。
干扰项排除：A 选项“电脑工作中休息一下是必须的事”，恰好在医生想录入名单时休息，医生就想证明这
样的事？不符合整篇文章和科技有关的主题；B 选项“相信 IT 专业人员是很重要的”，医生等 IT 专业人员
来修理，也不知修的结果如何，作者只是说了一下，等人来修电脑，这和文章主题不相关；D 选项“长时
间在电脑上工作有危险”，医生也未说明电脑进行了长久的工作，故排除 D。
(2013﹒福建·阅读理解 B)
Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in
the city can't wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include.
" I'd use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,"
said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene.
The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said,
possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的) reality, a technology already available on smartphones and
tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one's surroundings. So, for example, if you
were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be
plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.
" As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isn't something anybody needs," said Sam Biddle, who
writes for Gizmodo.com. " We're accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things," he added,
"and the average consumer isn't gonna be able to afford another device (装置) that's hundreds and hundreds of
dollars. "
9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last
year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.
"It's just like smartphones 10 years ago," Weintraub said. "A few people started getting emails on their phones,
and people thought that was crazy. Same kind of thing. We see people bending their heads to look at their
smartphones, and it's unnatural," he said. " There's gonna be improvements to that, and this a step there. "
【解析】
60. One of the possible functions of the smartphone-like glasses is to ____.
A. program the opening hours of a bar
B. supply you with a picture of the future
C. provide information about your surroundingsD. update the maps and GPS in your smartphones
60. C。细节理解题。难度：中上。根据题干“functions”，定位第一段中 use the maps and GPS that the futuristic
eyewear is likely to include. 以及第二段中“going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,”可知；这款眼镜
可以为你提供周围的信息。选 C。
61. The underlined phrase "pop up" in the third paragraph probably means " ____".
A. develop rapidly B. get round quickly
C. appear immediately D. go over automatically
61. C。词义猜测题。根据题干，定位第三段：if you were walking down a street, indicators（指示器/灯）would
pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the
sidewalk in front of you.。在你沿着马路走的时候，眼镜上立刻会有指示灯出现，为你显示最近的咖啡店。
这是眼镜的 GPS 的功能，有生活常识推断 pop up 为 C.appear immediately。A. develop rapidly 快速发展，不
符合题意。B. get round quickly（消息）传开来；D. go over 后一般要加宾语。
62. According to Sam Biddle, the smartphone-like glasses are ____.
A. necessary for teenagers B. attractive to New Yorkers
C. available to people worldwide D. expensive for average consumers
62. D。细节推断题。由题干“Sam Biddle”定位第四段，We're accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do
all these things," he added, "and the average consumer isn't gonna be able to afford another device (装置) that's
hundreds and hundreds of dollars. "可知：这款眼镜上千美元，对于一般的消费者来说，承受不了。故选 D。
63. We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphone-like glasses ____.
A. may have a potential market B. are as common as smartphones
C. are popular among young adults D. will be improved by a new technology
63.A。细节推断题。第五段中 Seth 相信这款眼镜 will eventually be as common as smartphones，（将来最终
和智能手机一样常见。第六段则阐述智能手机当年也是如此，（但是现在智能手机很受欢迎）。It's just like
smartphones 10 years ago, 暗示这款眼镜和智能手机一样会很有市场。选 A。根据时态差异，排除 B。第五、
六段中都未提及它受年轻的成年人的欢迎，排除 C；也未曾提及新技术，排除 D。
(2013﹒北京·阅读理解 D)
Multitasking
People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The
findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students, indicate that many people
multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can’t
focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things,” said David
Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University of Utah.
Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they
multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or imperative (冲动)
they were. They then evaluated the participants’ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the
students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.
Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at multitasking, and
those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found
to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking
and impulsive behavior, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.
“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to greater productivity, but because they’re distractible, and
they get sucked into things that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.
Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the
research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’t find out whether people who start out less
focused toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of
multitasking.
The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted
driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley, another
researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they’re
dangerous.”
67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask ______.
A. seek high productivity constantly
B. prefer handling different things when getting bored
C. are more focused when doing many things at a time
D. have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time
68. When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research, they ______.
A. assessed the multitasking ability of the students
B. evaluated the academic achievements of the students
C. analyzed the effects of the participants’ tricky mental tasks
D. measured the changes of the students’ understanding ability
69. According to Sanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their ______.
A. limited power in calculation
B. interests in doing things differently
C. inability to concentrate on one task
D. impulsive desire to try new things
70. From the last paragraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually ______.
A. drive very skillfully
B. go in for different tasks
C. fail to react quickly to potential dangers
D. refuse to explain the reasons for their behavior
【解析】
67. D。细节判断题。难度：中等。题干关键词为 The research …indicates，定位第一段。People who multitask
all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests.可知：同一时间做多个任务
的人表现最糟糕。故 D.正确。
68. D。细节判断题。难度：中等。由题干可知，此题考查试验过程的内容，定位在第二段。第二句中 They then evaluated the participants’ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task …，可知：该团队用一个微妙的心
理 任务 来评 估 参与 者 的多 任务 操 作能 力 。第 一段 的 第二 句 The findings, based on performances and
self-evaluation by about 275 college students,…。可知：这些参与者是 275 名高校生。故正确答案为 A。
69. C。细节判断题。难度：中等 根据题干，定位第四段：“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to
greater productivity, but because they’re distractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important.”
人们一心多用不是因为这样做会大大提高生产效率，而是因为他们分心，他们做的事不是那么重要。inability
to concentrate on one task 意为：无法集中精力在一个任务。故选 C。
70. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。由题干定位最后一段，People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive
to risky situations，可知：一心多用者对于危险情况不很敏感，可推断他们有时无法对潜在的危险做出快速
反应，C 正确。
(2014﹒北京·阅读理解 C)
Choosing the right resolution(决定)
Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing
weight. However，setting weight lose as a goal is a mistake.
To reach our goal of losing weight—the output, we need to control what we eat—the input(输入). That is,
we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is
to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I'll stop
having dessert for lunch ， ” or “I'll walk every day for 20 minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a
wellspecified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.
Recently a new science behind incentives(激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example,
researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some
cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were
based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based
on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer's conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be
more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam, aside from general rules like “study
harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a wellset task over which they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it's easier
to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.
If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of
going to a cafe, for example. This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can measure your success
easily. Spending less money isn't a goal because it's too general . Similarly, if you want to spend more time with
your family, don't stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to,
like a family movie night every Wednesday.
In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.
63. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because ________．A. it is hard to achieve for most Americans
B. it is focused too much on the result
C. it is dependent on too many things
D. it is based on actionable decisions
64. In Roland Fryer's research, some students did better than the others because ________．
A. they obeyed all the general rules
B. they paid more attention to exams
C. they were motivated by their classmates
D. they were rewarded for reading some books
65. According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?
A. “I'll give up dessert.”
B. “I'll study harder.”
C. “I'll cut down my expenses.”
D. “I'll spend more time with my family.”
66. The writer strongly believes that we should ________．
A. develop good habits and focus on the outcome
B. be optimistic about final goals and stick to them
C. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits
D. set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output
【解析】本文是一篇科普类文章，从 2014 年美国人的减肥计划开始，一直谈到减肥成功的关键。由此，
作者引出 Roland Fryer 做的一项实验，该实验表明，当关注输入(开始)时，激励才发生作用。要想达到目
标，必须重视目标，而不是根据结果调整行动。
63. B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“…we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.”
和“…concentrating on the outcome.”可知我们失败或错误的根据是因为过分关注结果。
64. D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知 Roland Fryer 把 input(即阅读)和 output(考试结果)作
为两种激励变量，得到的结果是 input 的效果好于 output。故选 D。
65. A 细节理解题。根据全文内容可知，“losing weight”“results on exams”“study harder”“cut down on
your spending”“spend more time with your family”都强调结果，是太泛泛的目标，不易获取成功；而“control
what we eat”“stop having dessert” “ walk every day”“making morning coffee at home”“a family movie night”等
强调行动，是一种输入，所以更容易成功。故本题选 A。
66. C 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的“This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can
measure your success easily.”可知，作者实际上是建议人们采取能形成好习惯的行动来实现目标。故选 C
项。
(2014﹒广东·阅读理解 D)
Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流). Most do it using satellites and other
hightech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements
of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early
1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the
United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap_meets to try and match left and right
shoes to sell or wear.Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes—about 60 ，000 in total—fell into the ocean in a
shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the
company told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and
where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of
ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing( 海 滩 搜 寻 ) because winds and
currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a
lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected
reliable information on
1 ， 600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer programme
designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any
unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts,
with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes
to golf gloves.
41. The underlined phrase “swap meets” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”．
A. fitting rooms
B. trading fairs
C. business talks
D. group meetings
42. Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ________．
A. what caused the shipping accident
B. when and where the shoes went missing
C. whether it was all right to use their shoes
D. how much they lost in the shipping accident
43. How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?
A. By collecting information from beachcombers.
B. By studying the shoes found by beachcombers.
C. By searching the web for ocean currents models.
D. By researching ocean currents data in the library.
44. Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ________．
A. travelling widely the coastal cities of the world
B. making records for any lost objects on the sea
C. running a global currents research association
D. phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea
45. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution.
B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.
C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.
D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海洋专家 Ebbesmeyer 研究洋流的一种特殊的方法。41. B 词义猜测题。swap 意为“交换”。由相似表达 sports meet 可以推出 meet 的含义，再从文中“There
were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.”
可以确定答案为 B。
42. C 细节理解题。根据第二段的“He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back.”
可知 Ebbesmeyer 给制鞋公司打电话问他们还要不要收回这些鞋子，再结合下文“Ebbesmeyer realized this
could be a great experiment.”可知他打算利用这些鞋子进行研究。故选 C。
43. A 细节理解题。根据第三段的“…there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer
got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed.”可知
Ebbesmeyer 是从海滩搜寻者那里得到信息的。故选 A。
44. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“…Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with
questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean.”可知答案为 D。其中 call 对应 phoning，而
unusual 对应 doubtful。
45. C 写作意图题。说明文要注意主旨句在首尾段的情况，尤其要注意首尾段出现的 but 或者 however
等转折词，转折后是作者要表达的重点。根据第一段的“However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in
a special way－by studying movements of random floating garbage.”可知作者的写作目的是解释研究洋流的
一种特殊的方法。故选 C。
(2014﹒湖北·阅读理解 C)
Working with a group of baboons( 狒 狒 ) in the Namibian desert, Dr Alecia Carter of the Department of
Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a
box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task,
while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr Carter
presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did
not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the
brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the
experienced baboon did.
The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by
observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.
This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in
social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do
things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(认知的)
tasks not because they aren't clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social
information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If
some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don't associate with the knowledgeable
individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all
group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.
59. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The design of Dr Carter's research.
B. The results of Dr Carter's research.C. The purpose of Dr Carter's research.
D. The significance of Dr Carter's research.
60. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?
A. Those that have more experience.
B. Those that can avoid potential risks.
C. Those that like to work independently.
D. Those that feel anxious about learning.
61. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.
B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.
C. Some baboons observe others but don't follow them.
D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don't concentrate.
62. Dr Carter's findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ________．
A. storing information
B. learning from each other
C. understanding different people
D. travelling between social groups
【解析】 本文是一篇科普类文章。文章通过叙述 Dr Alecia Carter 在狒狒身上进行的一项研究显示，动物
的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用。勇敢的、急躁的狒狒乐于学习，而胆小的、安静的狒狒不乐
于学习。同样，人类也与此相似，我们的文化的形成正是通过交换信息等社会化的学习活动来实现的。
59. A 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“…Dr Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge
University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons
were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn
for themselves.”可知，本段主要描述她进行的这项研究的设计方案，也就是她在这项研究里是如何做的。
所以 A 项正确。
60. D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while
those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.”可知，那些很急切想学习的狒狒学
得更快、更好，而那些害羞的狒狒却没能做到。所以 D 项正确。
61. C 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while
those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.”可知，一些狒狒虽然观察了很长时
间，但是并没有采取行动。这说明性格在动物的社会行为中起着很重要的作用。第四段里的 mismatch 就是
指第三段最后一句“…while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.”的内
容。所以 C 项正确。
62. B 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的第一句“The findings may impact how we understand the
formation of culture in societies through social learning.”可知，人们是通过社会学习来理解我们文化的形成的，
也就是说人们需要相互交换信息、相互学习。所以 B 项正确。
(2014﹒江苏·阅读理解 C)
Most damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The
angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his
anger.Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific
expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary
culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer
regard duels( 决 斗 ) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting
behaviour on the part of another.
Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG(脑电
图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal(额叶前部) areas.
Behaviourally this corresponds to the general evenhanded disposition(意向) that most of us possess most of the
time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and, as a result of this,
we're likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions,
whether positive or negative.
Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most
negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things
that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more
likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive
anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.
This approachandconfront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry( 不 对 称 ) of EEG
activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy( 同 感 ) towards the
individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is
directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the angerinspiring situation.
61．The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________．
A．usually has a biological basis
B．varies among people
C．is socially and culturally shaped
D．influences one's thinking and evaluation
62．What changes can be found in an angry brain?
A．Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.
B．Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.
C．Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.
D．Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.
63．Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?
A．Approaching the source of anger.
B．Trying to control what is disliked.
C．Moving away from what is disliked.
D．Feeling helpless in the face of anger.
64．What is the key message of the last paragraph?
A．How anger differs from other emotions.
B．How anger relates to other emotions.
C．Behavioural responses to anger.
D．Behavioural patterns of anger.
【解析】 本文是一篇医学类说明文，介绍了人们生气的危害、不同原因、生气时大脑的状态以及其行为模式等。最后心理学家又分别对进攻型的愤怒和防守型的愤怒做了具体阐述。
61．C 推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句“The specific expression of anger also differs from person to
person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are
generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.”可知，表达愤怒的方式不尽相同，受生理、文化和社
会驱使的影响，故 C 项正确。
62．B 细节理解题。根据第三段中“But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas
aren't balanced …”可知当我们生气时，脑电图反映出在左、右前额叶脑区活动不均衡，由此确定 B 项正确。
63．A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object
of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in
order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.”可知，我们越生气，离生气的对象就越
近，这和心理学家提到的 offensive anger 相呼应，即越生气，就越接近生气的根源，故 A 项正确。
64．D 段落大意题。文章最后一段的前两句“Most positive emotions are associated with…negative
emotions, in contrast…”引领整段，介绍了生气的不同行为模式，故 D 项正确。
(2014﹒辽宁·阅读理解 A)
A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those
who use laptops(笔记本电脑)．
Students are increasingly using laptops for notetaking because of speed and legibility(清晰度)．But the
research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.
Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to
make notes “mindlessly” by taking down word for word what the professors said.
In the first experiment ， students were given either a laptop or pen and paper.They listened to the same
lectures and were told to use their usual notetaking skills.Thirty minutes after the talk，they were examined on
their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.
The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand.However，the
typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts.Both groups scored similarly when it came to
memorizing facts.
The researchers' report said，“While more notes are beneficial，if the notes are taken mindlessly，as is more
likely the case on a laptop，the benefit disappears.”
In another experiment aimed at testing longterm memory，students took notes as before but were tested a
week after the lecture.This time ， the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the
exam.
These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and
understanding，but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.
21．More and more students favour laptops for notetaking because they can ________.
A．write more notes B．digest concepts better
C．get higher scores D．understand lectures better
22．While taking notes，laptop users tend to be ________.
A．skilful B．mindlessC．thoughtful D．tireless
23．The author of the passage aims to ________.
A．examine the importance of longterm memory
B．stress the benefit of taking notes by hand
C．explain the process of taking notes
D．promote the use of laptops
24．The passage is likely to appear in ________.
A．a newspaper advertisement
B．a computer textbook
C．a science magazine
D．a finance report
【解析】 本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论用笔记本电脑记笔记和手写记笔记的优劣。作者认为手写记笔记
不仅更有利于立即记忆和理解，而且还有利于以后复习。
21．A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句以及第五段第一句“研究者发现笔记本电脑使用者记笔记的
内容是手写记笔记者的两倍”可知选 A。
22．B 细节理解题。根据第五段第一、二句“笔记本电脑使用者记笔记的内容是手写记笔记者的两
倍，但是在记忆和运用概念方面表现很差”可知选 B。
23．B 写作意图题。根据最后一段“两个实验表明，手写记笔记不仅更有利于立即记忆和理解，而
且还有利于以后复习”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是介绍手写记笔记的好处。
24．C 推理判断题。这是一项关于怎样记笔记更有效的研究，所以可能出现在科学杂志上。
(2014﹒辽宁·阅读理解 C)
Would it surprise you to learn that，like animals，trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth
to the next generation?
UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.Although
Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest，Simard shows just how wrong he
was.In fact，the_opposite_is_true：trees survive through their cooperation and support，passing around necessary
nutrition “depending on who needs it”．
Nitrogen(氮) and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi(真菌) networks，making sure that all
trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy.This hidden
system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons(神经元) in our brains，and when one tree is
destroyed，it affects all.
Simard talks about “mother trees”，usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend.She
explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation，transporting important minerals to young trees
so they may continue to grow.When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of these highly complex
“tree societies” or the networks on which they feed，we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.
“We didn't take any notice of it，” Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees
before dying，but we never give them chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry，we
could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.
29．The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees ________.
A．compete for survivalB．protect their own wealth
C．depend on each other
D．provide support for dying trees
30．“Mother trees” are extremely important because they ________.
A．look the largest in size in the forest
B．pass on nutrition to young trees
C．seem more likely to be cut down by humans
D．know more about the complex “tree societies”
31．The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to ________.
A．how “tree societies” work
B．how trees grow old
C．how forestry industry develops
D．how young trees survive
32．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Old trees communicate like humans
B．Young trees are in need of protection
C．Trees are more awesome than you think
D．Trees contribute to our society
【解析】 本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍 Simard 的观点：认为树与树之间相互合作和支持，传递相互需要
的营养来生存。
29．C 句意理解题。Simard 不同意达尔文“适者生存”的观点，Simard 的观点和达尔文“适者生存”
观点相反：树通过它们之间的合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存。故 C 项正确。
30．B 推理判断题。根据第四段前两句“…pass on the wealth to the next generation…”可推知 B 项正
确。
31．A 词义猜测题。这里 it 指第四段中 mother trees 运输营养给年轻的树，以便年轻的树能够继续
生长的树生态社会工作原理。
32．C 主旨大意题。Simard 认为树与树之间相互合作和支持，传递相互需要的营养来生存，这比我
们以前认为的“适者生存”的观点更令人敬畏。
(2014﹒山东·阅读理解 D)
How fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: an inventor is on the case. An electric
toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and it lets you track your performance on your phone.
The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this
week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth
wireless connection.
The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don't forget the insides of the teeth！) and make sure
you're brushing long enough. “It's kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a daytoday
basis，” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor.
The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for instance,
create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth.
“We try to make it smart but also fun，” Serval says. Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if
they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes”， but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he
needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features. The US
is the first target market.
Serval says that one day, it'll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has
a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush.
56．Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush?
A．It can sense how users brush their teeth.
B．It can track users' school performance.
C．It can detect users' fear of seeing a dentist.
D．It can help users find their phones.
57．What can we learn from Serval's words in Paragraph 3?
A．You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.
B．You should see your dentist on a daytoday basis.
C．You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.
D．You'd like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.
58．Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?
A．It can be used to update mobile phones.
B．It can be used to play mobile phone games.
C．It can send messages to other users.
D．It can talk to its developers.
59．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．How Serval found out his kids lied to him.
B．Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.
C．How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.
D．What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush.
60．What can we infer about Serval's children?
A．They were unwilling to brush their teeth.
B．They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.
C．They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.
D．They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.
61．What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?
A．The brush handle will be removed.
B．A mobile phone will be built into it.
C．It will be used to fill holes in teeth.
D．It will be able to check users' teeth.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍法国发明家 Thomas Serval 根据自己的经历发明了一款多功能的
电动牙刷。
56．A 细节理解题。根据第一段的“An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush…”
可知这个牙刷的功能特点。57．C 推理判断题。根据第三段可知，使用这款牙刷刷牙就好像牙医在指导着你刷牙。故选 C。
58．B 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知答案为 B。
59．D 段落大意题。本段内容讲 Serval 下班回家发现孩子们谎称刷了牙，但牙刷头还是干的，这激
起了他发明这款牙刷的想法。故选 D。
60．A 推理判断题。根据第五段的“They said ‘yes’， but Serval would find their toothbrush heads
dry…how well his children brushed.”可知孩子们是不愿意刷牙的。
61．D 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知将来这款牙刷会安上摄像机以检查牙齿上的洞。
(2014﹒陕西·阅读理解 C)
Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue
to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about eating may affect
weight. Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to
stop when their plate is empty or their favourite TV show is over.
According to Dr Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style.
They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be
squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are
actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that
Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to
shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and
eggs as well as highquality meats for each meal.
After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don't Get Fat, decided to write
about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to
stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating
habits. Today the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight—among adults is only 6%. However, as American
fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has
reached 17%—and is growing.
53. In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr Joseph Mercola?
A. They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.
B. They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.
C. They regard eating as a key part of their life style.
D. They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.
54. This text is mainly the relationship between ________．
A. Americans and the French
B. life style and obesity
C. children and adults
D. fast food and overweight
55. The text is mainly developed ________．
A. by contrast B. by space
C. by process D. by classification
56. Where does this text probably come from?A. A TV interview. B. A food advertisement.
C. A health report. D. A book review.
【解析】 本文是一篇科普说明文，大意是说美国康奈尔大学的专家的一项研究：美国人和法国人的饮食
习惯对各自的体重的影响。
53. C 细节理解题。根据第二段的首句可知法国人认为吃饭是他们日常生活的重要组成部分，故选
C。
54. B 主旨大意题。根据主题段——第一自然段的大意可知本文主要是说明生活习惯与肥胖之间的关
系，故选 B。
55. A 篇章结构题。通读本文可知作者是通过美国人和法国人的饮食习惯的对比来说明饮食习惯与肥
胖的关系，故答案为 A。
56. C 推理判断题。本文大意是关于饮食习惯于肥胖的关系问题，由此可知文章应该选自于一项有关
健康问题的报告，故选 C。
(2014﹒四川·阅读理解 E)
Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the
hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.
“Women tend to be social in their behaviour. They often share with others. But men lend to be competitive.
They are trying to improve their social status，” said Professor Ryan.
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our
body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.
But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during
negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive
relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.
Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.
Half of the participants(参与者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo(安慰剂)．
After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the
other material.
Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they
were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship
from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.
The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive
relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded, “Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's
abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behaviour differences between men and women
are caused by biological factors(因素) that are mainly hormonal.”
47. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?
A. Placebo. B. Oxytocin.
C. The gesture. D. The social status.
48. What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment?
A. Oxytocin affects our behaviour in a different way.B. Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.
C. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.
D. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behaviour differences.
49. Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?
A. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.
B. To know the differences between friendship and competition.
C. To know people's different abilities to answer questions.
D. To test people's understanding of body language.
50. The author develops the text by ________．
A. explaining people's behaviours
B. describing his own experiences
C. distinguishing sexual differences
D. discussing research experiments
【解析】本文是一篇科普类文章。文章通过瑞安教授所做的调查实验发现，荷尔蒙催生素能提高人们更好
地辨认不同的社会交往的能力；男女之间行为的差异主要是由荷尔蒙的生物因素引起的。
47. B 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 文 章 首 段 的 “Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why?
Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素)．”可知，男女之间行为表现的不
同是由于荷尔蒙催生素引起的。
48. C 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone
is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.”可知，在消极情绪的社会交往中，
我们身体也释放荷尔蒙。
49. A 推理判断题。根据瑞安教授所做的实验的过程及最后所得出的实验结论“‘Our experiment
proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social
interactions…’”可知，最近这次实验是想测试一下荷尔蒙催生素对辨认社交能力的效果，而结果证实了
荷尔蒙催生素能提高人们的这种能力。
50. D 推理判断题。文章是通过讨论所做的不同的实验而展开的，故选 D。
(2014﹒天津·阅读理解 B)
A world famous Canadian author, Margaret Atwood, has created the world's first longdistance signing
device(装置), the LongPen.
After many tiring booksigning tours from city to city, Atwood thought there must be a better way to do
them. She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004. Together they designed the
LongPen. Here's how it works: the author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板)
using a special pen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book.
The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(网络摄像机) and computer screens.
Work on the LongPen began in Atwood's basement(地下室). At first, they had no idea it would be as hard as
it turned out to be. The device went through several versions, including one that actually had smoke coming out of
it. The inventing finally completed, test runs were made in Ottawa, and the LongPen was officially launched at the
2006 London Book Fair. From here, Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans
in Toronto and New York City.
The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time. It has several other potential applications. It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign
contracts from another province. The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for
proof when legal documents are used.
“It's really fun，” said the owner of a bookstore, who was present for one of the test runs. “Obviously you
can't shake hands with the author, but there are chances for a connection that you don't get from a regular book
signing.”
The response to the invention hasn't been all favourable. Atwood has received criticism from authors who
think she's trying to end book tours. But she said, “It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to
before because the publishers couldn't afford it.”
41. Why did Atwood decide to invent the LongPen?
A. To set up her own company.
B. To win herself greater popularity.
C. To write her books in a new way.
D. To make book signings less tiring.
42. How does the LongPen work?
A. It copies the author's signature and prints it on a book.
B. It signs a book while receiving the author's signature.
C. The webcam sends the author's signature to another city.
D. The fan uses it to copy the author's signature himself.
43. What do we know about the invention of the LongPen?
A. It has been completed but not put into use.
B. The basement caught fire by accident.
C. Some versions failed before its test run.
D. The designers were wellprepared for the difficulty.
44. How could the LongPen be used in the future?
A. To draft legal documents.
B. To improve credit card security.
C. To keep a record of the author's ideas.
D. To allow author and fan to exchange videos.
45. What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?
A. Atwood doesn't mean to end book tours.
B. Critics think the LongPen is of little use.
C. Bookstore owners don't support the LongPen.
D. Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost.
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。如果你是一位著名的作家，需要到处签名的话，你会感到很累的。有了 LongPen，
一切烦恼皆无，快来看看 LongPen 是什么吧！本文主要介绍了 LongPen 的诞生、工作原理以及它的发展前
景。
41. D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句“After many tiring booksigning tours from city to city，
Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them.”可知 D 项正确。
42. B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Here's how it works…”可知下面的内容是描述 LongPen 的工作
原理的。根据下文“…the author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a special pen. On the receiving end, in another city, a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book.”可知 B
项正确。
43. C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The device went through several versions…inventing finally
completed…” 可知 C 项正确。
44. B 细节理解题。第四段中的第二句话“It has several other potential applications.”是解答本题的关键。
根据第四段中的第三句“It could increase credit card security…”可知 B 项正确。
45. A 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she's trying to
end book tours.”可知有些作家认为 Longpen 将结束 the book tours，但实际上 Atwood 并没有这个打算，因此
A 项正确。
(2014﹒浙江·阅读理解 C)
Last summer，two nineteenthcentury cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana，to be
moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco.The houses were made of wood.These cottages once housed
early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil；now they hold Twitter engineers.
The cottages could be an example of the industry's odd love affair with “low technology” ， a concept
associated with the natural world，and with oldschool craftsmanship(手艺) that exists long before the Internet
era.Low technology is not virtual(虚拟的)—so，to take advantage of it，Internet companies have had to get
creative.The rescued wood cottages，fitted by hand in the late eighteenhundreds，are an obvious example，but
Twitter's designs lie on the extreme end.Other companies are using a broader interpretation( 阐 释 ) of low
technology that focuses on nature.
Amazon is building three glassspheres filled with trees，so that employees can “work and socialize in a
more natural，parklike setting”．At Google's office，an entire floor is carpeted in grace.Facebook's second Menlo
Park camping will have a rooftop park with a walking trail.
Olle Lundberg，the founder of Lundberg Design，has worked with many tech companies over the years.“We
have lost the connection to the maker in our lives ， and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most
impoverished(贫乏的)，because they're surrounded by the digital world，”he says.“They're looking for a way to
regain their individual identity，and we've found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”
This craftbased theory is rooted in history.William Morris，the English artist and writer，turned back to
preindustrial arts in the eighteensixties ， just after the Industrial Revolution.The Arts and Crafts movement
defined itself against machines.“Without creative human occupation，people became disconnected from life，”
Morris said.
Research has shown that natural environments can restore(恢复) our mental capacities.In Japan，patients are
encouraged to “forestbathe”， taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure.
These health benefits apply to the workplace as well.Rachel Kaplan ， a professor of environmental
psychology，has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments.Her research found that
workers with access to nature at the office—even simple views of trees and flowers—felt their jobs were less
stressful and more satisfying.If lowtech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health
of employees then，fine，bring on the cottages.
50．The writer mentions the two nineteenthcentury cottages to show that ________.
A．Twitter is having a hard time
B．old cottages are in need of protectionC．early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana
D．Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology
51．Low technology is regarded as something that ________.
A．is related to nature
B．is out of date today
C．consumes too much energy
D．exists in the virtual world
52．The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings ________.
A．have destroyed many preindustrial arts
B．have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts
C．can become intelligent by learning history
D．can regain their individual identity by using machines
53．The writer's attitude to “low technology” can best be described as ________.
A．positive B．defensive
C．cautious D．doubtful
54．What might be the best title for the passage?
A．Past glories, future dreams
B．The virtual world，the real challenge
C．Hightech companies, lowtech offices
D．The more craftsmanship，the less creativity
【解析】科技的发展似乎让人们觉得我们已经不需要过去，而只要未来就行了。但文章中作者告诉我们，
越是高科技的公司，办公室越是原始和自然，正所谓“一张一弛，阴阳和谐”。
50. D 推理判断题。从第一段 were rescued from remote 和第二段的“…an example of the industry's odd
love affair with ‘low technology’…to take advantage of it，Internet companies have had to get creative.”可知，
作者提到这两幢 19 世纪小木屋得到了互联网巨头很好的保护旨在告诉我们，高科技公司需要从“低科技”
的原始自然中寻求发展的灵感。故选 D 项。
51. A 细节理解题。 从第二段的“Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释) of low
technology that focuses on nature.”推断知，所谓“低科技”其实是与自然息息相关的原始元素。故选 A 项。
52. B 段落大意题。 从第五段主题句“This craftbased theory is rooted in history.”并结合“The Arts and
Crafts movement defined itself against machines.”知，人类有珍惜艺术和手艺的传统，这深深植根于悠久的人
类历史中。故选 B 项。
53. A 观点态度题。 从最后一段的“…These health benefits…”和文章最后一句“If lowtech offices can
potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health…”等推断知，作者非常喜欢这种“低科技”，所
以持肯定和积极的态度。故选 A 项。
54. C 主旨大意题。 文章主要介绍了许多高科技公司为了有更好的发展灵感，引进一些所谓的“低
科技”的原始自然事物。故选 C 项。
(2014﹒重庆·阅读理解 C)
The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us
ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid—we simply weigh too much，and all our mass pushes down
through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk
Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of
several metres, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet. The lizard will take as
many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we'd need huge feet that we could
bring up to our ears in order to create adequate “hitting”．
But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to
water (and it does take a lot), you can create a “nonNewtonian” liquid that doesn't behave like normal water.
Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles(粒子) in the water group together for a moment to
make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across
the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.
Fun though all this may sound, it's still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in
practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink—and take a shower
afterwards!
44. Walking on water hasn't become a reality mainly because humans ________．
A. are not interested in it
B. have biological limitations
C. have not invented proper tools
D. are afraid to make an attempt
45. What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage?
A. It is light enough to walk on water.
B. Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.
C. It can run across water at a certain speed.
D. Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.
46. What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?
A. To create a thick liquid.
B. To turn the water into solid.
C. To help the liquid behave normally.
D. To enable the water to move rapidly.
47. What is the author's attitude towards the idea of humans' walking on water?
A. It is risky but beneficial.
B. It is interesting and worth trying.
C. It is crazy and cannot become a reality.
D. It is impractical though theoretically possible.
【解析】本文通过介绍一种被认为可行的水上行走方式来说明人类要实现在水上行走的可行性和难度。
44．B 细节理解题。从第一段第二句可知，如果没有其他的人为辅助手段，人在水上会由于受重量
太大而受到限制，最终会沉入水中。
45．C 细节理解题。从第二段可知 Basilicus basilicus 能在水上自由行走是因为它能快速拍打水面而
不至于弄湿身体。
46．A 细节理解题。第三段介绍了用一定稠密度的玉米粉末来增加水面厚度的方法，它可以使人类
在水上行走。
47．D 推理判断题。根据短文最后一段中的“…it's still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.”(这个方法还是很没道理，可以权当高级理论谈论但不宜付诸实施)，且最后说如果
有人一定要尝试的话，最好配备救生设施以防不测。由此说明用玉米粉末铺垫水面来行走理论上可行，实
际上却无法操作。
(2015﹒湖北﹒阅读理解 D)
The oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.
First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main
question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms
out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭
蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the
International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”
On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts
has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can
watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station
residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air,
the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around
you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.
Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even
before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Meanwhile your eyes are
telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.”
Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky
signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.
Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance,
astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as
much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and,
more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it
would take to make a round-trip to Mars.
63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep position
B. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag
C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly
D. Finding a right time to go to sleep.
64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.
A. the y circle around on their bikes
B. they use microcomputers without a stop
C. they exercise in one place for a long time
D. they watch a movie while pedaling
65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.
A. their senses stop working
B. they have to stand up straight
C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly
D. whether they are able to go back to the station
66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.
A. how much exercise they do on the station
B. how they can remain healthy for long in space
C. whether they can recover after returning home
D. whether they are able to go back to the station
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉时，对宇航员
来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航
员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担
心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。
63.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position
presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。
故选 A 项。
64. C 细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一
个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选 C 项。
65. D 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are
telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知
宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选 D 项。
66.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and
the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two
things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇
航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选 B 项。
(2015﹒北京﹒阅读理解 C)
Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a
window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300
feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a
simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life
alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”
And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you
might think.
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a
straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original
path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an
object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.
But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass
through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different
from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it ----you see the things behind it.
To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.
Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of
light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from
scattering.
Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each
at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.
Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or
extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a
large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it .
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different
tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform.
But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying
transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.
63. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______.
A. stay in groups B. can be easily damaged
C. appear only in deep ocean D. are beautiful creatures
64. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________.
A. silently B. gradually
C. regularly D. completely
65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.
A. change the direction of light travel
B. gather materials to scatter light.
C. avoid the absorption of light
D. grow bigger to stop light.
66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.
A. move more slowly in deep water
B. stay see-through even after death
C. produce more tissues for their survival
D. take effective action to reduce light spreading【解析】文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。
63.B 细节理解题。文章第一段第三行：Mostof them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by
a simple touch。得知 B 选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。故选 B。
64.D 词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光
线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止
了，因此这里 dead 是完全的意思。故选 D。
65.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句 To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body
from absorbing or scattering light。可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个
方法是 C 选项，避免光线的吸收。故选 C。
66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的 make all the different tissues in their bodies slow
down light exactly as much as water does 可以推断出 D 为正确答案。其中 slowdown 对应 reduce。
故选 D。
(2015﹒江苏﹒阅读理解 B)
In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year.
Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital
assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a
whole.
Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that
while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in
comparison to total waste, the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in
So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.
Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled
and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in
practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the
environment.
Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times
more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and
packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the
production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all
result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at
the start — for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.
In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has
been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back
packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?
Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they
produce is usually based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying
to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television?
From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer
responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from
the government and tax-payers back to the producers.
58.By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that _________ .
A. the weight of e-goods is rather small
B. E-waste deserves to be made good use of
C. natural minerals contain more precious metals
D. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste
59.The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended _________ .
A. from producers to governments
B. from governments to producers
C. from individuals to distributors
D. from distributors to governments
60. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The increase in e-waste.
B. The creation of e-waste.C. The seriousness of e-waste.
D. The management of e-waste.
【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。
58. B 推理判断题。文章第一段告诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃。紧接着第二
段首句指出:电子设备中含有有用的金属,如金和银，并用 Swiss study 佐证这一观点，因此可
以推知电子垃圾值得充分利用。故选 B 项。
59.B 细节理解题。文章第六、七八三段围绕“生产者责任延伸"展开的,最后-段做了 总结，根
据“a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and
the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax payers back to the
producers”可知 B 项正确，是对该句的同义压缩。故选 B 项。
60.D 主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章先描述了废弃电子产品被随意丢弃这一-现象， 接着指出
电子垃圾的可以用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对废弃电子产品的管理不善造成的，最后呼
吁政府和生产商对此承担一定的责任。故选 D 项。
(2015﹒江苏﹒阅读理解 C)
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have
volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why
people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several
factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal
values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social
relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To
select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community
service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these
programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because
it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When
that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To
answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers
over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most
important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they
experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to
important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods
that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping
with the problem they do experience”.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in
the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those
people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most
likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role
mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who
I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关)
between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These
results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued
efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow
volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.
61.People volunteer mainly out of ______ .
A. academic requirements B. social expectations
C. financial rewards D. internal needs
62.What can we learn from the Florida study?
A. Follow-up studies should last for one year. B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.
C. Strategy training is a must in research. D. Volunteers are provided with concrete
advice.
63.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?
A. Individual differences in role identity. B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.C. Role identity as a volunteer. D. Practical advice from researchers.
64.What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过 3 个实
验研究志愿者的意图。
61. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容可知人们做志愿者工作的原因为：“to express personal
values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social
relationships”，再结合“If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to
participate” 可知答案为 D 项（满足内在的需求）。
62．B 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中“training methods that would prepare volunteers for
troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do
experience”可知志愿者应该从心理上做好充分的准备。故选 B 项。
63.C 细节理解题。根据第五段第二句中“those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part
of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work”可知志愿者身份认
同会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选 C 项。
64.A 标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。
并指出在此之前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过 3 个实验研究志愿者的
意图。因此 A 项（如何使人们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。
(2015﹒广东﹒阅读理解 C)
Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish television’s
influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it
doesn’t really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to
understand the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images (影像).
Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn
early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most
parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do
something in another room.
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But
according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability.
TV doesn’t take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of
recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports. Things like parents’ educational
background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading. “A child’s reading ability is best
predicted by how much a parent reads.” Anderson says.
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ ( 智 商 ) scores and
affects school performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact,
research suggests that it’s the other way around. “If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when
you’re older,” Anderson says. Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.
For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However,
by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed,
Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.
36. By watching TV, children learn _________.
A. images through words
B. more than explicit meanings
C. more about images than words
D. little about people’s psychology
37. An educational program is best watched by a child _________.
A. on his own
B. with other kids
C. with his parents
D. with his teachers
38. Which of the following is most related to children’s reading ability?
A. Radio-listeningB. Television-watching
C. Parents’ reading list
D. Parents’ educational background
39. Anderson believed that _________.
A. the more a child watches TV, the smarter he is
B. the younger a child is, the more he watches TV
C. the smarter a child is, the less likely he gets addicted to TV
D. the less a child watches TV, the better he performs at school
40. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To advise on the educational use of TV.
B. To describe TV’s harmful effects on children.
C. To explain traditional views on TV influences.
D. To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas.
【解析】本文叙述著名心理学家 Daniel Anderson 对孩子们看电视的看法，打破了以往人们认
为看电视对孩子不好的想法。他认为孩子们看电视不知学到显现出来的东西；父母陪孩子看
电视，孩子可以学到更多知识；孩子看电视并没有代替孩子阅读，并没有影响孩子的智商。
36. B 细节理解题。根据第二段的 Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what
they see.可知孩子们通过看电视，可以学到显性和隐藏的意义，因此不仅仅学到隐藏的意思。
故选 B。
37. C 推理判断题。根据第二段的 Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far
more when parents watch TV with them“孩子们有父母陪着看电视理解的更多”，故推断教育节
目最好是父母陪着孩子看。故选 C。
38. D 细节理解题。根据第三段的 Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger
influence on a child’s reading.可知父母的教育背景对孩子的阅读有很强的影响。故选 D。
39. C 细节理解题。根据第四段的“If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older”
可知如果你小时越聪明，长大看电视看得越来越少。故选 C。40. D 推理判断题。根据最后一段的 Anderson suggests that television cannot condemned without
considering other influences.“Anderson 认为不应该按照常规，不考虑电视的其他影响而去谴责
电视”故推断这篇文章的目的是呈现 Anderson 打破常规的想法，故选 D。
(2015﹒陕西﹒阅读理解 C)
The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun
production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee
is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of,
certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.
On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and
animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend
on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many
special are quickly dying out.
On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also
threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life,
and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.
In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the
world's groundwater.
Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could
mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight
change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air
pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸
性的) soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life,
from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can
purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the
planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
54. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4?
A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.
B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.
C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.D. It improves local soil conditions.
55. The purpose of the text is to .
A. entertain B. advertise C. instruct D. persuade
56. Where does this text probably come from ?
A. An agricultural magazine.
B. A medical journal.
C. An engineering textbook.
D. A tourist guide.
57.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
【解析】文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这
种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。
54.细节理解题。根据文章第四段的句子：The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change
in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.可知阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来空气污染和全球气温变暖，故选 B。
55.写作意图题。根据文章最后一段的句子：But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase
shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost.可知作者的意图是劝说人们购买
阴凉处种植的咖啡，这样对环境是有好处的，故选 D。
56.推理判断题。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故
选 A。
57.文章结构题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足
的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总
分总的结构，故选 A。
(2015﹒四川﹒阅读理解 D)
Their cheery song brightens many a winter's day. But robins are in danger of wearing
themselves out by singing too much. Robins are singing all night 一 as well as during the day,
British-based researchers say.
David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, takeaway signs and
homes is affecting the birds' biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should
be asleep.
Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack
of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk. His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at
night in the lab, it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day. And the more birds
are exposed to light, the more active they are at night.
He told people at a conference, "There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are
increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a costly
behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of
energy."
And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are
also being more nocturnal. Dr Dominoni said, "In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem.
I have people coming to me saying `You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls?'.During the breeding(繁殖)season, between April and June, they are very active at night and
very noisy and people can't sleep."
Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other research concluded that robins
living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.
However, some birds thrive(兴旺)in noisy environments. A study from California Polytechnic
University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thought that
they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.
42.According to Dr Dominoni's study, what cause robins to sing so much?
A. The breeding season. B. The light in modern life
C. The dangerous environment. D. The noise from heavy machinery.
43.What is the researchers' concern over the increase of birds' song output?
A. The environment might be polluted.
B. The birds' health might be damaged.
C. The industry cost might be increased.
D. The people's hearing might be affected.
44.What does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.
45.Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?
A. Because there are fewer dangers.
B. Because there is more food to eat.
C. Because there is less light pollution
D. Because there are more places to take shelter.
【解析】本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类
如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。42.B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的 David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light
from street lamps, take away signs and homes is affecting the birds' biological clock, leading to
them being wide awake 可知选择 B。
43.B 细节理解题。根据文章 Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing
their song output, there might be some costs of energy."可知，唱歌唱得越多，就会损耗更多的能
量，故选择 B。
44.A 词义辨析题。根据上文的 And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial
light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being 可知乌鸦和海鸥情况也一样，也就是说这两种鸟晚
上也唱歌，故选择 A，指晚上很兴奋。学优高考网
45.A 细 节 理 解 题 。 根 据 文 章 最 后 一 段 的 It is thought that they are capitalising on their
predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter areas.可知，它们的天敌都去了安静的地方，故选择 A，指在
这些工业区，天敌更少，也就是危险更少。
(2015﹒四川﹒阅读理解 E)
No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo. But a new study
suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll. Long-ago builders could have attached wooden pole s to the
stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say.
“Technically, I think what they’re proposing is possible,” physicist Daniel Bonn said.
People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks. And there’s no
obvious answer. On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large
pickup truck. The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one
kilometer away.
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many
scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板). Then they would have
dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either
with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and
dragging heavy objects over sand.
Evidence from the sand supports this idea. Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.
However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way , who led the new
study . West said , “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might
have helped with pyramid construction . I thought , ‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things?’“A
square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides , he
realized . That , he notes , should make a block of stone” a lot easier to roll than a square”.
So he tried it.
He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block. That
action turned the block into somewhat a wheel. Then they placed the block on the ground.
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled. The researchers found they
could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths. They calculated that rolling the block
required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.
West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks, but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over
sliding. At least, workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.
46.It’s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ______.
A. rolling them on roads
B. pushing them over the sand
C. sliding them on smooth paths
D. dragging them on some poles
47.The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means____.
A. made the path wet
B. made the path hard
C. made the path wide
D. made the path slippery
48.What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?
A. Rolling the blocks with poles attached.
B. Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.
C. Rolling poles to move the blocks.D. Rolling the blocks with fat.
49.Why is rolling better than sliding according to West ?
A. Because more force is needed for sliding.
B. Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.
C. Because sliding on smooth road is more dangerous.
D. Because less preparation on path is needed for rolling.
50.What is the text mainly about ?
A. An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
B. An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
C. An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
D. An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
【解析】本文主要讲述的是关于金字塔的建造，不同的专家有着不同的见解。这篇文章主要
讲述了两种看法。
46.C 细节理解题。根据文章第四段的 The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the
blocks along smooth paths.可知选择 C。
47.D 词义猜测题。根据第四段的 To make the work easier,以及下文的 either with wet clay or
with the fat from cattle.可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择 D。
48.A 词义猜测题。这是考查指代词的指代内容，由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据
第六段的内容可知，选择 A，意为把杆绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。
49.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的 workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water
to smooth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择 D。
50.D 主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的
方法，故选择 D。
(2015﹒天津﹒阅读理解 B)
Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common
in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more
humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like
companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is
happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You
can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot
doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each
individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take
medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in
everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these
spaces.
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot”
robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide
them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make
recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other
social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have
technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.
41. How are social robots different from household robots?
A. They can control their emotions. B. They are more like humans.
C. They do the normal housework. D. They respond to users more slowly.
42. What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?
A. Communicate with you and perform operations.
B. Answer your questions and make requests.
C. Take your family pictures and deliver milk.
D. Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.
43. What can Oshbot work as?
A. A language teacher. B. A tour guide.C. A shop assistant. D. A private nurse.
44. We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ______.
A. train employees B. be our workmates
C. improve technologies D. take the place of workers
45. What does the passage mainly present?
A. A new design idea of household robots.
B. Marketing strategies for social robots.
C. Information on household robots.
D. An introduction to social robots.
【解析】文章大意：文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。
41. B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段 While household robots today do the normal housework,
social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.可知社会机器人更像人或不是
纯粹的工具。故选 B。
42. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“his action to keep his balance against the strong winds made
for some heart－stopping(令人担忧的)moments for the audience.”可知选 D。
43. C 细节理解题。根据第三段 You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it
to perform different tasks.和 It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take
medicine or taking family photos.可知此机器人可以解答问题且可以提醒家庭成员服药和拍照
片。选 C。
44. B 推理判断题。根据最后一段 Breazeal 的话“We have technologies to train social robots to do
things not for us, but with us”可以推断出社会机器人可以和我们一起做事情。故选 B。
45. D 主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。故选 D。
(2015﹒浙江﹒阅读理解 C)
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness
happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的)
species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s
light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to
receive us by filling itwith light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 一 called light pollution 一
whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad
lighting design，which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky.III-designed
lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light
rhythms — to which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light
spills into the natural world, some aspect or life is affected .
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant
haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original
glory of an unlit nigh, - dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly
beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form
the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a
powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful
that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being“captured”by searchlights on land or by the
light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly
lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million
times righter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most
other creatures ,we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our
internal clockwork, as light itself.
Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural
heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution
causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is
best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy
arching overhead.
50. According to the passage, human being .A. prefer to live in the darkness
B. are used to living in the day light
C. were curious about the midnight world
D. had to stay at home with the light of the moon
51. What does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?
A. The night. B. The moon C. The sky D. The planet
52. The writer mentions birds and frogs to .
A. provide examples of animal protection
B. show how light pollution affects animals
C. compare the living habits of both species
D. explain why the number of certain species has declined
53. It is implied in the last paragraph that .
A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals
B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
C. human beings cannot go to the outer space
D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
54. What might be the best title for the passage?
A. The Magic light. B. The Orange Haze.
C. The Disappearing Night. D. The Rhythms of Nature.
【解析】文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。
50. B 细节理解题 根据第一段第三行“ with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light 眼睛适应了
太阳的光线” 可以知道答案。其中 adapted to 和 used to 同义，意为习惯于。
51. A 猜词题，对于这种指代的题目，往往答案是最接近它的一个。根据这种原则，不能得
出答案是 night 夜晚。最后一句话的句意是：但是这是唯一的方法去解释我们对于夜晚做了
什么：我们设计了光，让光充满星空。
52. B 写作目的题 根据第二段第一句话”The benefits of this kind of engineering come with
consequences 这项工程带来好处的同时也带来了坏处“和最后一句，“Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected“, 此句意为无论光洒在什么地方，
生活都会受到一些影响。 所以答案是 show how light pollution affects animals 说明光污染影
响的动物
53. D 推理题，最后一段的意思是” Living in a glare of our making ,we have cut ourselves off
from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and
night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to
forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the
Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进
化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光。在一个非常真实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙中失
去真我，而这些失去的正好就是最好的测量银河系银河深夜的工具。“ 根据语意，不难得出
答案是 D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe 人类应该反思自己的行为。
但此题易错选 B，之所以不选 B 是因为 some of 的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。
54. C 标题题，根据，文章出现最多的就是 light 和 night, 我们可以知道答案是 C。之所以不
选 A，是因为它所使用的形容词 Magic 意思是奇幻的，这个单词具有褒义的意思。而 C 选项
的 disappearing 是消失的，这符合本文的语境，让我们反思。
(2015﹒安徽﹒阅读理解 C)
As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remember
less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory,
your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.
In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team
wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40
unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood thatthe computer
would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it.
Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they
could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.
In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find
the information on the Internet. The information was in a specific computer folder ( 文 件 夹 ). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location ( 位置) better than the facts. When people
use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This
is called "transactive memory (交互记忆)".
According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet.
Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning
how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This
doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we
use memory is changing.
64. The passage begins with two questions to ______.
A. introduce the main topic B. show the author's altitude
C. describe how to use the Interne. D. explain how to store information
65. What can we learn about the first experiment?
A. Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer.
B. The two groups remembered the information equally well.
C. The first group did not try to remember the formation.
D. The second group did not understand the information.
66. In transactive memory, people ______.
A. keep the information in mind B. change the quantity of information
C. organize information like a computer D. remember how to find the information
67. What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research?
A. Weare using memory differently. B. We arebecoming more intelligent.
C. We have poorer memories than before. D. We need a better way to access information.
【解析】文章主要讲的是互联网给人类的记忆带来的影响。互联网使用者越来越依赖互联网
储存信息,人们这样做是否会丧失记忆事物的能力呢?专家怀疑互联网可能正在改变人们的记
忆内容和记忆的方式。64.A 写作意图题。根据第- -段 “Experts are wondering if the Intrnet is
changing what we remember and how.”可知，作者使用两个问句是为了引出要讨论的话题。
65. C 细节理解题。根据第二段"People in the frst group knew they could find the information again so they did not try to remember it."可知答案。
66. D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rather, they remember how to find it This is called
"ransactive memary(交互记忆)"”可知，在交互记忆里，人们记得怎样找到信息。
67. A 细节理解题。根据最后一-段 “but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is
changing”可知，互联网对人们的记忆产生的影响是它改变了我们使用记忆力的方式。
(2015﹒湖南﹒阅读理解 B)
In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so
muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went
something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs
help, he replies, "No, thanks. I've got a good horse under me."
The city planner decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system, but there simply
wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two
options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build
the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as
much as 12 feet.
This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building
in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their
buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to
meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about
large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?
That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills
successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of
jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each
section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's signal each man turned his jackscrew the same
amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the
Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in
Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that
Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to
clean the polluted river.
61.The author mentions the joke to show ______.
A. horses were fairly useful in Chicago
B. Chicago's streets were extremely muddy
C. Chicago was very dangerous in the spring
D. the Chicago people were particularly humorous
62.The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to_______.
A. get rid of the street dirt
B. lower the Chicago River
C. fight against heavy floods
D. build the pipes above ground
63.The underlined word "hoist" in Paragraph 4 means "_______".
A. change B. lift
C. repair D. decorate
64.What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?
A. It went on smoothly as intended.
B. It interrupted the business of the hotel.
C. It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.
D. It separated the building from its foundation.
65.The passage is mainly about the early Chicago's ______.
A. popular life styles and their influences
B. environmental disasters and their causes
C. engineering problems and their solutions
D. successful businessmen and their achievements【解析】本文讲述了芝加哥城的问题和改造方案
61 ． B; 细 节 推 理 题 。 根 据 文 章 的 第 一 段 第 一 句 话 ： In early history, Chicago had floors
frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got
stuck.可知芝加哥因为洪水的经常泛滥导致大街上总是泥泞不堪，行人，马和车全部都堵在路
上。所以作者提及那个玩笑是为了突出芝加哥这一特点，故选 B
62．D;细节理解题。根据第三段第一句话：An engineer named Eill Chesbrough convinced the city
that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover thenwith dirt.可知以 Eill
Chesbrough 为首的人们认为应该在地上埋下排水管道，故选 D
63．B;细节推理题。根据后文：Small wood-frame building could be lifted fairly easily.可知另一
种方法就是将建筑升高。故选 B
64．A;细节推理题。根据倒数第二段中的倒数第二句话：At Pullman’s signal each man turned his
jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly.(在
Pullman 的指导下，每个人同时抬起他们手中的千斤顶，因此建筑就被慢慢地、平整地抬起来
了)可知 A 项正确, 故选 A
65．C;主旨大意题。文章的第一段就提出芝加哥城所存在的问题，接下来的段落讨论了解决
这个问题的一些方法，最后一段讲到这些方法虽然解决当前的问题，但是随之而来的又会冒
出一些新的问题有待解决。故文章大致上讲述的是建造的问题与解决办法，故选 C
(2015﹒新课标全国 II﹒阅读理解 B)
Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home
could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. you can make your
environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part
of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage
overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places – and
so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps
and flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors
like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us less hungry. So when it’s
time to repaint, go blue.
Don’t forget the clock – or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer
calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time,
and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you
need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a
meal.
Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plants can easily makes us fat. We eat about 22
percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon
over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more
liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.
25. The text is especially helpful for those who care about ____.
A. their home comforts
B. their body shape
C. house buying
D. healthy diets
26. A home environment in blue can help people ____.
A. digest food better
B. reduce food intake
C. burn more calories
D. regain their appetites
27. What are people advised to do at mealtimes?
A. Eat quickly.
B. Play fast music
C. Use smaller spoons
D. Turn down the lights
28.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Is Your House Making You Fat?B. Ways of Serving Dinner
C. Effects of Self-Consciousness
D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?
【解析】你家的房子对你的身材很有影响。长胖还是变瘦关键看你如何设计自己的家了。我们
这里有很好的建议 4 条：1.房间要明亮；2.用冷色系会减少食欲；3.放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；
4. 用小的碗碟。
25. B 推理判断题。根据全文第一段 Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet
plan.可知，要让你的家的设计成为你减肥计划的一部分。所以这篇文章对那些在乎自己的体
型的人更有帮助。故选 B。
26.B 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话 In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room
consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.可知在蓝色的房间内人吃的食物相
对在黄色或者红色房间少 33%。暖色让人胃口大开，冷色让人感觉到不饿。故选 B。
27.C 推理判断题。本题是在考查考生是否理解了 4 条建议。第 4 段 People who eat slowly tend
to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.，说
明吃得慢就吃得少，吃得快就多，故 A 错；If you need some help slowing down, turning on
relaxing music.说明放舒缓的音乐可以让人吃得慢，反之则快，故 B 错；第二段 Dark
environments are more likely to encourage overeating,由此可知房间暗会增加饮食，所以 D 错；
最 后 一 段 When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake( 摄 入 ) jumps by 14
percent.用大勺和小勺吃饭，相差 14%，故选 C。
28.A 主旨大意题。根据文章的开头 Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the
way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.
you can make your environment work for you instead of against you.可知，你的家居环境既可以让
你变胖也会让你变瘦。本文非常适合那些想减肥的人士来阅读。所以选 A 可以更好地概括全
文。
(2015﹒新课标全国 I﹒阅读理解 D)
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the
“talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy.
They customers - some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session - care quick
to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels,’
or ‘people think’,” Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’.”
A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn’t seem more un-French. But
Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s
troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the
French lifestyle - longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to
spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused
around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
The city’s psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places.
Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love,
anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what
they feel. “There’s a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La
Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends.
And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If
people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist”, she says, “If life weren’t a battle, people
wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But them, it wouldn’t be France.
32.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?
A. Learn a new subject
B. Keep in touch with friends.
C. Show off their knowledge.
D. Express their true feelings.
33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A. They are less frequently visited.
B. They stay open for longer hours.
C. They have bigger night crowds.D. They start to serve fast food.
34. What are theme cafes expected to do?
A. Create more jobs.
B. Supply better drinks.
C. Save the cafe business.
D. Serve the neighborhood.
35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?
A. They bring people true friendship.
B. They give people spiritual support.
C. They help people realize their dreams.
D. They offer a platform for business links.
【解析】文章主要讲述了法国精神咖啡馆（psychology cafes）的社会意义和功能特色，以及在
法国越来越受欢迎。
32. D 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句 Here they are learning to get in touch with their true
feelings.可知在 La Chope 咖啡馆鼓励人们表达他们真正的情感。故选 D。
33. A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段 Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in
the French lifestyle-longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to
spend more time at home.可知改变了更多时间呆在家里的更年轻一代人。故选 A。
34. C 推理判断题。根据第二段 Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.可以得
出答案。故选 C。
35. B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句话“If people had normal lives, these cafes would’t
exist”, she says,”If life weren’t a battle, people wouln’t need a special place just to speak.” But
them, it wouldn’t be France.可知心理咖啡馆在巴黎受欢迎的原因在于他们给予人们精神上的
支持。故选 B。
(2016﹒全国新课标 III﹒阅读理解 D)
Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules
for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists
have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.
“They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you
care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face
conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean
people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more
good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of
news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most
e-mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more
likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them
want to share this positive feeling with others.
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or
anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they
preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger
explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”
12 .What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?
A. News reports. B. Research papers.
C.Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations．
13.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?
A. They’re socially inactive.
B. They’re good at telling stories.
C. They’re inconsiderate of others.
D. They’re careful with their words.
14.Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?
A . Sports new. B. Science articles.
C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews.15 .What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B .Online News Attracts More People
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks
【解析】人们常说“没有消息就是最好的消息”，类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。在网络普及的时
代，好消息在网络.上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。
12 A 细节理解题。根据第二段 The fif it bloeds' nule works for mass media"可知，像‘"it bleeds'这样的传
统说法适用于大众媒体，故选 A。
13.C 推理判断题。根据"you care a lot more how they react 可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反
应，根据“You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Dowuer."可知,你不想被当作-个"Debbie Downer”
" ,说明指的是“一个不为他人考虑的人”， 故选 C。
14.B 细节理解题。根据第三段“articles in the science soction were much more likely to make the list thannon
science articles' 可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选 B.
15.D 选择最佳标题。根据第- -段“By tracking pople's e mails and orline posts, scientists have found that
goodnews can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. "可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响
更深远;说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选 D.
(2016﹒浙江﹒阅读理解 C)
A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in
common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical
world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that
this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.
Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,
it
falls in the ground---and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact ;
bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born
knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an
understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the
scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach
(gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).
Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that
they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be
through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to
accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. for example,
unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also
offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike?
Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort ---the desire to explore, explain, and understand our
world---is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with
curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that
served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about
figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ”It is not that
children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”
50. According to some developmental psychologists,
A. a baby’s play is nothing more than a game.
B. scientific research into babies; games is possible
C. the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated
D. a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment
51.We learn from Paragraph 2 that
A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently
B. scientists and babies often interact with each other
C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support
D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do
52. Children may learn the rules of language by
A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychologyC. repeating their own experiments D. observing their parents’ behaviors
53. What is themain idea of the last paragraph?
A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.
B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
54. What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?
A. Convincing. B. Confused. C. Confidence. D. Cautious.
【解析】
50. D 根据文章第一段的 but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a
scientific investigation than one might think，可知心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选 D。
51. D 根据文章第二段的句子 overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)可知孩子也会像科学
家- -样收集证据，故选 D。
52. C 根据文章第三段的句子 For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering
and finally overturning a theory 可知孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选 C。
53. B 根 据 最 后 一 段 的 句 子 viewing childhood development as scientific investigation throws light on how
children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好的了
解科学，故选 B。
54. D 根据作者在文中的用词 appear to 和 may 来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点 some
psychologist suggest/argue that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选 D。
考点：考查推理判断。
(2017﹒全国新课标Ⅰ﹒阅读理解 D)
A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water
in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary
equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only
components required, though, are a 5＇5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet
of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and
three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity.
Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests
all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and
weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with
45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more
than three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates
(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall
off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube,
and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. D. It’s portable.
33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hole. D. The cup.
34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic
sheet.
35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .
A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole
C. the open air D. beneath the sheet
【解析】33.B 推理判断题。根据 Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s
productivity 可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿地方挖洞，在
洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用覆盖膜遮挡。整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错
选 D，但是退一步讲，就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围的环境
变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选 B。
34.C 细节题。根据第三段 Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the
plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是 weighting
the sheet’s center down with a rock“放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去”，故选 C。
35.D 推理判断题。结合第四段中的 Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until
small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup 可知地下水蒸发，在
覆盖膜上聚集起来直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里。所以水滴是凝
聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选 D。
(2017﹒全国新课标Ⅱ﹒阅读理解 C)
Terrafugia Inc .said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight,bringing
the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named
the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The
Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per
hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour
in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they
go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to
the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic.
The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann,
an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making
the flying car a reality. The govemment has already permitted z&the company to use special
materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash
tests to make sure it meets federal safety siandards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years
ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those
for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and
complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition,a requiremen
t pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams. B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive. D. It bums too much fuel.
30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
31. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s Fist Flight
C.Pilots’Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述 Terrafugia 公司，研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行
销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。
21.主旨大意题。根据“The wehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that
fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition,which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon
tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可
知，本段主要是对 Transition 的构架进行了介绍。故选 A。
22.细节理解题。根据“But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to
cost $279,000”可知，因为 Transition 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选 C。
23.细节理解题。根据“he govemment has already permitted z&the company to use special materials
to make it easier for the vehicle to fly”以及“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal
Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for
light sport aircraf”可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选 B。
(2017﹒全国新课标Ⅱ﹒阅读理解 D)
When a leafy plant is under attack ， it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983,two
scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by
insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from
the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air
is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a
plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the
neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty .They
pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the
attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned .The attacker who are natural enemies to the
attackers . Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes
lunch. In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage
is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer
because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe t
he first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own
branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors jus
t happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’
t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and m
ore intimate( 亲 密
的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole
lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .
A.predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects
C.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary
35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.The word is changing faster than ever.
B.People have stronger senses than before
C.The world is more complex than it seemsD.People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。首先提出，当多叶植物受到攻击时，不会坐以待毙这一论点，并围绕这一论
点展开叙述。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出 VOCs ，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学
物质进行交流。
24.细节理解题。根据“reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a
particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts
of the plant and seem to be an alarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。
25.词义推测题。根据“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now
becomes lunch”，一旦它们到达这里，（ ），然后这些攻击者就会成为植物的午餐，根据语境，故选 C。
26.细节理解题，根据“ In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help
the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the
neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”，可知，
植物在必要的时候会通过分泌化学物质，通知周围的植物保持警惕。故选 D。
(2017﹒全国新课标Ⅲ﹒阅读理解 D)
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile
laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and
to discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and
well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for
older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed
adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or
in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”
“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results
in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their
driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is
helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we
might use technology to address these problems.
“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else
but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and
so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking
at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.
“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older
drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”
32.What is the purpose of the Drivel AB?
A.To explore newmeans of transport.
B.To design new types of cars.
C.To find out older driver`s problems.
D.To teach people traffic rules.
33.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?
A.It keeps them independent.
B.It helps them save time.
C.It builds up their strength.
D.It cures their mental illnesses.
34.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?
A.Improve their driving skills.
B.Develop driver-assist technologles.
C.Provide tips on repairing their cars.
D.Organize regular physical checkups.35.What is the best title for the text?
A.A new Model Electric Car
B.A Solution to Traffic Problem
C.Driving Service for elders
D.Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
【解析】
33. A 推理判断题。根据第四段中 Phil Blythe 所说的内容 “driving is important for preserving their
independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others”可知，
在 Phil Blythe 看来，能够开车是老年人能够保持独立生活的重要条件。
34. B 推理判断题。根据文章最后三段内容可知，研究人员希望能够通过研制一些司机辅助技术来帮助老
年司机延长驾龄、享受更多独立的生活。
35. D 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了科研人员通过把电动车改装成一款 “DriveLAB”来研究如何帮助解决
老年司机在开车时候遇到的问题，以便延长他们独立生活的时间，提高他们的生活质量。
(2017﹒北京﹒阅读理解 D)
Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots
is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may
become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known
mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way:
“If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot
effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine
is the purpose which we really desire.”
A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with
living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born,
nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with
the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by
disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we
are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super
intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the
chessboard.
The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of
computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall,
using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.
Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure
against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.
Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not
easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.
But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some
argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible
unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super
intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super
intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated,
with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms
is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the
neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.
67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .
A. run out of human control
B. satisfy human’s real desires
C. command armies of killer robots
D. work faster than a mathematician
68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might
be able to .A. prevent themselves from being destroyed
B achieve their original goals independently
C. do anything successfully with given orders
D. beat humans in international chess matches
69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .
A. help super intelligent machines work better
B. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines from being harmed
D. avoid robots’ affecting the world
70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?
A. It will disappear with the development of AI.
B. It will get worse with human interference.
C. It will be solved but with difficulty.
D. It will stay for a decade.
【解析】本文主要介绍了人工智能，它会给我们的生活带来什么样的影响。
67. 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 第 一 段 The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial
intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可
知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是 AI 会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说
AI 可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选 A。
68.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句 A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that
we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保
护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，
继续存在下去，故选 A。(2017﹒天津﹒阅读理解 C)
This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of
rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars
and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles:
the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless
future.
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal
injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human
removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is
responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt.
It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers
and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat
at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists
that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you
say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully
automated without operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own,
says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore,
where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over
driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.
46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A place where cars often break down.
B. A case where passing a law is impossible.
C. An area where no driving is permitted.
D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.
47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.
A. stop people from breaking traffic rules
B. help promote fully automatic driving
C. protect drivers of all ages and races
D. prevent serious property damage
48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.
B. It should be the main concern of law makers.
C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It should involve no human responsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________.
A. Singapore
B. the UK
C. the US
D. Germany
50. What could be the best title for passage?
A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?
B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New BreakthroughC. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed
D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于
科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。
46.D
47.B 根据第二段的句子 The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of
autonomous vehicles:和第四段内容 The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic
driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human
drivers, he says.可以判断出这个提议被提出是为了推动完全自动化的驾驶。故选 B。
48.D 根据第七段内容 But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless
cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know
— no driver.” 可知消费者认为对于无人驾驶车辆的运行不应该牵涉到人的责任。故选 D。
49.C 根据最后一段 That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government
would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere
here,” says Calo.可知公共交通工具中无人驾驶车看不到未来是在美国。故选 C。
50.A 通读全文可以知道，本文主要讲述了德国交通部长的提议是为了促进无人驾驶车运行，界定了汽车制
造方负责，由此在第五段引出全文的主题句:Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles
is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. 下面就此展开陈述。所以：自动化驾驶：
谁的责任可以概括全文，充当本文题目，故选 A。
(2017﹒江苏﹒阅读理解 B)Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even
distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic
learning(胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological
Adrances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化). New-born
chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.
This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kieindorfer,a biologist at
Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Femake Australian superb fairy wrens
were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their errs, when the errs were
hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—around that served as their
regular “feed me!” call.
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the
red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data
from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging
calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls
produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the
more frequently mothers had called to their errs, the more similar were the babies’ begging
calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds
that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)
strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.” As a parent,
do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?” Kleindorfer
asks.” Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means“ ”.
A. be the worst B. be the best C. be the as bad D. be just as
good
59.What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?
A. Similarities between the calls moms and chicks. B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.
C. The data collected from Queensland’s locals. D. Controlled experiments on
wrens and other birds.
60.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .
A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training
C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call
59. A 细节理解题。根据第二段“Femake Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound
over and over again while hatching their errs”可知，研究发现是对澳大利亚两种会鸟鸣的鸟儿进行了
记录，根据第三段“the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian
songbird.”可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排除 D 项。根据
倒数第三段“A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking
them by similarity.”可知，A 项正确。
60. C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice
were rewarded with the most food”和最后一段“Our results suggest that they might be going for
quality.”可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟、
孩子。
(2017﹒江苏﹒阅读理解 C)
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反垄
断)regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in
question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and
Microsoft. All look unstoppable.
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is
not a crime. The giants’ success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines
or a quick delivery, Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free
(users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants
suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.
But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far
more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data
collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can
be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.
Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “God’s eye view”
of activities in their own markets and beyond.
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms
like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would
become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two
ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into the 21st
century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to
determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms’ data assets(资产)
when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established
company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company
has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line ser
vices have over data and give more to those who supply them.Companies could be
forced to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make
from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data,
with users’ consent.Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy But if govern
ments don’t wants a data economy by a few giants, they must act soon.
61.Why is there a call to break up giants?
A. They have controlled the data market. B. They collect enormous private data.
C. They no longer provide free services. D. They dismissed some new-born
giants.
62.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A. Data giants’ technology is very expensive. B. Google’s idea is popular among
data firms
C. Data can strengthen giants’ controlling position. D. Data can be turned into new
services or products
63.By paying attention to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulators could .
A. kill a new threat B. avoid the size trap
C. favour bigger firms D. charge higher prices
64.What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ control of data?
A. Big companies could relieve data security pressure.
B. Governments could relieve their financial pressure.
C. Consumers could better protect their privacy.
D. Small companies could get more opportunities.
62.C 推理判断题。根据第三段“Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So
they have a “God’s eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.”可知，互联网
公司对数据的掌控使得它们拥有了很大的权力，说明数据会加强大公司的统治地位。63.B 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The first is that antitrust authorities need to move form the
industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have
traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the
extent of firms’ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.”可知，以前介入的标准是看
公司的规模，而现在是把数据库的范围考虑在内。
64.D 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 倒 数 第 二 段
“Companies could be forced to consumers what information they hold
and how many money they make from it. Governments... with users’ consent.”可知，由
于大公司垄断数据信息，不利于小公司更好地服务消费者，也不利于政府开展工作。弱化这种垄断将会给
小公司带去更多的发展机会。
(2018﹒全国新课标Ⅰ﹒阅读理解 D)
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and
new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad
news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the
newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester
Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from
when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home
energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic
mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players,
smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is
replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,"
said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in
2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of
Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their
energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also
explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one
function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment
viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.
【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作
者主张使用新电子设备。
32. 观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的 That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these
outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用旧的电
子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此
推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选 A。
33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt
and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for
each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team 研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。
34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets
instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电
子设备，可以降低 44%的耗能。故选 B。
35. 推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用
旧的电子设备。故选 A。
(2018﹒全国新课标Ⅲ﹒阅读理解 C)
While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the
new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making
great efforts to take the center stage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker
Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the
first Chinese citizen to win this award.
Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is
located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the
campus are his original creations.
The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were
amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings
perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use
traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention
thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).
Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.
Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the
1995 Pritzker Prize.
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that
traditions once existed," he said.
"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, "
he said.
"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese
traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, " said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be
artificial and empty, he said.
28. Wang’s winning of the prize means that Chinese architects are ___________.
A. following the latest world trend
B. getting international recognition
C. working harder than ever before
D. relying on foreign architects
29. What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?
A. Its hilly environment.
B. Its large size.
C. Its unique style.
D. Its diverse functions.
30. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?
A. The mixture of different shapes.
B. The balance of East and West.
C. The use of popular techniques.
D. The harmony of old and new.
31. What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?
A. Spread them to the world. B. Preserve them at museums.
C. Teach them in universities. D. Recreate them in practice.
【解析】这是一篇科普类文章。文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，
获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。
28. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段的内容可知，王澍获得 2012 年普利策奖，而普利策奖相当于建筑界的诺
贝尔奖，他是第一个获此奖的中国人，故推知中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。故 B 项正确。29. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段对 CAA 校园的描述可知，它的设计风格独特，与大多数中国大学的校园
很不同，许多游客感对复杂的建筑空间和丰富的建筑类型感到吃惊，故 C 正确。
30. 细节理解题。根据文章第六段 1995 年普利策奖的获得者 Tadao Ando 的评语可知，王澍设计的成功之
处是把中国传统元素融入现代设计，并保持两者的和谐，故 D 正确。
31. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段和倒数第三段中 In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been
developing and that are still being created 可知，传统的研究要与实践相结合，在实践中进行再创造，否则就
会是人工的和空的，故 D 正确。
(2018﹒浙江﹒阅读理解 B)
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an
environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they
drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind
the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or
along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are
prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are
hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people
assume.
Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which
are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look
at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping
bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However,
longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be
used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too
and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?
A. Help increase grocery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stop things falling off trucks.
D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.
25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Bans on plastic bags.
B. Effects of city development.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.
D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.
B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strong than plastic bags.
D. Producing them requires more energy.
27. What is the best title for the text?
A. Plastic, Paper or Neither
B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away
D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
【解析】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输
需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24. 细节理解题。根据第一段 one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第
二段 plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the
planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven Stein 是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人
想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选 D。
25. 词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven Stein
等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋
被禁用的现状，即 Bans on plastic bags，故选 A。
26. 细节理解题。根据第四段 However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选 D。
27. 标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，
希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither 既能概括全文，
又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选 A。
(2018﹒天津﹒阅读理解 C)
There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has
made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on
a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A
restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing
cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are
3D-printed,rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food
production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity.
3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use
hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar
ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock
"food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia
University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like
vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked
just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently,
most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most
of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.
Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than
homes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
50. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了 3D 打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前
仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
46. 推理判断题。根据文章 Food production 中叙述了没有经验的人可以用 3D 打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕
塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用 3D 打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出 3D 打印的优势是节
省了做饭的时间和精力。故选 B。
49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because
meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止 3D 打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，
含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于 3D 打印因为很容易坏。故选 C。
50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了 3D 打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑
战。所以用标题 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选 A。
(2018﹒北京﹒阅读理解 C)
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in
landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of
it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down
polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene
shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.
To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers
made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes ( 酶 ) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were
published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food —
beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂ Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in
polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or
system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it
is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds
the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the
breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down
plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions
of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday food.
B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A. identify other means of the breakdown
B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdown speed
45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans
D. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain a study method on worms.
B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics.
D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。从环保理念出发，文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟展开，
描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路。
45. D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process-not
simply" millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic”可知研究者希望那些化学物品可以批量生产，而不是
将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故选 D。
46. C 写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解塑
料的方式。故选 A。
(2019﹒全国新课标Ⅰ﹒阅读理解 C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测
量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are
still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this
problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and
the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like
the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer
it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a
keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times
using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based
on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty
straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it
to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine.
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本
文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给 e-space 用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。
28.D 细节理解题。根据第一段的 At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem:
a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低 e-space 保护的成本。故选 D。29.C 细节理解题。根据第二段的 The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the
force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the
keyboard can determine people’s identities 可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身
份。故选 C。
30.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段的 The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者们希
望智能键盘能早日面世。故选 B。
31.D 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给 e-space 用户带来安全，由此可知，本
文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选 D。
2.
(2019﹒全国新课标Ⅱ﹒阅读理解 D)
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow
uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each
week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not
just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and
Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years,
Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a
solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says
Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other
than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of
year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at
time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills.
“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon
says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test
in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
【解析】本文为说明文。本文介绍了 HUNCH 项目就是通过 Gordon 的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这
一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our
bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning
them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间
站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the
microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A 项符合题意。
33.D 推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA
engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知，Hunch 旨在把高中
教室和 NASA 的工程师联系起来。Gordon 的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。结合最后一段
中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知，学生每天都给 NASA
的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出 HUNCH
program 的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知 D 项符合题意。
34.A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to
NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA 的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知 A 项符合题
意，故选 A。
35.B 主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借
助美国国家航空航天局的 HUNCH 高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划
里，学生们通过 homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后
的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。故选 B。
(2019﹒全国新课标Ⅲ﹒阅读理解 D)
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of
numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the
monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the
experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol
would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would
flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the
screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be
rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more
than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each
combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to
underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes
choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two
numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the
smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But
in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍
和分析。
32.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then
tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故 C 选项正确。
33.B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screen…If the monkeys
touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops…; if they went for the circle, they
would be rewarded with…”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到 7 滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸
屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到 17 滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸
屏幕得到奖励的。B 选项正确。
34.A 细节理解题。根据第四段“The monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating
that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination”和第五段中的“When
adding two numbers…”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不
仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知，A 选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除 C
选项。
35.D 推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家 Margaret Livingstone 领导的一
个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。
故 D 选项正确。
(2019﹒北京﹒阅读理解 C)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they
don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally waking up to the
severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent
scammers from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too little，too late. By the time these “solutions"(解决方
案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going
to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice
you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 处理 ) and automation technologies that
are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference ,a company showed a new
voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a
receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that
robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches(数据侵入)of
personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name ，and far more.
Armed with this knowledge. they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This
means. for example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using
a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，
and card number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over
the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may
weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to
work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a
uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by. or abandoning phone calls
altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can
be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Roboealls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
【解析】这是一篇说明文。语音操作与自动化技术 出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。语音操作和自动
化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。
38. D 观点态度题。根据第一段中的“We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and
developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.
Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions” become widely available, scammers will have
moved onto clever means”可知，最后，我们通过支持和开发一组旨在防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和
方法，认识到了问题的严重性。不幸的是，我们的努力太少了，也太晚了。在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用
的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作
用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故 D 选项正确。
39.A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than
precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily
learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually
targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to
be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into
的“confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number”可知，机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数
量有关，不如说与精确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道
你母亲的名字，甚至更多。有了这些知识，他们就能够开展有针对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，
利用这种新的技术，欺诈者们可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故 A 选项正确。
40.B 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相似的声音，
它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三段的叙述可知，欺
诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可能为坏人
所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故 B 选项正确。
41.C 主旨大意题。第一段提到：robocalls（机器人电话: 自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在未来变得
会越来越严重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是否是真
的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。第三段介绍了语音操
作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些问题。综
上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。
故 C 选项适合作标题。
(2019﹒北京﹒阅读理解 D)
By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming
climate，according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because
of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.
Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate
change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in
the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while
giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps
to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes
key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon
dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple
changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make
conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton
in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”
42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial C. Significant D. Unnoticeable
44. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【解析】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是
因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。
但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
42. B 段落大意题。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener
thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变
暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“At the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons
create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and
concentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面
形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推
断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知 B 符合题意，故选 B。
43. A 词 义 猜 测 题 。 根 据 划 线 词 后 的 “Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect
phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知，气
候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the
ocean’s wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。可知 A 项正确。
44. D 推理判断题。根据第四段“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could
become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for
phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知 Dutkiewicz 的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色
区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些
水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变
得更绿了。分析选项可知 D 项符合题意。
45. C 目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer
and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由
于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable
to the ocean’s warning trendWarming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect
phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响
浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选 C。
微信/支付宝扫码支付