《儒林外史》中跨文化因素的翻译策略研究

中图分类号：H0密级：公开UDC：800学校代码：10094硕士学位论文（同等学力）ACross-culturalStudyofTranslationStrategiesinTheScholars《儒林外史》中跨文化因素的翻译策略研究作者姓名：郝亮指导教师：高志怀教授学科专业名称：英语语言文学研究方向：翻译理论与实践论文开题日期：2017年11月1日二〇一八年十一月二十日 中图分类号：H0密级：公开UDC：800学校代码：10094硕士学位论文（同等学力）ACross-culturalStudyofTranslationStrategiesinTheScholars《儒林外史》中跨文化因素的翻译策略研究作者姓名：HaoLiang指导教师：GaoZhihuaiProfessor学科专业名称：EnglishLanguageandLiterature研究方向：TranslationTheoryandPractice论文开题日期：2017/11/1I 学位论文原创性声明本人所提交的学位论文《中跨文化因素的翻译策略研究》，是在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的原创性成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中标明。本声明的法律后果由本人承担。论文作者（签名）：指导教师确认（签名）：年月日年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解河北师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权河北师范大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。（保密的学位论文在年解密后适用本授权书）论文作者（签名）：指导教师（签名）：年月日年月日II AbstractWuJingzi,oneofthegreatestnovelistsinQingdynasty,andthegreatestsatiristwithfruitfulworksinpoetryandhistory.Hehadcreatedmanyworks.Thequantitywashuge,andtheprocessofwritingranthroughhisentirelife.Inaword,hewasaversatileman.TherewasnodoubtthatTheScholarsasaprofoundmasterpiecelaidthefoundationforitsliterarystatus.IthadformedthebasisofsatiricnovelsinancientChina.Moreover,italwayshadshowedasignificanteffectonthelatter.Hence,TheScholarshadenjoyedahighpopularityallovertheworldinthepast.Then,itwastranslatedintoEnglishbythefamoustranslatorYangHsien-yiandGladysYangandwasprintedinChangshacityHunanprovincein1996.Formyownpart,TheScholarsisnotonlyagreatnovel,butalsoasanencyclopediathatnarratesChineseculturalfeaturesindailylife,anditshowsusaseriesofterrificscenes.Apartfromappreciation,wefindoutdifferencesbetweenwesternandeasterntradition.HowtotranslatethemintoauthenticEnglishandmakeabroadreadersfeelfamiliar,andthenletthemenjoyreadingandunderstandthesedifferences?Theanswersarepresentedinthechapterfour.Quiteafewcasesarelistedtoanswerthesequestions.Lastly,wecommunicatesuccessfullyandwithoutmisunderstanding.That’sthereasontochoosethisbook.InlightofmyresearchontranslationofTheScholarsinalotofreferences,itisconcludedthatChinesescholarshavemainlyexploreditfromtwoaspects,namelytranslator’ssubjectivityandreaders’reception.Bothoftheminvolvedomesticationandforeignizationtheorystudies.Domesticationandforeignizationareputforwardfrom(VenutiL.1995)inhiswork——TheTranslator’sInvisibility.Theformeroriginatedfromseventeenth-centuryEngland,threerepresentativesofwhichareSirJohnDenham,JohnDrydenandAlexanderFraserTytler.Allofthemadvocatedthefluentstrategieswhichwereaimedatmeetingthereaders’requirement,andadopteddomesticationintheprocessoforiginaltextstranslation.ThelatterwasraisedinGermanyintheearly19thcentury,threerepresentativesofwhichwereFriedrichSchleiermacher,FrancisNewmanandWilliamMorris.Theydeclaredthatforeignizationwouldbringthereadersanunderstandingandenjoymentoftheauthorascorrectandcompleteaspossible.Fortheapplicationoftranslationtheory,wedrewlessonsfromHansVermeer’sskopostheoryand“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”ofYanFu.Wefollowedoneofskopostheory’sprinciples:Thecommunicativepurposeprincipleoftranslation.Underitsguidance,III thethesisadoptedmultipletranslationstrategiesflexiblyanddiversely,andmeltedthemintoanintegratedtext.Thepurposeisnotonlyletthetargetreaderstounderstandtheoriginalthoughtsandconnotationsbutalsoexperienceexoticculturecompletely.Itmaybeawholedifferentexperiencewhichseemsbeingtheretofeelextraneouscivilization.Next,itobtainedthegoalofcommunicationbetweenreaderandauthor.Besides,“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”ofYanFuhasalreadyembodiedonaspectoffaithfulnessbothfromthoughtsandconnotationsbetweenoriginalandtranslationbasedontheChinese-EnglishcasesofTheScholarsstudyingbythethesis.However,itisnolongermerelyword-for-wordtranslationjustforloyaltytotext’sstyleandwords‘meaning.Meanwhile,itisnotunrestrictedinordertoturneleganceyet.ThisthesismainapplieddomesticationandforeignizationtranslationstrategytoexplaindifferencesamongChinese-Englishcultureandfolk-customs.Amplecasesarethehighlightsofthethesis.Wehavelistedalotofthemanddividedthemintosevencategoriesfromcross-culturalperspectivesofTheScholars.StudiesofillustrationsincludeChinesetexts,Chinesepinyin,Englishliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,decipherdetails.ThethesisisrootedfromEnglishversionofTheScholarsandexploredtheEnglishversionfromtwoaspectsofdomesticationandforeignizationtranslatestrategiesundertheguidanceofskopostheoryandtheoryof“Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance”ofYanFu.Intheprocessofviewingandstudying,wefindoutdisparityanddifferencesbetweentheories’standardsandEnglishversion’spresentation.Atlast,thepaperwaslookingforwardtoofferadviceforstudiesofdomesticationandforeignizationonChinese-Englishtranslationinfuture.KeyWords:domestication,foreignization,skopostheory,faithfulness,expressiveness,eleganceIV 摘要吴敬梓,清代最伟大的小说家之一,著作等身，终其一生创作了大量的诗歌、散文和史学著作。而《儒林外史》无疑是奠定其文学地位的代表作。《儒林外史》是中国小说史上的一部带有开创意义的杰作。它奠定了我国讽刺小说的基石，对后来文学的影响是巨大而深远的。因此,在国内外引起很大反响，广受好评。后由著名翻译家杨宪益、戴乃迭翻译成英文，于1996年在湖南长沙出版。《儒林外史》不仅是一部伟大小说，而且是一部讲述日常生活中的中华文化特色的百科全书。它向我们展现了一系列精彩的场景。欣赏之余，我们发现了东西方传统的差异。如何将它们翻译成原汁原味的英语，并让海外读者感到亲切，之后，令他们爱上阅读并明了这些差异呢？答案将呈现在第四章，并列举了大量的例证来回答这些问题。最后，我们会达到无障碍成功交流。这也是论文选取此书研究的原因。据本人在大量文献中对《儒林外史》英译研究资料的搜集和整理，国内学者主要就译者主体性和读者接受情况两个方面进行了研究。这两个方面正是归化、异化翻译策略的研究范畴。归化与异化是美国著名翻译理论学家劳伦斯·韦努蒂（LawrenceVenuti）,于1995年在《译者的隐身》中提出来的。归化研究起源于17世纪的英国，代表人物为德南姆（Denham）、德莱顿（Dryden）和泰特勒（Tytler）,它倡导并实践了旨在尊重和满足目的语读者需要，而对源语文本进行归化处理的通顺的翻译策略。而异化翻译于19世纪初兴起于德国，代表人物施莱尔马赫（Schleiermacher）、纽曼（Newman）和莫里斯(Morris),他们提倡:译者尽可能不去打扰作者，而让读者向作者靠拢。（Lefevere1977:74）论文在翻译理论的运用方面，借鉴汉斯·威密尔（HansVermeer）的目的论和严复的“信、达、雅”。遵从目的论的一个原则——译文交际目的原则，并在它的指引下，灵活、多样地采用多种翻译策略，并融合在一起，使目标读者不止理解原文的思想和内涵，更能完整地感受来自异域的别样文化。身临其境地体验异国他乡的文明，耳目一新，达到交流的目的。而严复的“信、达、雅”，在论文分析小说《儒林外史》的汉译英案例中，也多次体现在思想与内涵的忠实上，而非以往为格式、词句的忠实进行的死译；也绝非他人为了“雅”，而天马行空、漫无边际地随意发挥。在分析译者的英译稿时，V 论文主要运用归化和异化的翻译策略，解释中英文化差别，民俗迥异。丰富的例证是本论文的亮点。论文列举了《儒林外史》中大量例证，并从跨文化视角将他们分为七类。例证的研究包括中文文本、汉语拼音字母、英文直译和意译、细节详解。本文以《儒林外史》英译本为素材，在“目的论”和“信、达、雅”理论指引下，从归化和异化翻译策略两方面对译文进行探讨，观察并分析译文与这两个理论所提标准的契合程度，以期对中译英的归化异化研究带来启示。关键词：归化异化目的论信、达、雅VI CONTENTSABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................III摘要............................................................................................................................................VChapterOneIntroduction............................................................................................................11.1ResearchBackground.....................................................................................................11.2SignificanceandPurposeoftheThesis..................................................................11.3MethodologyandLayoutoftheThesis.........................................................................2ChapterTwoLiteratureReview..................................................................................................42.1RelevantStudiesonTheScholarsandWuJingzi..........................................................42.1.1AbriefintroductiontoWuJingzi.........................................................................42.1.2RelevantStudiesonTranslationofTheScholars................................................52.2ABriefIntroductiontoYangHsien-yiandGladysYang...............................................7ChapterThreeTheoriesFramework...........................................................................................93.1TheoriesUsedintheTranslation....................................................................................93.1.1SkoposTheory.....................................................................................................93.1.2”Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance”ofYanFu.....................................93.2StrategiesAppliedinTranslation.................................................................................103.2.1ConceptsonDomesticationandForeignization................................................103.2.2TheApplicationofDomesticationandForeignization......................................11ChapterFour.............................................................................................................................20CasesStudiesfromCross-CulturalPerspectivesoftheScholars........................................................204.1AddressingTerms.........................................................................................................204.2Idioms,Poetry,Allusion...............................................................................................234.3SocialClasses,ProtocolRoutine.................................................................................284.4WeddingCustoms,FuneralCustoms...........................................................................304.5OfficialDocuments......................................................................................................354.6Costumes,PersonalityCharacteristics.........................................................................384.7FeudalEthicalCodes....................................................................................................40ChapterFiveConclusion...........................................................................................................43VII 5.1MajorFindingsoftheStudy.........................................................................................435.2LimitationsoftheStudy...............................................................................................435.3SuggestionsfortheFutureStudy.................................................................................44Bibliography..............................................................................................................................45Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................48VIII ChapterOneIntroduction1.1ResearchBackgroundWuJingzi,whobecamewell-knownintheliteratureintheYongZhengperiodoftheQingdynasty,isoneofthegreatestnovelistsinQingdynasty.Asanoutstandingwriter,hehasanickname.ItisWenMuOldMan.Whenhewasborn,hewasgifted,muchclevererthanothers.Especially,hewasgoodatreciting.Forinstance,hewassoproficientinZhaoMingAnthologythathecouldfinishtheproseassoonaspossiblewhenyouread.Itseemslikethesametime.Buthewaspooronrunningbusinessforhisfamily.Besides,healwayswasgeneroustotreatmanypeoplewhohadsamehobbieslikehim.Evenstrangers,onlyiftheylikesettinguppoemsanddrinkingwine.Hence,hisparents’treasurewasspentoutgradually.Sometimes,healmoststarvedtodie.InYongZheng13th,thegovernorrecommendedhimtoattendBoXueHongCiexamination.Herefusedit.HemovedtoNanJingandwonthehonorofthemasterinLiterature.Thenhedonatedhishousestofundthepantheon.Inhisoldage,helivedunrestrainedandalcoholabused.Finally,asastranger,hediedinYingzhourestaurant.Hisworks,thereareWenMuShanFangAnthology,TheoriesofWenMuShanFangPoetryandtheSatiricnovel----TheScholars.TheScholarsishismasterpiece.Andhewasbornfromawealthy,aristocraticfamily.AsHuShiandWangYoucengpresentedthatWuJingziisthegiantamongwritersinAnhuiprovince.1.2SignificanceandPurposeoftheThesisDomesticationandforeignizationaretwomethodsoftranslationwhichhasbeeninTheScholars’Chinese-Englishworksoveronehundredyears.Butasatheorywhichwasputforwardofficially,onlyseveraldecades.Presently,withthedevelopmentofourcountry,Chinaisbecomingstrongerandstronger.Meanwhile,ourtraditionalculturehasspreadtotheabroad,andmostoftheformsareclassicworks.Hence,wemakeastudyforthesetwotranslationmethodsinordertogiveadvicesforthetranslators.Amongclassicworks,nodoubt,TheScholarsisamasterpieceforaperiod.Besidethesatiricalmethods,thereareagreatnumberofexamplesfromforeignizationanddomestication.Intheprocessoftranslation,YangHsien-yiand1 GladysYangappliedsometranslationskillsormethodstomeettargetreaders’demand.Theyarerelativelyfaithfultotheoriginaltextasmeanwhile.Butontheotherhand,thesetranslationskillsormethodswhichmeetthestandardoftranslationtheories,suchasskopostheoryandfaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.Inaword,bothofthemareincludedintranslator’srole.Thisthesisaimsatsomegoals.Firstly,itistomakeclearthetranslator’sroleintheprocessoftranslation.Secondly,throughoutanalysisformanyinstances,wefindoutthedifferencesbetweenforeignizationanddomesticationathomeandabroad.Thenwemakeaconclusion.Thirdly,thisthesistriestousethekeyconceptstostudythetranslationprocessinTheScholars,andthenitwillbeeasytodiscoverdisparityanddifferencesbetweentheories’standardsandEnglishversion’spresentation.Letmypentotakeitsplace,theproceedingwillbebrighterresultandsuccessifwelldone.1.3MethodologyandLayoutoftheThesisThisthesisattemptstoemploysomekindsofmethodologiestostudyforeignizationanddomesticationusedinTheScholars.Theyareliteratureresearch,comparativeanalysis,exemplification,inductionmethod,analyticalapproachandtextualanalysis.Therearelotsofcasesinthethesis.Weusemethodologyofcomparativeanalysistostudyliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.Andweadoptanalyticalapproachtodecidethepropertranslationstrategy.Ofcourse,webasedonthefilesarecollectedasmuchaswecan.Nomatterdissertations,magazines,newspapersandsoon,weallclassifiedifonlyrelevant.ThoughthestudiesaboutTheScholarsarequiteafew,butpeoplestandintheviewofforeignizationanddomesticationtoresearchEnglishversionisrarelyappear.ThenthethesismakesmuchcomparisonbetweenforeignizationanddomesticationbymeansofstudyingaffluentcasesofChinese-EnglishtextsinTheScholars.Ampleillustrationsarethehighlightsofthethesis.Welistalotofthemanddividethemintosevencategoriesfromcross-culturalperspectivesofTheScholars.StudiesofcasesincludeChinesetexts,Chinesepinyin,Englishliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,decipherdetails.Next,wemakeaconclusionwhichbasedonthetranslationofTheScholars.AnditfiguresoutthepropertranslationmethodswhichcatertotheChinese-Englishtranslationinclassics.Asweknow,YangHsien-yiandGladysYangusedvarietiesoflanguagestyles,andcomponentsofstyle,inordertoobtaingoalswhicharefaithful2 andaccurate,andinvokingreaders’culturalconsensus.Sothetranslationissuccessfulandworthy.AllofthembelongtotheprinciplesofSkopostheory.What’smore,Gladys.B.Yangapplied“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”astheotherthemewhichappearedintheEnglishtranslationofTheScholarsfromtheChineseoriginalversion.Wesupposethattranslationpurposeisnotonlytransparentandfluency,butalsolettheEnglishversionbenttowardaforeignlikeness.Inaword,wearedevelopingtranslationasfamiliarasnativelanguage;itwillinfluencethewholeevolutionofaculture.Intermsofstructure,fivechaptersformthisthesis.Chapteroneactsasanintroduction,whichtellsreaderstheresearchbackground,thesignificanceandpurposeofthethesis,andtheoverallstructureofthethesis.Chaptertwofunctionsasaliteraturereview,putsforwardtherelatedstudiesonTheScholars,itsauthorandmaintranslatorsindetail.Chapterthreemainlydiscussesthetheoraticalframework,elaboratesthetranslationtheoryofskoposwhichappliedintranslationofTheScholarstomeetthepurposeofthetargettext.Weemphasizedoneprincipleoftheskopostheoryinthefollowingway:eachtextisproducedforagivenpurposeandshouldservethispurpose.Thisprinciplethusreadsasfollows:translate/interpret/speak/writeinawaythatenablesyourtext/translationtofunctioninthesituationinwhichitisusedandwiththepeoplewhowanttouseitandpreciselyinthewaytheywantittofunction(Vermeer1989).Inanotherword,thisprincipleisnamedthecommunicativepurposeprincipleoftranslation.Chapterfourfulfillscasesstudiesfromcross-culturalperspectivesofTheScholars.Inthispart,thethesisdividessevencategoriestoexploretheChinese-Englishtextsbymeansofadoptedtwotranslationstrategiesofdomesticationandforeignization.Intheprocessofresearch,wemaymakeaconclusionaboutwhattranslationstrategiescorrespondtowhatarticles.Exceptforthis,thesetwostrategiesowncharacteristicsalsonarrateindetail.Chapterfivedrawstheconclusion,whichsummarizesthemajorfindingsandlimitationsofthisthesis,andalsoproposessomesuggestionsforfurtherstudies.3 ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2.1RelevantStudiesonTheScholarsandWuJingzi2.1.1AbriefintroductiontoWuJingziTheQingdynastysawprosperityincriticalrealismnovelwriting,oneimportantnovelistwhoseworkscameatthebeginningofthisperiodisWuJingzi.WuJingzi,withhisveryacuteandexquisitesenseofcharacter,hiswell-offlifehasprobablyneverbeenequaledwithinhisdeliberatelylimitedrange.Hisworksareclassicsofthesatireforreality.CriticalrealismbecamethemajorliterarytrendinMingandQingdynasty;thenovelbecameitsmajorformofexpression.Thecriticalrealists,mostofwhomwerenovelists,describedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheupper-classsocietyandcriticizedthecorruptionoftheimperialcompetitiveexaminationandthepersonages’hypocrisyfromademocraticviewpoint.Theynotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthesquiresandtherulingclass,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.Inhismasterpiece,TheScholars,thegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclassarecontrastedwiththehonestyandgoodheartednessofthelowerclass.Hence,humorandsatireaboundintherealisticnovelofthisperiod.Humorousscenessetofftheactionsofthepositivecharacters,andthehumorisoftentingedwithalyricism,whichservestostressthefinequalitiesofsuchcharacters.Meanwhile,bittersatireandgrotesqueareusedtoexposetheseamysideofthefeudalsociety.ThegreatestcriticalrealistofthetimewasWuJingzi.HiscareerbelongschronologicallytotheQianLongPeriod.HewasacontemporaryofCaoXueqin.HewasthefirstimportantnovelistinQingdynasty.HewasborninQuanJiaocountyAnHuiprovince.Hewasoneofthemostversatileauthorsandmadedistinguishedcontributionsinseveralliteraryforms:WenMuShanFangProses,WenMuShanFangProses’Theories,aseriesofessays,lotsofpoemsandhugevolumeofhistoryworks.Allhiswritingworksarepervadedbyagentleironyandagenuinefeelingthatavoidssentimentalitywithconsummateskill.Asanovelist,hewroteonlyonenovelTheScholars.Butthatnovelhasbecomeoneoftheworld’sfamousbooksandbeentranslatedinmanylanguages.ThenovelisWuJingzi’smasterpiece,andhisfamechieflyrestsonthiswork.4 2.1.2RelevantStudiesonTranslationofTheScholarsIntermsofimportantstatusofTheScholarsinliterature,fromclassicworksinancient,moreandmoreexpertshavetranslatedthisnovelintoworldlanguage,suchasEnglish.Inthepast20years,thereweredozensofthesisstudiedEnglishversionofTheScholars.Allofthemstoodintheviewoffiveanglestoresearchit.Welistthemasbelow:culturalstudies,literary,linguistics,translationstrategy,concreteresearch.(1)CulturalStudiesInthiscategory,mostofpapershavetakentheirplacestocompletetheirowners’mission.ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishfromlanguagesandcultureembodiedaterm’stranslationwhichiscalledculture-loadedwords.Inanotherword,theirrepresentativesarecustomlanguages.Theyshowsomefeaturesinlanguageandculturetosomeextent.ChenHongbinhasdividedthemintosixfields,includeidiom,vulgarism,proverbandparole,theyarecloselyassociatedwithoneanotherandsometimesamalgamated.AftertheanalysisandresearchfortheEnglishversionofTheScholars,wemayconcludeadecisionwhichisatranslationstrategyfromYangHsien-yiandGladysYang.Namely,theyareentitledforintegrationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslationwithemphasizingtheformerone.LiuXiaohuiarrangedcultureloadedwordsfromTheScholarsforfouraspects:regionaldiversity;differencesoflifehabits;religiousdifferences;politicalsystem.Hehasadvocatedadisciplinewhichcommunicativetranslationattainstheequivalenceofcross-culturetranslationeasilythansemantictranslation.ChenLireferencedEnglishversionofTheScholars,thenappliedseveraltranslationmethodstohandlethetranslationofculturalvacancywords,suchasfreetranslation,interpretingtranslationandaddition.Italwaystoprovethebelieforviewpointwhichusedconcessionproperlyisbenefitforcultural-transplantandcultural-communication.YuXiaoyan,viewedaspragmaticpresuppositiontoanalysisEnglishversionofTheScholars.Meanwhile,sheadvocatedadoptingaseriesofstrategiesontranslationtodealwithpragmaticpresuppositiondefault.Namely,theyareentitledforannotation,amplification,substitutionandliteraltranslation.Moreover,ZhengYichangclassifiedphenomenonofcultural-defaultintothreetypes:compensationcultural-default,implantablecultural-devout,suppressiblecultural-default;andheoffereddifferentstrategiesontranslationtoanswerthem.(2)LiteraturePanHuilanhasexploredtheinterpretforthisnovel’sformatconstructionandwritingtechniquesfunctions(mainlyutterancelevel),withthehelpoftheoryof5 narratologywhichdevelopedabitmorematurelyinnovelcriticism.Shehasdeeplystudiedfouraspectswhichfallintonarrativediscoursestyle.Namely,perspective,modesofspeech,descriptionoftheincident,narrators,andthetranslationshasmadeitornot.Besides,IarguethattheEnglishversionofTheScholarshasbasicallymadesimilaritiesbetweentranslationandoriginaltextinnarrativediscoursestyle.Thenthemethodcomesouttheperfecttranslation,thesubtlesense,similarstylewiththeoriginalworks.Anditrestartedoriginalworks’aestheticvalueandthemesignificance.HeQianweiandZhangJinhongbothexploredscripts’artisticexpression,techniquesofChunQiuwriting.(3)LinguisticPerspectiveXuJunhasstudiedTheScholarsanditsEnglishversioninthreefields.Namely,textanalysisinsystemic-functionalgrammar,counterofsituation,interpersonalfunction,andthepurposeaimsatexploringtheacademicvalueandpracticalsignificancebywhichsystemfunctiontheorywasappliedinprocessoftextualtranslation.Thereby,sheofferedanewideaforcomparativestudyfromclassicalChinesenovel.Furthermore,sheemployedtheco-textperspectivetotestifytheworks’empiricalanalysis.Thenaconclusionhasbeenmade,inwhichthetenorsarekeptcoherencebetweentheEnglishversionandtheoriginalworks.Anditembodiedtwoprincipleswhicharetextualcoherenceandcohesion.Thus,shefullyconfirmedthegoodworkthattheEnglishversionshowed.Moreover,GaoYonglibasedonTheScholarsanditsEnglishversion,researchedChineseidiomsontheEnglishtranslation.(4)TranslationStrategyYinZhouhonganalysestheculturalwordsfromtheEnglishversionofTheScholars,andofferedaconclusioninwhichliterarytranslationshouldbemainlyappliedinforeignization,andthesupplymethod,so-calleddomestication.ChenLiputforwardsomeexamplesfrominterpretationofculturalinformation.Thenshearguesthatthetranslationinproportionshouldbeincreasedforeignizationandreduceddomestication,inordertoproceedtheinterculturalcommunicationfluently.Presently,ZhangXiuviewedrelevancetheorytoresearchtranslationonidiomsinTheScholars,includingliteraltranslationwithnotes,freetranslationandimageconversionmethod.Soshemadearesultinwhichtheversionhastobeadjustinsomeextentinordertoconveythecommunicativeintentionfromworks’idioms.Thereisanotherscholar,LiXi,whohasnarratedthreeprinciplesforskopostheorieunderthe6 viewofskopostheorie,includingpurpose,coherenceandfaithful.Especially,allofthreedisciplinesembodiesinEnglishversioninTheScholars.(5)ConcreteresearchPanHuilan,atthesightofthreetypes’translationwhicharedirectspeech,indirectspeechandambiguousspeech,analysistheutterancestylesfromcharacters.Meanwhile,offeredsomeexamplestoexplore.ZhangXiaoyan,hasbuiltupaparallelcorpusincomputerwhichequalstoTheScholarsanditsEnglishversion.Thenshegazedtranslationofhonorifics.Inthisfield,shefellhonorificsintothreecategories.Namely,theyareentitledfordifferentlevelsofhonorifics,samelevelhonorificsandadjuncthonorifics.Demonstratedtranslationstrategiesadoptedmainlybytranslatorareequivalentwords,personalpronoun,literaltranslationandamplification.Inaddition,GuoXianhuispecializedinresearchintotheofficialpostsfromtheEnglishversionofTheScholars.Hehasalwaysbeenoftheopinionthatcommunicativetranslationmaybeequallyadvisablecomparetosemantictranslationinordertoconveyvaryculturalinformation.Furthermore,someprofessorsalwayshavestudiedingarmentsandsnacksfromtheEnglishversionofTheScholars.2.2ABriefIntroductiontoYangHsien-yiandGladysYangYangHsien-yi,heisafamoustranslatorinChinaandaforeignliteratureresearchexpert.Hewasbornintoawealthybankerfamilyin1915.AndhestudiedClassicsinMertonCollege,Oxfordin1936.HereturnedtoChinain1940withhiswifeGladysMargaretTaylor.ThenheworkedforForeignLanguagesPressfrom1935inChina.However,hewaslabeleda“rightist”andputintoprisonfrom1968to1972withhisEnglishwife.Finallyhepassedawayin2009.DaiNaidie,namedGladysB.Tayler,shewasgrownupinChina,andaftermarriage,shechangedhernametoGladysYang.ShewasborninaBritishmissionaryfamilyinBeijingin1919.ShebecameOxford’sfirstgraduateinChineseliterature.ShestartedtoworkforForeignLanguagesPressin1952.During1966-1976,inCulturalResolution,hertranslationcareerwascutoff.Afterfouryears’experiencesinjail,sheregainedfreedomtosetouthertranslationcareer.In1999,shepassedaway.Theindefatigablehusband-and-wifeteamofYangHsien-yiandGladysYanghastranslatedaffluentclassicChineseliteraturesintoEnglishsincetheyworkedasprofessionaltranslatorsinthe1950s.Thenumberofcharactersamounttomorethantenmillion.TheirtranslationreflectsunlimitedrespectforChinesecultureandplaysa7 positiveroleinpromotingChineseculturetotheworld.WithGladys’shelp,Mr.YangtranslatedthelyricalpoemLiSaobyQuYuan(4thcenturyBC)intoEnglishheroiccoupletsinthestyleofJohnDryden.TheycooperatedandintroducedalargenumberofChineseclassicstotheEnglish-speakingworld.Maintranslationworksarelistedbelow:LiSao,Homer’sLaid,RecordsofaHistorian,TheSelectedStoriesbyLuXun,TheScholars,OdysseyandPygmalion,DreamoftheRedMansion,Theirtranslationtheorydividesintothreecategories:(1)Faithfulnessandfluency.(2)Integrationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,butemphasizesontheformerone.(3)Integrationofdomesticationandalienation,butemphasizesonthelatterone.8 ChapterThreeTheoriesFramework3.1TheoriesUsedintheTranslation3.1.1SkoposTheorySkopostheoryisamethodoftranslationofferedfromthelate1970stoearly1980sbyReissandVermeer.Thetheoryfallsintotwoprinciples:Oneishowtochoosepropertranslationstrategy.Onlypurposeofthetranslationleadstherightchoiceandthepurposeisalwaystocommunicatesuccessfully.Thenwebaseonittomakeproperchoice.Twoisusingthetranslationstrategiesinvariety.Weaimatbothtargettextsandaudiences,notonlymakethetranslationclosetotheoriginaltextasmuchaspossible,butalsobecomeadaptedtextswhicharefittedtoreadclearlyanddeeply.Hence,itisnecessarytoexpandtherangeoftranslationstrategies,alsoasmuchaspossible.Inshort,thefunctionsandstrategiesareincludedinskopostheory.WewillanalyzetheEnglishtranslationaboutTheScholarsinthesetwoaspectsinskopostheory.3.1.2“Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance”ofYanFuAttheendofQingdynasty,YanFu,afamousenlightenmentphilosopherwhoarguedthedisciplinesoftranslationshouldfollowthe“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”wrotealotofworks.Inhiswork,whichnamedIllustratorNoteson‹EvolutionandEthics›,itnarrated,“Theaffairsoftranslationembodythreedifficulties.Thosearefaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.”Itisalmostimpossibletomakethetranslationmatchesoriginaltextfaithfulinthemeaning.Sowecan’tletbothfaithfulnessandexpressivenesstocometrueinsametranslation.However,bysometimes,wewon’tusethefluencyofthetranslationtoconveyitifwecomprehendtheoriginaltextcorrectly.That’sinvain.AboutstandardsoftranslationfromYanFu,let‘stakeaboveintoaccountant,wemayeasilymakeaconclude,inwhicharethreeitems.Firstly,translationcanexpresstheoriginalideas,namedfaithfulness.Secondly,languageshouldbestandard,smoothandeasytounderstand,namedexpressiveness.Thirdly,thestyleandrhetoricalfeaturesoftheoriginaltextshouldbematchedaspossibleasitcan,namedelegance.YanFu’sIllustratorNoteshasbeeneffectdeeplyforthelatterinobjectivity.Thoughhisviewofeleganceprioritymetsomeone’sfighting.Mostoftranslators9 alwayshasbeeninsistedthestandardoffaithfulness,expressivenessandelegancetoemploytranslationafterYanFu.AndsomeonedevelopedtheirinsightsbaseonYanFu’stheory.Typically,suchasLinYutang’sfidelity,smoothandbeautiful,threecriterionshavebeenadvocated.AndFuLeiarguedaviewoftheaestheticswhichstressedtofitcontentanddisciplinesbetweenoriginalandtranslation,andnomorewritingstyles.Besides,QianZhongshucreatedanewideawhichkeptaperfectsituationbetweenoriginaltextsandtranslation.Healwayscalleditasthebeststandard.Fromthenon,“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”hasmerelylimitedbyYanFu’sthoughts.Especially,theelegance,peoplealsoputnewmeaningsandcontentsonit.Forexample,graceful,gentle,politeness,exquisite,literarygrace,artstyles,prosestyle,concernwithrhetoric,emphasizeliteraryandartisticvalues,andsoon.LinYutanghasputforwardthreerulesinhiswork——OfTranslation,inwhicharefidelity,smoothandbeautiful.TherulespushedYanFu’stheoryfromword-processingskillsintothepsychologyofarts.FuLeireviewedatheoryonPrefaceforRetranslationof.Fortheresult,translationjustlikesanimitationart.Thepurposeisnomoreappearancebutexpressionandmeaning.Thecommentfallsthetranslationintotheliteraryaesthetics.Languages’expressivenessdoesn’texistonsurface,buthidesininneroflanguagedeeply,inwhichappearsamongthewordsandsentencesintext.QianZhongshufurtherdiscusseditinLinZhu’sTranslation,“Thecoreofliterarytranslationisperfect.Whentranslateworksintoabroad,thedifferencesoflanguagehabitsmaynotcomeoutastifftextintrace.Meanwhile,itisperfectiftextconveysoriginalideascompletely.”Theperfectreferstoattainastateofperfectgovernance.Forthetranslation,itreferstohandywithfacilityandlevelofexcellence.That’sfurtherdevelopmentbasedonFuLei’stheory,andmakethetheoryoftranslationgothroughtheaestheticstoreachthepeakofart.3.2StrategiesAppliedinTranslation3.2.1ConceptsonDomesticationandForeignizationEarlyofthenineteencentury,therewasonceamanwithalotofgreattitles,afamousscholar—Schleiermacher.Hefirstadvocatedtheconceptsonbothdomesticationandforeignization.Fordomestication,hesaid,“Leavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim.”(Schleiermacher10 1838/1963:47)Andforforeignization,hesaid,“Thetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardshim.”(Schleiermacher1838/1963:47)Thatistosay,we’dbetteradoptreader’smothertonguetoexpressthetargettext’sthoughtandmeaningoriginallyandnaturally,andnomorestarethestandardtranslationonbothstructureandwordsifwechoosethetranslationstrategyofdomestication.Theresultwillletthereaderstounderstandthetext’sthoughtandcultureclearly.Finally,wewillattainthegoalofcommunicationbetweenauthorandreader.Next,sometimes,we’llmeetpassagesorsentenceswhichconveyforeignculturecompletelydifferent.Forstrangeterms,especiallyvacantexistinourculture,we’dbetterusethetranslationstrategyofforeignizationtotranslateliterally.Inanotherword,weapplytransliteration.Inthisway,wekeeptheexotictextintegrityinfunctionofcommunication.Wesendthetargetaudiencetoabroadtofeelstrangeculturecompletely.Thatissocalledforeignization.Therewasanotherscholaroncesaidthedefiningofforeignization.Hesaid,“Thegenuinetranslatorisawriterwhowantstobringthosetwocompletelyseparatedpersons,hisauthorandhisreader,trulytogether,andwhowouldliketobringthelattertoanunderstandingandenjoymentoftheformerascorrectandcompleteaspossiblewithoutinvitinghimtoleavethesphereofhismothertongue.”(Lefevere1977:74)3.2.2TheApplicationofDomesticationandForeignizationDomestication:Example:便叫他穿上一件长白布直裰，戴上一顶纸糊的极高的黑帽子，搽上一脸的石灰，装作地方鬼模样。又叫家丁装了一班牛头马面、魔王夜叉，极狰狞的怪物。Bianjiaotachuanshangyijianchangbaibuzhiduo,daishangyidingzhihudejigaodeheimaozi,cashangyiliandeshihui,zhuangzuodifangguimuyang.Youjiaojiadingzhuangleyibanniutoumamian、mowangyecha,jizhengningdeguaiwu.Askinghimtoputonalongwhitecloth,itwascalledzhiduo.Thenlethimputonahighblackpaperhatandrubbedhisfacewithlime.Actslikealocalghost.Healsoaskedhisservantstoactoxheads,horses’facesandlordhag,extremehorriblemonsters.11 Freetranslation:Heorderedthismantoputonalongwhitegownandatallblackpaperhat,andtosmearhisfacewithlime,forthiswashowthelocaldevilwassupposedtolook.Healsomadehisservantsdressupinoxheadsandhorses’masks,liketheKingofHellandhisdevilsorothersavageogres.魔王夜叉istheuniquecharacterwhichexistsinChinesefairytales.InChinesefolklore,itisaghostonlystayedinhell.Blackbody,baldandhump-likehead,andarmedahugeforkinhishand.Whenthedarkfallsdown,itwillflyfromthehellandwandersthefield.Italwaysfeedsonmanwhogoesoutlonely.Itequalsto“Bean-niche”inScotland,butnotthesame.Theformerisspiritandthelatterisamonster.SothetranslatorusesthenameofKingofHellexpressdifferentculture’sfeatures.TextinLiteraltranslationismisunderstanding.Somewordsareobscureandwronginmeaning.Phraseslike“actoxheads,horses’faces”doesn’texistinwesterncustom.SoreaderswithEnglishmothertonguefeelstrangeanddifficult.Thetranslationisfailincommunication.Itisaprincipleofskopostheory.However,textinfreetranslationdoeswell.Theunderlinedwordsandphrasespresenttheirconnotationclearlyinfrontofthereaders.Itmakesunderstandinggeteasily.Inwesternfairytales,thereare“masks,kingofhell,devilsandsavageogres”.Theverb“dressup”showsvividly.ThenreaderswithEnglishmothertonguefeelfamiliarandlovetoreadthem.Thetranslationissuccess.Example:捷报贵府老爷范讳进高中广东乡试第七名亚元。京报连登黄甲。JiebaoguifulaoyeFanhuijingaozhongguangdongxiangshidiqimingyayuan.Jingbaoliandenghuangjia。Apieceofgoodnewsreadsthatyourhonourablelord,FanhuiJinhaspassedtheprovincialexaminationinKwangtung,comingseventhinthelist.Histitleisyayuan.Alotofgoodnewsfromthecapitaliscoming.Itissaid,yournameisinthelistofpalaceexamination.Freetranslation:Thisistoannouncethatthemasterofyourhonorablemansion,FanJin,haspassedtheprovincialexaminationinKwangtung,comingseventhinthelist.Maybetternewsfollowinrapidsuccession!京报连登黄甲，itreferstoimperialexaminationinfeudalsocietyinancient12 China.Theexaminationincludestongsheng-shi,provincialexam,metropolitanexamandfinalpalaceexam.Peoplewhopassedtheprovincialexamareentitledasprovincialgraduates,andthefirstplaceisJie-yuan,othersareya-yuan.Onlypassthemetropolitanexamwouldbequalifyforfinalpalaceexam,andafterthefinalpalaceexam,thesuccessfulmenwillbecandidatesappearedonthebulletinofcentralgovernment.Now,FanJinpassedprovincialexam.Hehastopassthenextexamtobequalifiedtoenterlastexam.So,thiswordisflatteryfromwhichpeoplewantedtofawnonhim.Contrarytothewestern,theirhistoryculturedoesn’tappearthefamiliarcustoms.Thenthetranslatorborrowedthedifferentwordstospeaksamemeaning.Thoughthetextshowsdifferentimages,butcomesoutcoherentconnotation.Wecompareliteralandfreetranslation,andwewillfindouttheformeriswronginmeaningandexpression.Theunderlinedphrasesinfreetranslationaremuchbetterthanliteraltranslationonaspectoffaithfulandfluentcommunication.Sowehavenochoicebutfreetranslation.Example:本朝若不是永乐振作一番，信着建文软弱，久已弄成个齐梁世界了！BenchaoruobushiYongLezhenzuoyifan,xinzheJianWenruanruo,jiuyinongchenggeqiliangshijiele!IfYongLehadnotstirredupthisdynasty,butbelieveweaknessofJianWen,thecountrywouldbetheworldofQiLiangaftermanyyears.Freetranslation:IfYongLehadnotstirredupthisdynasty,butleftthegovernmentinthehandsofthatweaklingJianWen,theempirewouldnowbeasweakasinthetimeoftheSixDynasties.齐梁世界,itreferstoTheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesinancientChina.Duringthehistory,itdividestwodynasties,theNorthernandSouthernDynastiesinregionalculture.Andeachofthemmetthewarturmoil,experiencedregimechange.SoSong,Qi,Liang,Chendynastiesplacedonthesouth,andWei,Zhouplacedonthenorth.Thepeopleoffuturegenerationsoftencallthem“LiuSong,SouthQi,SouthLiang,SouthChen,NorthWei,WestWei,EastWei,NorthQiandNorthZhou.”齐梁,refertoSouthQiandSouthLiangDynasties.Becausethepoliticalcorruptionresultedcountry’sweak,andlifeofdynastyisveryshort.Henceit,peoplealwaysmakeitasaspeechofmetaphortocompareweakandchaosintheregime.Fortheforeigners,inordertoseparatethemconciselyandclearly,wejustrememberdifferentnamesof13 dynasties.Song,Qi,Liang,Chen,WeiandZhou,allofthemaresixdynasties.Soweusesixdynastiestoexplain齐梁.Andfollowthisway;foreignerscanunderstandthetextdeeplyandclearly.Whenyoulookattheliteraltranslation,youwillbeconfused.Forforeigners,nobodyknowsthemeaningoftheliteraltranslationifthereislackofexplanatorynote.Sowe‘dbetteradoptthefreetranslation.Example:走堂的叠着指头数道：“肘子、鸭子、黄焖鱼、醉白鱼、杂烩、单鸡、白切肚子、生煼肉、京煼肉、煼肉片、煎肉圆、闷青鱼、煮鲢头，还有便碟白切肉。”Zoutangdediezhezhitoushudao:“Zhouzi、yazi、huangmenyu、zuibaiyu、zahui、danji、baiqieduzi、shengchaorou、jingchaorou、chaoroupian、jianrouyuan、menqingyu、zhuliantou，haiyoubiandiebaiqierou.”Thewaitersaid:“Joint,duck,braisedfish,drunkenwhitefish,mixedstew,chicken,cutwhitebelly,friedpork,Pekingstylefriedpork,slicedpork,friedmeatballs,braisedgreenfish,boiledsilvercarp’shead,andwhiteslicedpork.”Freetranslation:Thewaitersaid:“Joint,duck,fishcasserole,mandarinfishinwine,mixedgrill,chicken,tripe,friedpork,Pekingstylefriedpork,slicedpork,meatballs,mackerel,boiledfishhead,andcoldpork.”白切肚子、生煼肉、京煼肉、煼肉片、煎肉圆,allofthemaredescribedcuisine’spracticesandcuts.Inordertomakeforeignerscleartheirconnotation,sothetranslatorapplieddomesticationasatranslationstrategytotranslatethem.Thenwetagamoraltothefood,notonlyfullofvarietyforthemeaningbutalsopresentavividimage.Theunderlinedwordsinliteraltranslationarekidding,sowechoosefreetranslation.ForeignizationExample:虽然是我女婿，如今却做了老爷，就是天上的星宿。天上的星宿是打不得的！我听的斋公们说:打了天上的星宿，阎王就要拿去打一百铁棍，发在十八层地狱，永不得翻身。Suiranshiwonvxu,rujinquezuolelaoye,jiushitianshangdexingxiu.Tianshangdexingxiushidabudede!Wotingdezhaigong14 menshuo:Daletianshangdexingxiu，yanwangjiuyaonaqudayibaitiegun,fazaishibacengdiyu,yongbudefanshen.Hemaybemyson-in-law,buthe’sanofficialnow—oneofthestarsinheaven.Howcanyouhitoneofthestarsinheaven?I’veheardthatwhoeverhitsthestarsinheavenwillbecarriedawaybytheKingofHell,givenahundredstrokeswithanironrod,andshutupintheeighteenthhell,nevertobecomeahumanbeingagain.Freetranslation:Thoughheismyson-in-law,butheisanoblenow.Ican’toffensehimanymore.Accordingtothemonks,peoplewouldgotothedepthofhellbyforceofSatanifhefightswithanoble.Andhewillsufferterriblebitternessendlesslyintheheaven.打了天上的星宿，阎王就要拿去打一百铁棍，发在十八层地狱，永不得翻身。Thisisanallusionoffolklore.星宿,itreferstosupremacyofintellectualsincommonpeopleinancientChina.Itssymbolicsignificanceismuchmorethantherealstarsappearasmaterial.InancientChina,landlords’classstandsfortherulingclasstoexploitothers,mostofthemarepeasants.Inordertoremainthebalanceofsocietyandremovepeoples’spiritofresistance,therulingclassmadeupmanystoriesbymeansofreligiontobenumbthem.AccordingtoTaoism,everymanwouldbeastar,ifhepassestheprovincialexam.Andeverystarisanimmortalinheaven.Sotheseintellectualhavemanyprivilegestomakecommonpeopleregardthemwithreverence.Thenwonderfultailswouldcomeoutgradually.Differentfromthewesternculture,Chinesemythoftenembodieseveryaspectofdailylife.Forexample,peopleknowtheplacewheretheywillgowhentheyaredead.Peopleendurethebitternessfromtherulingclass’soppressandabidebythelawwillmakeoneselfturnsintotheimmortal.Peoplebelievethereincarnation,andstandalooffromworldlysuccessofferingamananescapefromalifeofmisery.Inanotherword,beinganofficialisalmosteveryone’sdreamforwholelife.Thatisarebirthinsixfoldcycle.Rebirthofanofficialorarichmanbecauseofpreviouslife‘sgoodworkinsociety.Meanwhile,rebirthofapoormanduetopreviouslife‘sevil.Translatorusedthetranslationstrategyofforeignizationtopresentacompletepictureinfrontofthetargetreaders.Anditbringsanewreadingexperiencetothereadersandgivesthemafeelingofactuallybeingthere,experiencetheexotic.Thefreetranslationmakesthereaderfeelstrange,becauseofdifferentculture.15 Buttheliteraltranslationseemsfamiliar,andletthereaderacceptsiteasier.Example:胡屠户一口啐在脸上，骂了一个狗血喷头道：“不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！……如今痴心就想中起老爷来！这些中老爷的都是天上的文曲星！……像你这尖嘴猴腮，也该撒泡尿自己照照！不三不四，就想天鹅屁吃！”Hutuhuyikoucuizailianshang，maleyigegouxuepentoudao:“buyaoshilenideshile！Nizijizhijuedezhongleyigexianggong，jiu‘laihamaxiangchiqitianerou’lai!…Rujinchixinjiuxiangzhongqilaoyelai!Zhexiezhonglaoyededoushitianshangdewenquxing!…Xiangnizhejianzuihousai，yegaisapaoniaozijizhaozhao!Busanbusi，jiuxiangtianepichi!”ButcherHuspatinhisface,andpouredoutatorrentofabuse.“Don’tbeafool!”Heroared.“Justpassingoneexaminationhasturnedyourheadcompletely—you‘relikeatoadtryingtoswallowaswan!…Now,likeafool,youwanttopassthehigherexaminationandbecomeanofficial.Butdoyouknowwhothoseofficialsare?Theyareallstarsinheaven!…Butyourmouthsticksoutandyou’veachinlikeanape’s.Youshouldpissonthegroundandlookatyourfaceinthepuddle!Youlooklikeamonkey,yetyouwanttobecomeanofficial.Comeoffit!”Freetranslation:ButcherHuissorude,heshowshisfierceandbrutalaspossibleashecan.HeswearsatFanJinandinsultshimwithbadmanner,evenspitathim.Youwereborninlowerfamilyandareneverchangedintoanoble.Thoughyoupassedajuniorexamination,poorman’sfateisalwayspoor.文曲星,oneoftwenty-eightconstellationsaredividedbyancientChineseastronautsandappliedintheuniverse.Thepurposealwaysusedindivination,astronomy,religionandfarmingseason.ItreferstoacharacterofChinesemythsandlegends.Especially,theTaoism,asanimmortaltransformedhimselftoanordinarypersoninancientChina.Afterafewyears,appearedafamedscholarwhoperformedbrilliantexploittothehomeland.Thesesagesareusuallycalledthestarofwisdomrebirth.Accordingly,wenquxingisinchargeofofficialcareersandscholarlyfame.Therefore,faceatatotallydifferentculturalconnotation,thetranslatoradoptedtheforeignizationtranslationstrategytotransformthetextintothesimpleandconcisetextinordertokeepthealienfeaturesandflavorwhichwillexperiencebythetarget16 audiences,andgivethemafeelingofactuallybeingthere,experiencetheexotic.Example:贡院前先放三个炮，把栅栏子开了；又放三个炮，把大门开了；又放三个炮，把龙门开了；共放九个大炮。放过了炮，至公堂上摆出香案来。应天府尹大人戴着幞头，穿着蟒袍，行过了礼，立起身来，把两把遮阳遮着脸。布政司书办跪请三界伏魔大帝关圣帝君进场来镇压，请周将军进场来巡场。放开遮阳，大人又行过了礼。布政司书办跪请七曲文昌开化梓潼帝君进场来主试，请魁星老爷进场来放光。……请过了文昌，大人朝上又打三恭，书办就跪请各举子的功德父母，是人家中过进士做过官的祖宗……每号门前还有一首红旗，底下还有一首黑旗。那红旗底下是给下场人的恩鬼墩着，黑旗底下是给下场人的怨鬼墩着。到这时候，大人上了公座坐了。书办点到：“恩鬼进，怨鬼进”。两边齐烧纸钱，只见一阵阴风，飒飒的响，滚了进来，跟着烧的纸钱滚到红旗、黑旗底下去了。Gongyuanqianxianfangsangepao,bazhalanzikaile;youfangsangepao,badamenkaile;youfangsangepao,balongmenkaile;gongfangjiugedapao.Fangguolepao,zhigongtangshangbaichuxianganlai.Yingtianfuyindarendaizhefutou,chuanzhemangpao,xingguoleli,liqishenlai,baliangbazheyangzhezhelian.Buzhengsishubanguiqingsanjiefomodadiguanshengdijunjinchanglaizhenya,qingZhoujiangjunjinchanglaixunchang.Fangkaizheyang,darenyouxingguoleli.Buzhengsishubanguiqingqiquwenchangkaihuazitongdijunjinchanglaizhushi,qingkuixinglaoyejinchanglaifangguang.…QingguoleWenChang,darenchaoshangyoudasangong,shubanjiuguiqinggejvzidegongdefumu,shirenjiazhongguojinshizuoguoguandezuzong…meihaomenqianhaiyouyishouhongqi,dixiahaiyouyishouheiqi.Nahongqidixiashigeixiachangrendeyuanguidunzhe.daozheshihou,darenshanglegongzuozuole.shubandiandao:“Enguijin,yuanguijin.”liangbianqishaozhiqian,zhijianyizhenyinfeng,sasadexiang,gunlejinlai,genzheshaodezhiqiangundaohongqi、heiqidixiaqule.Firsttheyfirethreesalvoesinfrontofthehallandopenthepalisade.Thentheyfireanotherthreesalvoesandopenthemaingate.Thentheyfireanotherthreesalvoesandopenthedragongate.Thereareninesalvoesaltogether.Whenthegunshavebeen17 fired,anincensetableissetoutintheHallofSupremeJustice,andmayorofNankinginsacrificialheaddressandserpent-embroideredrobebows,standsupandhideshisfacebehindtwoumbrellas.Thesecretaryofthefinancecommissioner’sofficekneelstoinvitetheGodofWartothehalltokeeporderandtheGodofWar’sbodyguardtomakeaninspection.Theumbrellasarepartedandthemayorbows.Nextthefinancecommissioner’ssecretarykneelstoinvitetheGodofLiteraturetopresideoverthehall,andhisbodyguard—thestarofsuccessfulcandidates—tocometothehalltoshedlight.…AfterinvitingtheGodofLiterature,themayorbowsagainthreetimestoheaven,andthesecretaryinvitesallsuccessfulancestors.…Successfulancestorsarethosewhohavepassedthemetropolitanexaminationandheldoffice.…There’saredflagatthedoorofeachcell,withablackflagbeneathit.Undertheredflagsquatthespiritsofthosethecandidatehashelped,undertheblackflagthespiritsofthosehehaswronged.Nowthemayortakeshisseat.Thesecretarycallsout:“Entertheghostsofallthosehelpedorwronged!”Papercoinsareburntoneithersideandwithasuddengustofwind—whoosh!—Introublethespiritsandflywiththeburntpapertoundertheredandblackflags!Freetranslation:Firsttheyfireninesalvoesinfrontofthetestsite,andthentheyopenthedoorsinorder.Afterthat,someofficialsstartaceremonytoexpresstheirrespectforexam.ItinvolvesGodandghosttoactdifferentrolesintheexamination.Alloftheseshowjusticeinpurpose.Theelaborateceremonystressesthesolemnandsacrosanct.PrecedingpartofthetextnarratesagiantsceneaboutentranceceremonyinprovincialexaminationinancientChina.Theauthor,WuJingzi,ghostsandgodsarethefocusofhisdescriptioninthenovel.Wejustputasidethespirit’sdebateforthetimebeing,fromthenuanceddescriptionsalone;wemaymakeaconclusionthatimperialcompetitiveexamisveryimportanttocountryandputeveryoneinawe.Peopletreattheexamasrevereadeity,notonlyitinvolvesofficials’obligationbutalsostandsforcountry’sdesireforthetalent.Sothewholeprocessseemslikesaintetiquette.Anditsappearanceshowsmysteriouslyandsolemnly.Besides,“Entertheghostsofallthosehelpedorwronged!”Itembodiesthekarmaruleandreincarnation.Thenthefairytalepersuadespeopletobegoodincommunication.Translatorusedtheforeignizationtranslationstrategytopresentacompletepictureinfrontofthetargetreaders.Anditbringsanewreadingexperiencetothereadersandgivesthemafeelingofactuallybeingthere,experiencetheexotic.18 Thefreetranslationisanarrationandboring.Itisuninterestingtoread.Theliteraltranslationismuchbetterthanit.19 ChapterFourCasesStudiesfromCross-CulturalPerspectivesoftheScholarsThenovelhasshowedmanycasesfromwhichwefoundevidenceaboutcross-culturaltranslation.Bymeansofstudyingthemdeeply,strategiesadoptedintranslationwilllayoutapparently.InAncientChina,peoplerespectintellectuals.Becauseareligionwhichcalled“scholar,farmer,artisanandmerchant”,itexistedinthemindofcommonpeopledeeply.Differentclassesstandfordifferentstatusinsociety.ScholarsstandforgovernmentofficialsinfeudalsocietyinChina.Andgovernmentofficialsownedmuchpriority,notonlypoliticalrightsbutalsoincludeeconomicprivileges.Ingeneral,scholarsarecandidatesforofficials,andalwayschangedtheiridentitiestotheofficialsattheendifonlytheydidn’trefusegovernment’sasking.Sopeopleworshipstatusofscholars,andcrowdedtojoinfeudalgovernment’sexaminationstoobtainthepositionsofofficial.Hence,thescholarswerethebestjobandalsomanypeople’shighidealstofight.Then,farmersorpeasantsweresecondclassinsociety,higherpoliticalstatusbutpoverty.Gradually,peopleignoredandavoidedthem.Next,artisanswerericherthanfarmers,butlowerattentionfromtherulersbecauseofautocraticimperialpower.Last,merchantsweretherichestpeoplethanothers,butweredeprivedrightsinusualduetophysiocracy.Andallactivitiesinvolvedthisreligionasacentertostartoff,andproducedaseriesofsystem.Wepickedoutsomeitemsnamedetiquette.Throughanalysisdetailsofdailylifedeeply,wemayunderstandtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandabroad.Chiefly,westudysomeaspectsincludeaddressingpeople,socialclasses,protocolroutine,weddingcustoms,funeralcustoms.4.1AddressingTermsExample:范进唯唯连声，叫浑家把肠子煮了，烫起酒来。FanJinweiweiliansheng,jiaohunjiabachangzizhule,tangqijiulai.FanJinassentedmeekly,andcalledthewholefamilytoboilthegutandhotupwine.Freetranslation:FanJinassentedmeekly,andcalledhiswifetocookthesausagesandwarmthewine.20 浑家,itisaself-abasingtermforone’swife.Compareittothepresent;itiscontempttothefemales.BecausetheviewthatmenaresuperiortowomenwasfamousinancientinChina.Obviously,therearesomemistakesinliteraltranslation.Theunderlinedphrasesarefalseinmeaning.Sothefreetranslationisgood.Example:太尊、县父母都亲自到门来贺。Taizun、xianfumudouqinzidaomenlaihe.Thegreatgrandfatherandcounty’sparentscalledtocongratulatehim.Freetranslation:Theperfectandthecountymagistratecalledtocongratulatehim.太尊、县父母refertotheofficialpositions,theformermeanscitymayorandthelattermeansaheadofacounty.Theofficial-centeredvalueliesinChinaforalongtimeandhasdeeplyeffectedoneveryaspectinsociety.Sopeoplerespectofficersasforefathers,andpeopleinsistelderfirstwithemphasisontheoldmen.Sotheliteraltranslationiswronginmeaning.Andfreetranslationisgood.Example:你如今既中了相公，凡事要立起个体统来。Nirujinjizhonglexianggong,fanshiyaoliqigetitonglai.NowthatyouhavebecomeaXiangGong,everythingshouldbedoneinregime.Freetranslation:Nowthatyouhavebecomeagentleman,youmustdothingsinproperstyle.相公,referstoonewhopassedtheimperialexaminationatthecounty.体统,referstotheclassidentity.Asthebeginningoftheintellectuals,thebutcherHuhopedhisson-inlawtoputforwardtotheclassofofficials,sohepretendedhisson-inlawasthecandidatesofofficials.Theliteraltranslationexpressesbad,andchoosesthewrongwords.Butthefreetranslationisgood.Example:宗师说我火候已到，自古无场外的举人，如不进去考他一考，如何甘心？Zongshishuowohuohouyidao,ziguwuchangwaidejvren,rubujinqukaotayikao,ruheganxin?ThegreatmastersaidthatIshowedmaturity.And,fromancienttimestillnow,therewasn’tajvrenwhocameoutnoneedtojointheexamination.Freetranslation:CommissionerZhousaidthatIshowedmaturity.And,fromancienttimestillnow,whoeverpassedthefirstexaminationwithoutgoinginforthe21 second?宗师,referstoanofficerwhoisinchargeofprovincialeducation.Thatisacomplementedaddressing.举人,referstoonewhopassedimperialprovincialexaminationandqualifiedforthecandidatesofofficials.Thatisalordforbothonpoliticalstatusandeconomicreward.Theunderlinedphrasesareinferiorincommunication,andtherearesomeerrors.Sowechoosefreetranslation.Example:快请范老爷出来，恭喜高中了！KuaiqingFanlaoyechulai,gongxigaozhongle!PleaseinvitethenobleFancomeout.Congratulations!Youhitthelisthighly.Freetranslation:WhereisthehonorableMr.Fan?Wehavecometocongratulatehimonpassingtheprovincialexamination.老爷,referstoonewhopassedimperialprovincialexaminationandqualifiedforthecandidatesofofficials.Thatisalordforbothonpoliticalstatusandeconomicreward.Itisalwaysacomplementedaddressingfor举人.Theaddressinghighlightsthedistinguishedstatus,soFanJinisaroundbyflatterers.Readersacceptthefreetranslationeasily,butdifficulttoundertheliteraltranslation.Example:传胪那日，荀玫殿在二甲，王惠殿在三甲，都授了工部主事。俸满，一齐转了员外。Chuanlunari,XunMeidianzaierjia,WangHuidianzaisanjia,doushoulegongbuzhushi.Fengman,yiqizhuanleyuanwai.Onthedayofcrack,XunMeiwasplacedinerjia,andWangHuiinthethreejia.Bothofthemareentitledonmasterofgongbutanetheyturnintoyuanwaiwhentheirpayfull.Freetranslation:Atthepalaceexamination,XunMeiwasplacedinthesecondrankandWangHuiinthethird.BothofthemweremadeassistantsecretariesoftheBoardofWorks,andappointedsecond-classsecretarieswhentheyhadservedtheirturn.Thetexttellsacustomofimperialpalaceexamination,itisthehighestexaminfeudalsociety.ButthereseemsanerrorinEnglishtranslation.传胪那日,referstotheannouncementofexamineeslist,notthedayofpalaceexamination.Thisisaskillofrepetitionontranslation.Hence,thetranslatorisverybrighttotransformtheminto22 thetargettextandfollowsrulesoffaithful,expressiveandelegance.Literaltranslationishardtounderstand,butthefreetranslationisnaturalandaccurate.4.2Idioms,Poetry,AllusionExample:若是同人合伙，领了人的本钱，他只要一分八厘行息，我还有几厘的利钱。他若是要二分开外，我就是“羊肉不曾吃，空惹一身膻”，倒不如不干这把刀儿了！Ruoshitongrenhehuo,linglerendebenqian,tazhiyaoyifenbalihangxi,wohaiyoujilideliqian.taruoshiyaoerfenkaiwai,wojiushi“yangroubucengchi,kongreyishenshan”,daoburubuganzhebadaoerle!IfIraisedaloanfromsomeonewillingtotakeonepointeightpercentinterests,Icouldstillmakealittleprofit.Butifhewantedtwopercentormore,I’dmissthegoatfleshandjustgetthesmellofthegoat!Thatwouldn’tbeworthmywhile.Freetranslation:IfIraisedaloanfromsomeonewillingtotakeonepointeightpercentinterests,Icouldstillmakealittleprofit.Butifhewantedtwopercentormore,I’dquitit.“羊肉不曾吃，空惹一身膻”。Thetranslatorusedtheforeignizationstrategytoshowusasceneofdifferentcustoms,feellikeatruelife.That’swonderful.Freetranslationisnotvividastheliteraltranslation,becauseoflacktheidiom.Example:虔婆合掌道：“阿弥陀佛！眼见稀奇物，胜做一世人！我成日里烧香念佛，保佑得这一尊天贵星到我家来，带我到天宫里走走，老身来世也得人身，不变驴马！”邹泰来道：“当初太祖皇帝带了王妈妈、季巴巴到皇宫里去，他们认作古庙，你明日到国公府里去，只怕也要认作古庙哩！”一齐大笑。Qianpohezhangdao:“Emituofo!yanjianxiqiwu,shengzuoyishiren!wochengrilishaoxiangnianfo,baoyoudezheyizuntianguixingdaowojialai,daiwodaotiangonglizouzou,laoshenlaishiyederenshen，bubianlvma!”ZouTailaidao:“DangchutaizuhuangdidaileWangmama、Jibabadaohuanggongliqu,tamenrenzuogumiao,nimingridaoguogongfuliqu,zhipayeyaorenzuogumiaoli!”yiqidaxiao.23 Thebawdclaspedherhandstogether.“Amida!Buddha!IfIseesuchasightIshan’thavelivedinvain!IburnincenseandpraytoBuddhaeveryday,andnowanoblestarinthepersonofMr.Chenhascometomyhouseandpromisedtotakemetoheaven.IfIhavesuchluckasthis,Ishallbecomeahumanbeinginmynextlifeinsteadofanassorhorse!”“WhenthefirstemperortookMotherWangandFatherJitothepalace.”observedMr.Tsou,”theythoughtitwassomeoldtemple.Whenyougotothepalace,ma’am,youmaymakethesamemistake.”Theyburstoutlaughingatthat.Freetranslation:Thebawdclaspedherhandstogether.“Amen,IalwayspraytotheGodeveryday.Iwishthisnoblecomehere.Thenitcomestrue.IwillnotgotohellifIcanenterhishome.”ZouTailaisaid,“WhenthefirstemperortookMotherWangandFatherJitothepalace.Theythoughtitwassomeoldtemple.Whenyougotothepalace,ma’am,youmaymakethesamemistake.”Theyburstoutlaughing.老身来世也得人身，不变驴马！ItreferstoBuddhism’ssixpathincarnation.Sixrealmsincludeanimalrealm,everyonehereturnsintoallkindsofanimalwhichbearsslavery,predation,andskinningcrampslastedforeverjustduetoone’sevilleftinsociety.Thefreetranslationexpressesdifferentculture,thoughreaderscleariteasily,itlosttheoriginalfeatures.Example:姑娘今年十七岁，大运交庚寅，寅与亥合，合着时上的贵人，该有个贵人星座命。就是四正有些不利，吊动了一个计都星，在里面作扰，有些啾唧不安，却不碍大事。莫怪我直谈，姑娘命里犯一个华盖星，却要记一个佛名，应破了才好。将来从一个贵人，还要戴凤冠霞帔，有太太之分哩。Guniangjinnianshiqisui,dayunjiaogengyin,yinyuhaihe,hezheshishangdeguiren,gaiyougeguirenxingzuoming.Jiushisizhengyouxiebuli,diaodongleyigejiduxing,zailimianzuorao,youxiejiujibuan,quebuaidashi.Moguaiwozhitan,guniangminglifanyigehuagaixing,queyaojiyigefoming,yingpolecaihao.Jianglaicongyigeguiren,haiyaodaifengguanxiapei,youtaitaizhifenli.Thegirlisseventeenthisyearandthisyearisgengyinyear,sosheisgoingtohavegreatgoodfortune.Shewillmeetanoble,anditisherfate.Butthesizhengisnotgoodforher;aJiDustarismakingtroubleforher.Itdoesn’tmatter.Excusemeforspeakingfrankly,butthegirlhasoffendedaHuaGaistar.She‘dbetterisgivena24 Buddha’snametooverthetrouble.Thenshewillmarryanoble,wearachapletandsplendidrobesandbeagreatlady.Freetranslation:Thegirlisseventeenthisyearandisgoingtohavegreatgoodfortune.Anoblestariscomingintoherlife.Notallherinfluencesaresoauspicious,though.Anevilspiritismakingtroubleforher,andcausingheranxiety.Still,thiswillnotprovetooserious.Excusemeforspeakingfrankly,butthegirlhasoffendedanotherwickedspirit.Shemustdedicateherselftooneofthebodhisattvasifshewantstocounteractthisevilinfluence.Thenshewillmarryanofficial,wearachapletandsplendidrobesandbeagreatlady.大运交庚寅，寅与亥合,itreferstotheChineseera,asasystemofthecycleoftheseasons.Fortune-telleralwayspredictsone’sfatebymeansofanalysisofit.姑娘命里犯一个华盖星,itinvolvespredictionofYinYangTheory,meansunluckyandbealone.Freetranslationexplainstheculturaltermsinappropriatewords.Buttheliteraltranslationdoesn’ttranslatethem.Example:我从来是“一点水一个泡”的人，比不得媒人嘴。Woconglaishi“yidianshuiyigepao”deren,bibudemeirenzui.Ialwaysamanwithadropofwaterandabubble.I’venotgottheusualmatch-maker’smouth.Freetranslation:Ialwaysstickstrictlytothetruth:I’venotgottheusualmatch-maker’smouth.一点水一个泡,itisaidiomofChinese,meanstospeakhonestlyandbehavegood.Itisametaphorspeech.Freetranslationexplainstheculturaltermsinappropriatewords.Buttheliteraltranslationdoesn’ttranslatethem.Example:自古说：“晚娘的拳头，云里的日头。”Zigushuo：“wanniangdequantou,yunlideritou”.Wordsfromtheancientsaid,“Stepmother’sfists,sunincloud.”Freetranslation:Astepmotherisalwayscruel.ItisanidiomofChinese,butwidelyexistsacrosstheworld.Sodomesticationstrategyletthereaderscleartheconnotationdeeply.Freetranslationexplainstheculturaltermsinappropriatewords.Buttheliteral25 translationdoesn’ttranslatethem.Example:嗅窗前寒梅数点，且任我俯仰以嬉；攀月中仙桂一枝，久让人婆娑而舞。Xiuchuangqianhanmeishudian,qierenwofuyangyixi;panyuezhongxianguiyizhi,jiurangrenposuoerwu.Ismellsomeplumflowersbymywindowandenjoymyself.ThenIwantplucklaurelinthemoonanddance.Freetranslation:AteaseIinhalethesweetplumblossombymywindow.Letothersplucklaurelinthemoonanddance.TheEnglisheditionshowstheadvantagesofdomesticationstrategy,popularstylesandeasytounderstandtheconnotation.Thepoem’srhymesremainscompletely.Therhythmofpoetryisembodiedinfreetranslation.Example:陈礼又焚了一道符……，又过了一顿饭时，那乩扶得动了，写出四个大字：“王公听判。”王员外慌忙丢了乩笔，下来拜了四拜，问道：“不知大仙尊姓大名？”问罢，又去扶乩。那乩旋转如飞，写下一行道：“吾乃伏魔大帝关圣帝君是也。”陈礼吓得在下面磕头如捣蒜，说道：“今日二位老爷心诚，请得夫子降坛，这是轻易不得的事！总是二位老爷大福。须要十分诚敬，若有些须怠慢，山人就担戴不起！”ChenLiyoufenleyidaofu…,youguoleyidunfanshi,najifudedongle,xiechusigedazi：“Wanggongtingpan”.Wangyuanwaihuangmangdiulejibi,xialaibailesibai,wendao：“Buzhidaxianzunxingdaming?”wenba，youqufuji.najixuanzhuanrufei,xiexiayihangdao：“Wunaifumodadiguanshengdijunshiye”.ChenLixiadezaixiamianketourudaosuan,shuodao：“Jinrierweilaoyexincheng,qingdefuzijiangtan，zheshiqingyibudedeshi!Zongshierweilaoyedafu.xuyaoshifenchengjing,ruoyouxiexudaiman,shanrenjiudandaibuqi!”ChenLiburntanothermagicformula…Afterthetimeittakesforameal;thebrushbegantomoveagainandwrote:“LetMr.Wangmarksourpronouncement.”WangHuipromptlyletgoofthebrushandplumpeddownto26 kowtowfourtimes,afterwhichheasked:“MayIinquiretheGreatSpirit’shonorablename?”Hethenreturnedtoholdthebrushagain.Thebrushmovedrapidlytotracethewords:“IamLordGuanYu,ConqueroroftheDevils.”ChenLiwassooverawedthathekowtowedasfastasapestlepoundingonions.“Becauseofyoursinceritytoday,wehavebeenabletocallupthismightyspirit,”hetoldthetwoscholars.“Thatisnoteasy!Youtwogentlemenareinluck!Butyoumustshowgreatrespect,forifthereistheleastnegligenceIdon’tknowhowIshallanswerforit!”Freetranslation:ChenListartsaceremonytopredicthisfate.ThentheGodofwarappears,itmakesChenLiandMrWangscared.Theytrythemselvestoshowtheirrespecttoit.Thetextloadsdownasceneofdivination,lifelikeandvividcharactersaretransformedtotheEnglishtextbymeansofforeignizationstrategytokeeptheconnotationandthoughtcompletely.Thenreadingitjustlikebeingthere.Literaltranslationisvividandinteresting.Butthefreetranslationistheopposite.Example:“羡尔功名夏后，一枝高折鲜红。大江烟浪杳无踪，两日黄堂坐拥。只道骅骝开道，原来天府夔龙。琴瑟琵琶路上逢，一盏醇醪心痛！”写毕，又判出五个大字：“调寄《西江月》。”三个人都不解其意。王员外道：“只有头一句明白。‘功名夏后’，是‘夏后氏五十而贡’，我恰是五十岁登科的，这句验了。”“Xianergongmingxiahou,yizhigaozhexianhong.dajiangyanlangyaowuzong,liangrihuangtangzuoyong.zhidaohualiukaidao,yuanlaitianfukuilong.qinsepipalushangfeng,yizhanchunlaoxintong!”Xiebi，youpanchuwugedazi：“DiaojiXiJiangYue.”Sangerendoubujieqiyi.Wangyuanwaidao：“Zhiyoutouyijvmingbai.‘GongmingXiaHou’,shi‘Xiahoushiwushiergong’,woqiashiwushisuidengkede,zhejvyanle.”YouaretobecongratulatedonachievingXiaDynastyrankandpluckingredblossomsonhigh.Therearemistywavesontheriverduringyourtwodaysattheoffice.Thehorsesleadingthewayturnouttobeministersofthecelestialcourt.Meetinglutesandlyres,yourheartachesatonecupofwine!Afterthis,anothersentencewasadded:“Settothetuneof‘Moonlight’ontheWesternRiver.”Thethreemencouldnotmakeheadortailofthis.“ThefirstsentenceistheonlyoneIunderstand,”saidWang.“TheXiaDynastystudentstookthe27 examinationsattheageoffifty,andIhavejustpassedatfiftytoo.”Freetranslation:Youwillhavegreatfameinofficialcareer.Asacitymayorrankedfourthofficial,youwillworkfortwoyears.ThenyouwilldisappearintheLongRiver.Youridestronghorsetothecelestialcourt.Andyouarecaughtbytheeighthprince,rebelliousman.Lastly,youaresurrenderandthatwilldestroyyourcareerinofficial.Allofthesewordscomefromapoem“Settothetuneof‘Moonlight’ontheWesternRiver”.Thethreemencouldnotmakeheadortailofthis.“ThefirstsentenceistheonlyoneIunderstand,”saidWang.“TheXiaDynastystudentstooktheexaminationsattheageoffifty,andIhavejustpassedatfiftytoo.”Writingstyleasapoem,seemsasenseofmysterious,andhighlightstooprofoundtounderstand.ThepoemalsoisacluetohintthefateofMr.Wanginthelattertext.两日黄堂坐拥,itreferstothetimeofappointmentforcitymayor,asafourthrankofficialwhoownshighprestigiousandhonoredforyellowcolor.两日,itreferstotwoyearsandnottwodays.ThisisaspeechofmetonymyinChinese.只道骅骝开道，原来天府夔龙。ItreferstoplacenameswhicharelocatedinthepositionofMr.Wang’sjob,andhewasdefeatedandfleeing.骅骝,itisanameofthehorse.天府夔龙,itisanameofahouse.琴瑟琵琶路上逢,itreferstotherebeleighthprincethatcatchesMr.Wang.一盏醇醪心痛!ItreferstothetragicfateofMr.Wanginthefinal.Literaltranslationshowsapoemrhymesandmakereadersfeelmysterious.Butthefreetranslationdoesn’t.4.3SocialClasses,ProtocolRoutineExample:你怎敢在我们跟前装大？若是家门口这些做田的、扒粪的，不过是平头百姓，你若同他拱手作揖，平起平坐，这就是坏了学校规矩，连我脸上都无光了。Nizenganzaiwomengenqianzhuangda?Ruoshijiamenkouzhexiezuotiande、bafende,buguoshipingtoubaixing,niruotongtagongshouzuoyi,pingqipingzuo,zhejiushihuailexuexiaoguijv,lianwolianshangdouwuguangle.Howdareyouareasamastertofaceatme!Butthesepeasantsroundhere,dung-carriersandthelike,arelowpeople.Ifyougreetthemandtreatthemasequals,thatwillbreakschoolrulesandthereisnolightonmyface.Freetranslation:Youmustn’tputonanyairsbeforeme.Butthesepeasantsround28 here,dung-carriersandthelike,arelowpeople.Ifyougreetthemandtreatthemasequals,thatwillbeabreachofetiquetteandwillmakemelosefacetoo.Officialdomisthenaturaloutletforgoodscholars.ThoughFanJinisjustascholar,andfarfromtheofficials.ButviewedfromtheButcherHu,hisson-inlawalwaysamanownsthefameandpoliticalposition.TheconceptsofclassmakehimthinkFanJinandhimarebothsuperiortothepoorpeople.学校规矩,itreferstofeudalethics,theconceptsofclass.Andpeopleindifferentclassesarenotequalineveryaspectofdailylife.Thatistherootoftherulingclass’sfatalism.Freetranslationappliedidiomsandoldsayingstoexplainthedifferentculture.Peopleabroadcanunderstandclearlyandfeelinteresting.Example:都把与你去丢在水里，叫我一家老小喝西北风！Doubayuniqudiuzaishuili,jiaowoyijialaoxiaohexibeifeng!Ilendyouallmymoney;theresulttomyfamilyistodie.Freetranslation:IfIgiveyouallmysilvertoplayducksanddrakeswith,myfamilywillhavetoliveonair.Officialdomisthenaturaloutletforgoodscholars.ButcherHuarguedthatFanJinhadbeenjoinedtheimperialcompetitiveexaminationmanyyears,butonlypassedtheTongshengshiexam.Andabutcherisricherthanthescholar,sohespoketoFanJinsarcastically.Theliteraltranslationisboring.Example:所以那些大户人家，冠、昏、丧、祭，乡绅堂里，坐着几个席头，无非讲的是些升、迁、调、降的官场。Suoyinaxiedahurenjia,guan、hun、sang、ji,xiangshentangli,zuozhejigexitou,wufeijiangdeshixiesheng、qian、tiao、jiangdeguanchang.Someatcomingofageceremonies,marriages,funeralsorsacrificesinbigfamiliesandinthehallsofthelocalgentry,nothingwasdiscussedbutpromotions,transfersandrecallsintheofficialworld.Freetranslation:Inwealthyfamily,peoplefocusonlife-and-deathissuesandinthehallsofthelocalgentry,peoplepaycloseattentiontoofficialcircles.Officialstandardplacesanimportantroleinsocietyandasabelieffavoredbyallthepeople.Officialdomisthenaturaloutletforgoodscholars.Thescholarspassedimperialcompetitiveexaminationturnintoarichandfamelord,otherwise,scolded29 wordsandcontemptarethesolegiftlefttothefailscholars.Literaltranslationnarratesminutelyandconcretely.Example:自古妇人无贵贱。任凭他是青楼婢妾，到得收他做了侧室，后来生出儿子，做了官，就可算的母以子贵。那些做戏的，凭她怎么样，到底算是个贱役。自从杜先生一番品题之后，这些缙绅士大夫家筵席间，定要几个梨园中人，杂坐衣冠队中，说长道短，这个成何体统！Zigufurenwuguijian.renpingtashiqingloubiqie,daodeshoutazuoleceshi,houlaishengchuerzi,zuoleguan,jiukesuandemuyizigui.naxiezuoxide,pingtazenmeyang,daodisuanshigejianyi.ZicongDuxianshengyifanpintizhihou,zhexiejinshenshidafujiayanxijian,dingyaojigeliyuanzhongren,zazuoyiguanduizhong,shuochangdaoduan,zhegechenghetitong!Fromancienttillnow,womenhaveneverbeenhighandlow.Evenaprostitutemaybecomeaconcubine;whileifshehasasonwhobecomesanofficial,sheashismotherwillbegrantedanobletitle.Butanyway,actorshavealwaysbeenslaves.SinceMr.Du’scontest,though,wheneverthelocalgentryorscholarsgiveafeasttheyinviteafewactorstositamongtheofficialsandtalkwiththemasequals.Itisethicsdeclined.Freetranslation:Womenhaveneverbeennobleorbaseofthemselves.Evenaprostitutemaybecomeaconcubine;whileifshehasasonwhobecomesanofficial,sheashismotherwillbegrantedanobletitle.Butplayers,howevergood,havealwaysbeenlookeddownon.SinceMr.Du’scontest,though,wheneverthelocalgentryorscholarsgiveafeasttheyinviteafewactorstositamongtheofficialsandtalkwiththemasequals.Whatascandalitis!Officialstandardplacesanimportantroleinsocietyandasabelieffavoredbyallthepeople.Andpeopleindifferentclassesarenotequalineveryaspectofdailylife.Thatistherootoftherulingclass’sfatalism.Officialidentitymaychangeeverythingintoanoble.Freetranslationadoptsdifferentwordstoexpressauthor’smood.4.4WeddingCustoms,FuneralCustomsExample:严监生戴着方巾，穿着青衫，披了红绸；赵氏穿着大红，戴了赤金子。两人双拜了天地，又拜了祖宗。王仁广有才学，又替他做了一篇告祖先的文，30 甚是恳切。告过祖宗，转了下来，两位舅爷叫丫鬟在房里请出两位舅奶奶来，夫妻四个，齐铺铺请妹夫、妹妹转在大边，磕下头去，以序姊妹之礼。众亲眷都分了大小。便是管事的管家、家人、媳妇、丫鬟、使女，黑压压的几十个人，都来磕了主人、主母的头。赵氏又独自走进房内拜王氏做姐姐。Yanjianshengdaizhefangjin,chuanzheqingshan,pilehongchou;Zhaoshichuanzhedahong,dailechijinzi.liangrenshuangbailetiandi,youbailezuzong.WangRenguangyoucaixue,youtitazuoleyipiangaozuxiandewen,shenshikenqie.Gaoguozuzong,zhuanlexialai,liangweijiuyejiaoyahuanzaifangliqingchuliangweijiunainailai,fuqisige,qipupuqingmeifu、meimeizhuanzaidabian,kexiatouqu,yixuzimeizhili.Zhongqinjuandoufenledaxiao.Bianshiguanshideguanjia、jiaren、xifu、yahuan、shinv,heiyayadejishigeren,doulaikelezhuren、zhumudetou.ZhaoshiyouduzizoujinfangneibaiWangshizuojiejie.Mr.Yanputonascholar’scap,abluegownandredsilksash,whileConcubineZhaodressedherselfincrimsonandputagoldchapletonherhead.Astheyworshippedheavenandearthandtheancestors,WangRendrewonhisvasteruditiontowriteamostmovingannouncementofthismarriagetotheYanancestors.Andhavinginformedtheancestors,theylefttheshrine.ThenWangRenandWangDesentfortheirwives,andkowtowedtogethertothenewhusbandandwife.Alltherelativescongratulatedtheminorderofseniority,afterwhichthestewards,menservantsandmaidservantsdidreverencetotheirmasterandmistress.Thenewwifewentinalonetobowbeforethedyingmistress,callingher“ElderSister”.Freetranslation:MrYanmarriedanewwife,Zhao.Bothbrideandbridegroomdressedinritualanddrewacleardistinctionbetweentheoldandyounginfamily.Thentheyfollowthefeudalethicalcodetobethemselvesindailylife.Literaltranslationisconcreteandaffluent.Anditisbetterthanfreetranslation.Example:…择定十月十三大吉之期，衙门外传了一班鼓手、两个傧相进来。鲍廷玺插着花，披着红，身穿绸缎衣服，脚下粉底皂靴，先拜了父亲，吹打着，迎过那边去，拜了丈人、丈母。小王穿着补服，出来陪妹婿。吃过三遍茶，请进洞房里和新娘交拜合卺，不必细说。次日清早，出来拜见老爷、夫人。夫人另外赏了八件首饰、两套衣服。衙里摆了三天喜酒，无一个人不吃。31 Zedingshiyueshisandajizhiqi,yamenwaichuanleyibangushou、lianggebinxiangjinlai.BaoTingxichazhehua,pizhehong,shenchuanchouduanyifu,jiaoxiafendizaoxue,xianbailefuqin,chuidazhe,yingguonabianqu,bailezhangren、zhangmu.XiaoWangchuanzhebufu,chulaipeimeixu.Chiguosanbiancha,qingjindongfanglihexinniangjiaobaihejin,bubixishuo.Ciriqingzao,chulaibaijianlaoye、furen.Furenlingwaishanglebajianshoushi、liangtaoyifu.Yalibailesantianxijiu,wuyigerenbuchi.…chosethethirteenthofthetenthmonthforthewedding.Onthatday,drummersplayedoutsideyamenasthetwomastersofceremonyusheredinthebridegroom.BooTing-xi,aflowerinhiscapandaredsashoverhisshoulders,waswearingasatingownandblackshoeswithwhitesoles.Whenhehadbowedtohisfatherhewalkedover—totheaccompanimentofmusic—tobowtohisfather-in-lawandmotherin-law,whileYoungWangcameoutinofficialrobestokeephimcompany.Andafterteahadbeenservedthreetimes,hewastakenintothebridalchamberfortheweddingceremony,whichweneednotdescribeindetail.EarlythenextmorningtheyoungcouplepaidtheirrespectstoPrefectXiangandhiswife,andMrs.Xiangpresentedthemwitheightmoretrinketsandtwonewcostumes.Thefeastinglastedforthreedays,notasoulintheyamenbeingleftoutofthefun.Freetranslation:…BooTingxichoosesadaywhichstandsforgoodlucktoholdtheweddingceremony.Hedressedasabridegroomandinvitedrelatedpeopletohelp,drummersandusherers,thelike.Thentheweddingisaprogressofwork.Abovetwotextsdescribescenesofgrandweddingceremony.InancientChina,therearetwolifemottosarepraisedhighly.Numberone,onepassespalaceexamination.Numbertwo,onweddingnight,withanthodiumbridalchamber,onedrinkthenuptialcupswithhiswife.Then,theceremonyisveryimportant,notonlyforthegroombutalsobevitaltothewholefamily.Hence,listofgiftsandarticlesarevarious.Andtoomuchredtapeinvolved,suchaspickingupbrideandaccompanybridetobridegroom'sfamilyonweddingday.Peoplealwayswishagoodluckforwholefamily.Besides,concubinageispopularinmanyaffluentfamilies.Soetiquetteisvitalamonghost’sspouses.Itinvolvestheharmonyofthefamily.Facedattheexoticculture,thebrighttranslatoradoptedforeignizationtranslationstrategytobringexoticreadingexperiencestothereaders.Seemedlikebeingtherewhenweare32 readingthetranslationtext.Example:赵氏定要披麻戴孝，两位舅爷断然不肯，道：“‘名不正则言不顺’。你此刻是姊妹了，妹子替姐姐只带一年孝，穿细布孝衫，用白布孝箍。”议礼已定，报出丧去。自此，修宅、理七、开丧、出殡，用了四五千两银子，闹了半年，不必细说。Zhaoshidingyaopimadaixiao,liangweijiuyeduanranbuken,dao：“‘Mingbuzhengzeyanbushun’.Nicikeshizimeile,meizitijiejiezhidaiyinianxiao,chuanxibuxiaoshan,yongbaibuxiaogu.”Yiliyiding,baochusangqu.zici,xiuzhai、liqi、kaisang、chubin,yonglesiwuqianliangyinzi,naolebannian,bubixishuo.BrideZhaoinsistedtowearsackclothandblackcloth,buthishusband’stwounclesdidn’tagreeinmind.Theysaid,“‘onethingcan’tbedonewithoutareason’.Nowyouareasistertothedeadwoman,andayoungersistershouldonlywearblackclothforhereldersisterforoneyear—finelinenandawhiteclothhead-dress.”Theritualwasset,andthendeclaredittotheout.Sincethen,theyheldthefuneralasbelow:repairinghouse,guardingcorpsesevendays,startingceremony,buringcorpse.Theyspentfourorfivethousandtaelsofsilver,observingtheritesforhalfayear.Weneednotdwellonthedetails.Freetranslation:Thenewwifeinsistedthatsheshouldwearheavymourning,butonthispointtheWangbrotherswereadamant.Inunison,theyquotedoneofthesayingsofConfucius,andwarnedher,“Youmustconformtoetiquette.”Nowyoustandintherelationshipofasistertothedeadwoman,andayoungersistermourningforhereldersistershouldonlywearmourningforoneyear—finelinenandawhiteclothhead-dress.Theceremonytobeusedwasagreedupon,andthedateofthefuneralannounced.Theyfasted,heldthefuneral,andspentfourorfivethousandtaelsofsilver,observingtheritesforhalfayear.Weneednotdwellonthedetails.Freetranslationismoreconcisethanliteraltranslation.Example:“这土果然不好。”主人慌了道：“这地可葬得？”余殷道：“这地葬不得！葬了你家就要穷了！”……“从浦口山上发脉，一个墩，一个炮；一个墩，一个炮；一个墩，一个炮；弯弯曲曲，骨里骨碌，一路接着滚了来。滚到县里周33 家冈，龙身跌落过峡，又是一个墩，一个炮，骨骨碌碌几十个炮赶了来，结成一个穴情。这穴情叫做‘荷花出水’”。“Zhetuguoranbuhao.”Zhurenhuangledao：“Zhedikezangde?”YuYindao：“Zhedizangbude!Zanglenijiajiuyaoqiongle!”…“Congpukoushanshangfamai,yigedun,yigepao;yigedun,yigepao;yigedun,yigepao;wanwanququ,guligulu,yilujiezhegunlelai.GundaoxianliZhouJiagang,longshendieluoguoxia,youshiyigedun,yigepao,gugululujishigepaoganlelai,jiechengyigexueqing.Zhexueqingjiaozuo‘hehuachushui’”.“Thissoilisnotgood!”heannounced.“Canitbeusedforagrave?”theirhostaskedeagerly.“No,itcan’t.Ifyouburysomeoneinthis,you’llbankruptyourfamily.”…“ItbeginsinthemountainatPuKow:apeak,aridge;apeak,aridge;apeak,aridge.Ittwistsandturns,androllsrightalongtoChouFamilyHillinourdistrict,fortheentireworldlikeadragonsprawlingacrossthevalley.Thenanotherpeak,anotherridge,anditrollsthroughdozensofridgestoformafigure.Thatfigureiscalled‘Thelotusemergingfromwater’”.Freetranslation:“Thisplaceisnotgoodforagrave.”“Canitbeusedforagrave?”Thehostaskedeagerly.“No,itcan’t.Ifyouburysomeoneinthis,you’llbankruptyourfamily.”…“ItsfengshuibeginsinthemountainatPuKow:theshapeofitlookslikeasquigglydragoninmyth,andalwayslikesadropofdewrollsoutthepath.Anditsfengshuiiscalled‘Thelotusemergingfromwater’”.Literaltranslationdescribesitvividly,andcomesoutagoodeffectincommunication.Example:五河风俗，说灵柩抬出门，再要抬进来，就要穷人家。WuHefengsu,shuolingjiutaichumen,zaiyaotaijinlai,jiuyaoqiongrenjia.Wuhecustomsaid,ifacoffinhadbeencarriedoutandyoutookitback,yourfamilywouldbepoor.Freetranslation:TraditioninWuhehaditthatifacoffinhadbeencarriedintothestreetandyoutookitbackintothehouse,yourfamilywouldberuined.Freetranslationconveysthemainideasofthetext.Theabovethreetextsdescribecustomsforpeople’sdead.InancientChina,peoplearguethatholdingafuneralceremonyisavitalimportantthingtoafamily.It34 isusedtojustifyoffspring’sfilialpiety.披麻戴孝,referstoastoryoflongtimeago,peopleregardcrowsasafilialanimal,thenpeopleimitateitsblackcolortodressblackandfastenahempcordtosendthedeadparentstothegraveyard.Andoffspringdressedlikethatmonitoringthegraveyardthreeyears.Thatisoneoffeudalethics.Besides,ancientpeoplearguedthattheaddressofgraveyardisveryimportanttotheoffspring.Differentgeographicalconditionsmayleadtodifferentfatetotheoffspring.Therefore,peopleoftenstresstheselectionofsitesforgraveyardtowishgoodlucktooffspring.4.5OfficialDocumentsExample:只见一个小小厮进来，拿着一封书。上写着：积雪初霁，瞻远红梅次第将放。望表兄文驾过我，围炉作竟日谈。万勿推却。至嘱！至嘱！上木南表兄先生。徐咏顿首。Zhijianyigexiaoxiaosijinlai,nazheyifengshu.Shangxiezhe:Jixuechuji,zhanyuanhongmeicidijiangfang.Wangbiaoxiongwenjiaguowo,weiluzuojingritan.wanwutuique.Zhizhu!Zhizhu!ShangMuNanbiaoxiongxiansheng.XuYongdunshou.Aboycomesinwithaletter.Itisread:Itsnowsjustnow,andtheredplumisblooming.Ilookforwardyou’recoming.Wetalkeachotherwholedaybesidethebrazier.Bestregards.ItistomycousinMu-Nan,fromXuYong.Freetranslation:Justthenaboycameinwithanote.It’ssaid:TomycousinMu-Nan,fromXuYong.Itisclearingupnowafterallthatsnow,andtheredpluminourgardenisbeginningtoblossom.Ihopeyou’llcomeover,cousin,tochatwithmealldaybesidethebrazier.Yoursimplymustn’trefuse!Freetranslationismoreaccuratethanliteraltranslation.Example:…过继文书…上写到：“立过继文书倪霜峰，今将第六子倪廷玺，年方一十六岁。因日食无措，夫妻商议，情愿出继与鲍文卿名下为义子，改名鲍廷玺。此后成人婚娶，俱系鲍文卿抚养。立嗣承祧，两无异说。如有天年不测，各听天命。今欲有凭，立此过继文书，永远存照。嘉靖十六年十月初一日。立过继文书：倪霜峰。凭中邻：张国重，王羽秋”。Guojiwenshu…shangxiedao：“LiguojiwenshuNiShuangfeng,jinjiangdiliuziNiTingxi,nianfangyishiliusui.yinrishiwucuo,fuqishangyi,qingyuanchujiyuBaoWenqingmingxiaweiyizi,gai35 mingBaoTingxi.cihouchengrenhunqu,jvxiBaoWenqingfuyang.Lisichengtiao,liangwuyishuo.Ruyoutiannianbuce,getingtianming.Jinyuyouping,liciguojiwenshu,yongyuancunzhao.Jiajingshiliunianshiyuechuyiri.Liguojiwenshu：“NiXuefeng.Pingzhonglin：ZhangGuozhong,WangYuqiu”.AdoptedContractreads:NiShuang-fengnowbringshissixteenthson,NiTing-xi,nowsixteenyearsold,toBaoWenqingasaforstersonbecauseofcan’tliving.Andson’snamechangesintoBaoTingxi.Itisavoluntarytransactionandwifeagreesitelse.Sincethen,hegrownupandmarriage,inwhichowetoBaoWenqing.AndhebecomesamemberinBoo’sfamily,andthenhisdutyandrightareclear.Bothsideshavetoagreetothis.Iftheboyhappenstoanaccident,wefollowGod’swill.Thiscontracthasbeendrawnupasevidence,andmustbekeptforever.ItisonthefirstdayofthetenthmonthinthesixteenthyearoftheperiodofJiaQing.Freetranslation:Thecontractfortheadoptionwasdrawnupasfollows:NiShuang-fengofhisownfreewillandwiththeconsentofhiswifegiveshissixthson,NiTing-xi,nowsixteenyearsold,toBaoWen-qingashisadoptedson,becauseNiShuang-fengcannotsupporthim.Theboy’snamewillbechangedtoBaoTing-xi.ItwillbeBaoWen-qing’sdutytobringhimupandfindhimawife,andasadescendantoftheBaofamilyhewilltakepartinancestralsacrifices.Bothsideshaveagreedtothis.Shouldtheboymeetwithanyaccident,bothpartieswillbowtothewillofHeaven.Thiscontracthasbeendrawnupasevidence,andmustbekeptforever.Thefirstdayofthetenthmonth,ThesixteenthyearoftheperiodofChiaChing.Freetranslationusestheproperwritingstyleandappropriatewords.Theabovetwooriginaltextarecomposedofneat,compactandingeniouswordstodescribeabusinesswithatongueofself-effacing.Thereaderscan’tclearthethoughtoftextuntilitisexpressedintheirfamiliarlanguagestyles.Example:巡抚部院李，为举荐贤才事：钦奉圣旨，采访天下儒修。本部院访得天长县儒学生员杜仪，品行端醇，文章典雅。为此饬知该县儒学教官，即敦请该生即日束装赴院，以便考验，申奏朝廷，引见擢用。勿违！速速！XunfubuyuanLi,weijvjianxiancaishi：Qinfengshengzhi,caifangtianxiaruxiu.Benbuyuanfangdetianchangxianruxuesheng36 yuanDuYi,pinxingduanchun,wenzhangdianya.Weicichizhigaixianruxuejiaoguan,jidunqinggaishengjirishuzhuangfuyuan,yibiankaoyan,shenzouchaoting,yinjianzhuoyong.Wuwei!Susu!GovernorLiengagestheworkofrecommendation:Itaketheemperor’sordertoinvestigatethescholarsacrossthecountry.Atpresent,Iheardaman,DuYi,ascholaroffinecharacterandperfectwritinginTianChangCounty.Inordertotestthisman‘sknowledge,Irequiretheinstructorsofhiscountytofindouthim.Thenwemayreporttothegovernmentandhemaybesummonedtoworkforajob.Nodelay,hurryup.Freetranslation:AdispatchfromGovernorLiregardingtherecommendationofmenoftalent.Byorderoftheemperor,aninvestigationisbeingmadeofscholarsfromallpartsofthecountry.OurofficehasascertainedthatDuShaoqing,ascholarofTienchang,isamanoffinecharacterandoutstandingliteraryattainments.Wethereforerequestthecollegeinstructorsofhisdistricttoinvitehimtoproceedforthwithtotheprovincialcapitalforatest;inorderthatwemayreporttothegovernmentandthathemaybesummonedforanaudiencewiththeemperorandbegivenanappointment.Thismatterisurgent!Freetranslationexpressesfluentlyandnatural.Example:十月初二日，内阁奉上谕：朕承祖宗鸿业，寤寐求贤，以资治道。朕闻师臣者王，古今通义也。今礼部侍郎徐基所荐之庄尚志,着于初六日入朝引见，以光大典。钦此。Shiyuechuerri,neigefengshangyu:Zhenchengzuzonghongye,wumeiqiuxian,yizizhidao.Zhenwenshichenzhewang,gujintongyiye.JinlibushilangXuJisuojianzhizhuangshangzhi,zhuoyuchuliuriruchaoyinjian,yiguangdadian.Qinci.Ontheseconddayofthetenthmonth,centralgovernmentreceivedthisorderfromtheemperor:SinceIinheritedforefather’scareer,Isoughtthetalenteagerlytocontrolthecountrygreatly.Iheardthatagoodemperorstudieshisministers.Thisistrueinbothancientandnowadays.Now,vice-ministeroftheMinistryofCeremony,XuJi,herecommendsZhuangShangzhi,foranaudienceonthesixth.Freetranslation:Ontheseconddayofthetenthmonth,theImperialChanceryreceivedthisorderfromtheemperor:Sincesucceedingtoourancestors’greattask,wehavesoughtdayandnightfortalentedmentostrengthenourgovernment.We37 haveheardthatagoodsovereignrevereshisministersasteachers.Indeed,thishasbeenprovedtruesinceancienttimes.Tomanifestthisprinciple,therefore,wesummonZhuangShangzhi,recommendedbythevice-ministeroftheMinistryofCeremony,foranaudienceonthesixth.Forabovetwotexts,domesticationembodieseveryaspectoftheofficialdocuments;evenaword’sconnotationmaydeviatefromthecoretheme.Inthehistory,theeasterncivilizationgoeshandinhandwithcentralizedfeudalmonarchy.Highcentralizationofpowerusuallycomesoutadictator,theemperor.Andwordsabouthisaddressing,thoughts,utterancesandbehaviorsarecommonlyusedcompliments.Incontrary,anyplainwordsorstraightwordscanbeseenanoffensecrimetothesupremacyemperor.Therefore,officialdocumentsespeciallyimperialedict,arealwaysdifficulttounderstandandarticulate.Thepurposeonlypresentssenseofsuperiorityandmysterious.Forthewesterncivilization,decentralizedstateshavebeenexistedforalongtime.SoconceptsofclassaresuperficialandpeoplealwaysignoretheheadofKingdom.TheycalltheirchiefasaKingbutnotanemperorduetocitizensownedrightsthemselves.ThetranslatorwouldbetteradopttranslationstrategyofforeignizationtotransformthetexttotargettextandcompletethecommunicationofChinese-Englishculture.Ononehand,remaintheChineseculturalcharactersasmuchaspossible.Ontheotherhand,Skopostheoryrequirestargetaudiencescommunicatewithoriginalconvenientlyandfaithfully.Then,thetranslatorshouldvarytranslationstrategytoattainthegoalofcommunication.Foranexample,thistextadoptedtwostrategieswhicharedomesticationandforeignization.Freetranslationusestheproperphrasestoshowusatruewritinginancient.4.6Costumes,PersonalityCharacteristicsExample:严监生喉咙里痰响得一进一出，一声不倒一声的，总不得断气，还把手从被单里拿出来，伸着两个指头。大侄子走上前来问道：“二叔，你莫不是还有两个亲人不曾见面？”他把头摇了两三摇。二侄子走上前来问道：“二叔，莫不是还有两笔银子在那里，不曾吩咐明白？”他把两眼睁的溜圆，把头又狠狠摇了几摇，越发指得紧了。……赵氏分开众人，走上前道：“爷，只有我能知道你的心事。你是为那灯盏里点的是两茎灯草，不放心，恐费了油。我如今挑掉一茎就是了。”说罢，忙走去挑掉一茎。众人看严监生时，点一点头，把手垂下，登时就没了气。38 Yanjianshenghoulonglitanxiangdeyijinyichu,yishengbudaoyishengde,zongbudeduanqi,haibashoucongbeidanlinachulai,shenzhelianggezhitou.Dazhizizoushangqianlaiwendao：“Ershu,nimobushihaiyoulianggeqinrenbucengjianmian?”Tabatouyaoleliangsanyao.Erzhizizoushangqianlaiwendao：“Ershu,mobushihaiyouliangbiyinzizainali,bucengfenfumingbai?”Tabaliangyanzhengdeliuyuan,batouyouhenhenyaolejiyao,yuefazhidejinle.…Zhaoshifenkaizhongren,zoushangqiandao：“Ye,zhiyouwonengzhidaonidexinshi.Nishiweinadengzhanlidiandeshiliangjingdengcao,bufangxin,kongfeileyou.Worujintiaodiaoyijingjiushile.”Shuoba,mangzouqutiaodiaoyijing.ZhongrenkanYanjianshengshi,dianyidiantou,bashouchuixia,dengshijiumeileqi.Theycouldhearthebeginningofthedeathrattleinhisthroat;butherefusedtodie.Hetookhishandfrombeneaththequiltandstretchedouttwofingers.Theeldestnephewsteppeduptothebedandasked,“Doyoumeanthattherearetworelativeswhohaven’tcome,uncle?”Yenshookhishead.Thesecondnephewsteppedforwardandasked,“Doyoumeantherearestilltwolotsofsilveryouhaven’ttoldusabout,uncle?”Yenstaredhardathim,shookhisheadevenmorevehemently,andheldouthisfingersmoreearnestlythanever.…Butnowhiswifehadsteppedforwardtosay:“I’mtheonlyonewhounderstandsyou.You’reworriedbecausetherearetwowicksinthelamp—that’sawasteofoil.IfItakeoutonewick,itwillbeallright.”Suitingheractionstoherwords,sheremovedonewick.AlleyeswerefixedonMr.Yan,whonoddedhishead,letfallhishand,andbreathedhislast.Freetranslation:Mr.Yanisdying.Butatthelastmoment,hepersistedtolive.Hetookhishandfrombeneaththequiltandstretchedouttwofingers.Manypeopletrytheirbesttoguesshisopinion,butallfailed.Atlast,hiswifeZhaoguessedright.Heworriedlightingtwowickswouldwasteoil.Then,afterZhaoremovedonewickinthelamp,hesoondied.Psychologicaldescriptionofcharactersalwaysexpressesclearlybymeansofbehaviors’description.Thetextwasappliedtheliteraltranslationstrategytopresentapersonalniggardcharacterbythespeechofexaggeration.Thecharactervividportraitemergesarealandlifelikeimagegraduallyasthedescriptiongoeson.Literaltranslationshowsusavividwithfleshcharacter,heisniggard.39 Example:陈木南看徐九公子时，乌帽珥貂，身穿织金云缎夹衣，腰系丝绦，脚下朱履。ChenMunankanXuJiugongzishi,wumaoerdiao,shenchuanzhijinyunduanjiayi,yaojisitao,jiaoxiazhulv.ChenMunanlookedatgentlemanXuJiuwhowearedablacksablehat,agoldengownwithcloudmadeinsilk,asilkbeltonthewaistandputonapairofredshoes.Freetranslation:ChensawthatXuwasdressedinablacksablecap,alinedbrocadegownembroideredwithcloudsingoldenthread,asilkensash,andvermillionshoes.Appearancesanddressnuancedcharacterizationcomesfromthemeltofdomesticationandforeignizationwhichareappliedbytranslator.Itshowsusadrawingofvividfigureandfeelsnatural.Freetranslationdescribesavividwithfleshcharacter.4.7FeudalEthicalCodesExample:王玉辉道：“亲家，我仔细想来，我这小女要殉节的真切，倒也由着她行罢。自古‘心去意难留’。”因向女儿道：“我儿，你既如此，这是青史上留名的事，我难道反拦阻你？你竟是这样做罢。我今日就回家去叫你母亲来和你作别。”亲家再三不肯。王玉辉执意，一径来到家里，把这话向老孺人说了。老孺人道：“你怎的，越老越呆了！一个女儿要死，你该劝她，怎么倒叫她死？”……报道：“三姑娘饿了八日，在今日午时去世了！”老孺人听见，哭死了过去，灌醒回来，大哭不止。王玉辉走到床面前说道：“你这老人家真正是个呆子！三女儿她而今已是成了仙了，你哭她怎的？她这死的好，只怕我将来不能像她这一个好题目死哩！”因仰天大笑道：“死的好！死的好！”大笑着，走出房门去了。……上司批准下来，制主入祠，门首建坊。到了入祠那日，阖县绅衿，都穿着公服步行了送。当日入祠安了位，知县祭，本学祭，余大先生祭，阖县乡绅祭，通学朋友祭，两家亲戚祭，两家本族祭，祭了一天，在明伦堂摆席。通学人要请了王先生来上坐，说他生这样好女儿，为伦纪生色。WangYuhuidao:“Qinjia,wozixixianglai,wozhexiaonvyaoxunjiedezhenqie,daoyeyouzhetaxingba.‘Ziguxinquyinanliu’.”Yinxiangnverdao:“Woer,nijiruci,zheshiqingshishangliumingdeshi,wonandaofanzulanni?Nijingshizheyangzuoba.Wojinrijiuhui40 jiajiaonimuqinlaihenizuobie.”Qinjiazaisanbuken.wangyuhuizhiyi,yijinglaidaojiali,bazhehuaxianglaorurenshuole.Laorurendao:“nizende,yuelaoyuedaile!Yigenveryaosi,nigaiquanta,zenmedaojiaotasi?”…Baodao:“Sanguniangelebari,zaijinriwushiqushile!”Laorurentingjian,kusileguoqu,guanxinghuilai,dakubuzhi.WangYuhuizoudaochuangqianshuodao：“Nizhelaorenjiazhenzhengshigedaizi!Sannvertaerjinyishichenglexianle,nikutazende?Tazhesidehao,zhipawojianglaibunengxiangtazheyigehaotimusili!”Yinyangtiandaxiaodao：“Sidehao!sidehao!”Daxiaozhe,zouchufangmenqule.…Shangsipizhunxialai,zhizhuruci,menshoujianfang.daolerucinari,hexianshenjin,douchuanzhegongfubuxingliaosong.Dangrirucianlewei,zhixianji,benxueji,Yudaxianshengji,hexianxiangshenji,tongxuepengyouji,liangjiaqinqiji,liangjiabenzuji,jileyitian,zaimingluntangbaixi.TongxuerenyaoqingleWangxianshenglaishangzuo,shuotashengzheyanghaonver,weilunjishengse.“Kinsmen,”saidWangYu-huitohisson-in-law’sparents,“nowthatIthinkthisover,Ibelieve,sincemydaughtersincerelywantstodieforherhusband,weshouldletherhaveherway.Youcan’tstopsomeonewhosemindismadeup.Asforyou,daughter,sincethisisthecase,yournamewillberecordedinhistory.WhyshouldItrytodissuadeyou?Youknowwhatyoumustdo.I’llgohomenowandsendyourmotherovertosaygoodbyetoyou.”Herparents-in-lawwouldnothearofthis,butWangYu-huiinsisted.Hewentstraighthome,andtoldhiswifewhathadhappened.“Youmustbeinyourdotage!”sheprotested.“Ifourdaughterwantstodie,youshouldtalkheroutofit,insteadofeggingheron.”…“Yourdaughterfastedforeightdays,”theyannounced.“Atmiddaytodayshedied.”Whenthemotherheardthis,shescreamedandfaintedaway.Andwhentheybroughtherround,shewouldnotstopsobbing.Herhusbandwalkeduptoherbed.“You’reasillyoldman!”Hesaid.“Ourthirddaughterisnowanimmortal.Whatareyoucryingfor？Shemadeagooddeath.IonlywishIcoulddieforsuchagoodcausemyself.”Hethrewbackhisheadandlaughed.“Shediedwell!”hecried.“Shediedwell!”Then,laughing,helefttheroom.…Theauthoritiesdecreedthatashrineshouldbemadeandplacedinthetemple,andanarchwayerectedbeforeherhome.Onthedaythatshewasenshrined,allthe41 localgentry,inofficialrobes,joinedtheprocessiononfoot.Havingenteredthetempleandsettheshrineinitsplace,themagistrate,collegetutorsandYueachsacrificed.Thenthegentry,scholarsandrelativessacrificed;andlastofallthetwofamiliessacrificed.Theceremonylastedallday,andtheyfeastedafterwardsintheHallofManifestPropriety.TheotherscholarsurgedWangtojointhefeast,declaringthatbybringingupsuchavirtuousdaughterhehadreflectedgloryonhisclan.Freetranslation:Wangyuhuiagreeshisdaughter’sdecisionwhichshediesforherhusbandtobeamartyr.Andhepraisesherdevotionwillberecordinhistory.Headmiresherdeathandencourageherdaughtertosuicidebravely.Buthermother-in-lawfeelssadtocryandrefusestoletherdie.Whenpeoplehearhisdaughter’sdeadnews,hermother-in-lawfaintsaway.Buthisfather,Wangyuhui,heissogladandcommendsit.Heactsasamadbecauseofpoisoningoffeudalethicalcode.Afterthat,becauseofhermartyrdom,allofthenobles,scholarandothercelebritiesinherhomecometoholdamemorialceremonyforher.Martyrdom,hereitdoesn’trefertotheheroicpracticesandjustonlyoneoffeudalethics.Itreferstothethreeitemsofobedienceandthefourvirtues;threeitemsofobedience:inancientChinaawomanwasrequiredtoobeyherfatherbeforemarriageandherhusbandduringmarriedlifeandhersonsinwidowhood.Fourvirtues:fidelity,physicalcharm,proprietyinspeechandefficiencyinneedlework.Then,afterthedeathofherhusband,shehastobeawidowuntiltheend.Andthefeudalethicswouldencouragewomensuicidethemselvesiftheirhusbanddie.Accordingtothefeudalethics,women’sgoodfameasksfortheirbehaviorsactfollowstheserules.制主入祠，门首建坊。Thissentencestressestheimportanceofwomen’sfameinfeudalethics,andpeoplefromeveryclassfocusedonwomen’sethicalconductinthatperiod.WangYUhui’sdaughterdiedforherhusband.Peoplethoughtthatwasright,andpraisedherbravery.Eventhegovernmentbuiltashrineandanarchwayinordertohonorherbehaviors.Allinall,thesedifferentculturalfeaturesaretranslatedinforeignizationbytranslatorinordertoremainthealienflavor.Thenletreadersexperienceitthemselves.Literaltranslationremainsthevividcharactersandgrandsight.42 ChapterFiveConclusionThisthesiscoversskopostheory,faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.Thethemeofthethesisisviewedinthefourthpart,basedonthebookofTheScholars,appliedtwomethodstostudytherelevantcaseswhichinvolveddifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.Andtwomethodsarecalledforeignizationanddomestication.ThepassageemployedthepresentstudiesofthemtoresearchthetranslationoftheclassicworkwhichwaswrittenbyYangHsien-yiandGladysYang.Finally,wemaycomeoutaresult,inwhichthesetwotranslationstrategiesasmainmethodsareusedtomaketranslationbecomefluentexpressions,naturalutterancesintargetlanguages,andnogapinunderstandingamongdifferentcultures.5.1MajorFindingsoftheStudyAfteralotofChinese-Englishcasesstudying,wefindoutanobviousdifferencebetweendomesticationandforeignization.Ifyourequireappropriatenessintransparentdiscourse,andthewrittenstylemetappropriatestyle,whatelse,audiencesfeelnatural,youwouldbetterchoosedomestication.Ifyouaskforfirst-handexoticexperiencesinabroadtextsandallthefeelingshastobecompletely,youwouldbetteradoptforeignization.However,complexityofdifferencesbetweenwesternandeasternculturecompelsthetranslatorstointegratethesetwostrategiesinpractice.Translationisforsuccessfulcommunicationacrossdifferentlanguagesandcultures.Barrier-freecommunicationisourpurpose.5.2LimitationsoftheStudyThoughthisthesisiswrittenfullofenthusiasmbyauthor,andseveralchangeshasbeenmadeuntilpresent.Butviewedasamaster,manymistakesandshortcomingsevenflawsexistapparently.What’smore,theframeofthedissertationseemsnotideal.Fewtheoriesarelistedandemployedinthethesis.Contrarytothelongrangeofcasestakesuplimitedroomofthethesis,relatedcommentslaysdownsmallspace.Thesolereasoninvolvestotheknowledgeoftheauthor.Exceptforthis,wepresentouraudiencesaffluentexamplesasmanyaspossible.AlloftheseChinese-Englishtextsfallintothecross-culturalperspectiveintranslation.However,differentcivilizationcomesoutcompletestrangefolkloretoeachother.Althoughdomesticationandforeignizationastwotranslationstrategieshavebeennarratedclearly,lackingoftheexperiencesinthisfieldresultstheplainlanguagesto43 describetheprocesswhichtranslatorappliedthemtotransformtheoriginaltothetargettext.Inthefinal,varytranslationstrategiesarenotcometrueamongessay’sexposition.Thethesismainlyusedthedomesticationandforeignizationtodiscussthemattersofthetranslation,andquoteothertranslationstrategiesveryfew.5.3SuggestionsfortheFutureStudyOnceagreatmanisnamedNapoleon,hedeclared,“Victorybelongstothemostpersevering.”Somepeoplefacedwithhugelimitationsstillmanagetoachievetremendousthings.Theyriseabovetheirweaknessanddonotallowthemtolimittheirpossibilities.Oncemore,thetheoriesoftranslationneedtoexpandtheirrangeandextendtheirdepthonbothfunctionsandconnotations.Lastbutnottheleast,weshouldstrengthenunderstandingandapplyingfortranslationstrategies,thenaddingothertranslationstrategiestothesis’sdiscussing,andstudythemfollowsonsomeorder.Forinstances,weexpoundthemincategories,suchasinallages,schools,abroadandhome,andsoon.Followthispath,theworkforthethesiswillbebetterinfuture.44 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AcknowledgementsThroughayearofwriting,Ifinallyfinishthisthesis.Itisnoteasyformetowriteathesislikethisinmysparetimeofworking,butIamfullofgratitudedeepinmyheart.ThisthesisisfinishedundertheguidanceofProfessorGaoZhihuai.Prof.Gaoisakind,professionalandrigorousperson.Hehasmadepainstakingeffortsintothewholeprocessofmythesiswriting,whichmademeveryunforgettableandgrateful.Therefore,IwouldliketoexpressmysincerethanksandpayhightributetoMr.Gao.Otherwise,Iwouldliketothankmyunitandcolleagues,myteachers,classmatesandfriendsfortheirgreatsupport,careandhelp.Thankmyfamilyfortheirlove,thoughtfulnessandencouragementalloftheseyears.Afterthreeyearspostgraduatestudy,Ihavegainedalot.Ibelieve,whatIlearnedinthesethreeyearswillbeofgreatadvantageformystudyandworkinginthefuture.Thereisstillalongwaytogo.Iwilldomybestontheroadoflearningandworkingtomakemoreprogressandachievements.48