2021 年中考英语语法:介词的基本知识
介词语法基本知识
介词概述
介词短语及其构成
介词短语在句中的作用
介词在疑问代词前的情况
介词加不定式的用法
介词宾语提前
介词概述
介词在结构上可以分为两种:
1) 简单介词:这种介词是指单个词的介词。如:
in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across
2) 复合介词(也称成语介词):指由两个或两个以上的词组成的介词。如:
out of,apart from,because of,by means of
介词短语及其构成
介词在句中不能单独存在, 而是必须以介词短语的形式存在.。介词短语的构成如下 (其中
“介词 + 名词” 短语结构最常见):
1) 介词 + 名词
Unfortunately, there wasn't enough demand for our product. 不幸的是,我们的产品市场
需求不大。
There is a real need for discipline in this class. 这个班级,没纪律不行。
2) 介词 + 代词
He always carried the photo with him.他总是随身带着那张相片。
He is not interested in that at all. 他根本对那个不感兴趣。
3) 介词 + 动名词
He entered the room without taking off his shoes.他没有脱掉鞋就进了房间。
He objected to being treated like a child. 他反对被当作小孩看待。
4) 介词 + 数词
She is a mother of two. 她是一位有两个儿子的母亲。
It is half past six. 现在是 6 点半。
5) 介词 + 形容词或副词
Your plan is far from perfect.你的计划远没有那么完美。
I heard someone calling me from below. 我听见有人在下面叫我。
6) 介词 + 另一个介词 + 名词
I saw her from across the street. 我从街对面看到她。
We never play bridge until after dinner. 我们只在晚饭后打桥牌。
7) 介词 + 名词性从句
The exercise are well done expect that some words are misspelled. 除了有些拼写错误
之外,这些练习做得不错。
The car stopped only a few inches from where I stood. 汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处
停下来 了。
He gave a lesson on how to improve soil. 他讲了一课如何改进土壤。
8) 介词 + 复合结构
I had no objection to Jenny marrying him. 我不反对詹妮和他结婚。
He sat in his room with no light on. 他坐在他的房间里, 没有开灯。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他亮着灯睡着了。
9) 介词 + 动词不定式
I had no alternative but to walk out. 我别无他法只好走出去。
She can do everything except cook. 她什么都会,就是不会做饭。
介词短语在句中的作用
1) 作状语
His parents work on a farm. 他父母在农场工作。
He arrived in Washington at five o'clock in the morning. 他早晨五点到达华盛顿。
Mary came back because of the rain. 玛丽因为下雨回来了。
2) 作定语
The book on the desk is very interesting. 书桌上的那本书很有趣。
It is the best way of doing it. 这是做这件事的最好方法。
3) 作表语
This book will be of great use to you. 这本书对你会有很大的用处。
This is against the law. 这是违法的。
4) 作宾语补足语
I found everything in good condition.我觉得一切都很好。
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 老师手里拿着本书走
进了教室。
介词在疑问代词前的情况
介词通常位于名词之前构成介词短语,但在一些句式中,如果介词与作其宾语的疑问代/副
词或关系代词关系密切时,介词可以移到前位。
1. 在疑问句中
Since when have you been working for your present employer? 你从什么时候开始为现在
的雇主工作?
In what forms does energy exist? 能量以什么形式存在?
At which station should I get off? 我应该在哪个站下车?
With whom do you wish to speak? 你想和谁说话?
2. 在定语从句中
Near where I live there's a pond in which you can find many fishes. 我住的地方附近有一
个池塘,里边有很多鱼。(注:这里 in which = where)
I remember the day on which I met him for the first time. 我还记得我第一次见到他的那一
天。
That's the ship on which we travel (=That's the ship we travelled on. ) 那是我们旅行坐的
船。
3. 在非限制性定语从句中
The fancy-dress party, at which the men all turned up as gangsters, was held in
Manhattan. 化装舞会是在曼哈顿举行,这场舞会中男人都扮成黑帮成员。(注:这里 at
which = where)
This is Mr. John, for whose son I brought a book yesterday. 这是约翰先生,昨天我给他的
儿子带了一本书。
4. 在宾语从句中
Let us know on which train you will arrive. (= Let us know which train you will arrive on).
让我们知道你将乘哪趟火车。
介词加不定式的用法
介词通常后加名词形成介词短语(如, in school, before the war 等),但介词也可以加不定
式。这篇文章给大家归纳一下介词加不定式的用法。
1. 只有少数几个介词可以加不定式,包括 save, but, except, other than 和 than 等。其中
save, but, except 和 other than 都表示“除……之外”的意思。than 则用于表示比较。
1) but 除……以外
She had no alternative but to ask for a few days' leave. 她没有别的办法,只好请几天假。
We had no choice but to leave. 我们只好选择离开。
2) save 除……之外
What did she do save to talk nonsense? 她除了讲废话还会讲什么?
Do anything, save to lie down and die! 你做什么都可以,只要不倒下死掉!
3) except 除了……之外
She has no other wish except to pass the examination. 她除了要通过考试之外,没有其
他心愿。
He never calls me except to borrow money. 除了借钱,他从来不给我打电话。
4) other than 除了……之外
There is no solution to this problem other than to obtain better tools. 除了获取更好的工
具之外,没有其他办法可以解决这个问题。
4) than 表示比较,意为“而不是,而不该,与其”。
You should know better than to behave like that. 你应该明白事理,不该那样做。
It is better to marry than to burn. 与其欲火攻心,倒不如结婚为妙。
2. 这些介词后边的不定式可以是省列 to 的不定式,如:
He had nothing to do except watch TV at home. 除了看电视之外,他没有别的事情可做。
She'd sooner share a house with other students than live at home with her parents. 她宁
愿和其他学生合住,也不愿意跟父母住在家里。 (注: would sooner...than 意思为“宁愿……
而不愿……”)
3. 介词短语还可以有“介词 + 疑问词 + 不定式”的格式。这种情况中的“疑问词 + 不定式”
部分语法上是一个名词性从句。
I couldn't think of where to buy the printer. 我不能想到去哪儿买打印机。
The problem of what to do is difficult to settle. 很难解决该做什么的问题。
That depends on which method to use. 这取决于所使用的方法。
This course solves a series of problems regarding how to sell your products. 本课程解
决如何销售产品的一系列问题。
介词宾语提前
介词短语中的介词宾语通常位于介词之后。但是在英语句式中,在一些情况下会出现介词宾
语移位到介词前边的情况。
1. 在特殊疑问句中,当提问的焦点是介词短语中的介词宾语时。如对于句子 This book is for
Peter. (这本书是给彼得的。),当我们要问这本书给谁时,我们提问的对象就是介词短语中
的宾语 Peter。写成疑问句为 Who is this book for? (这本书是给谁的?)。下面是更多例
句:
What are they talking about? 他们在谈什么?
What do we go there for? 我们去那里干什么?
Whom did you travel with last week? 上周你和谁一起去?
2. 在名词性从句中,如:
The teacher asked who this gift was for. 老师问这礼物是给谁的。(宾语从句)
Please let us know which train you will arrive on. 请告诉我们你将坐哪一班车到达。(宾语
从句)
I wonder what to live on in the desert. 我想知道在沙漠中靠什么生存。 (“疑问词 + 不定式”
的宾语从句)
Whose daughter he fell in love with is none of your business. 他喜欢上谁的女儿与你无关。
(主语从句)
3. 在定语从句中,如:
He is a man whom you can trust in. 他是一个值得你信任的人。
This is an issue that we all need to pay attention to. 这是个我们都需要引起注意的问题。
4. 在被动语态中,如:
She was not heard of since then. 自那以后她再也没有音讯了。
The matter is urgent and must be dealt with at once. 这件事很紧急,必须马上处理。
5. 在不定式中,如:
There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可以担心的。
Please pass me a chair to sit on. 请递给我一张椅子坐。
6. 此外,有时由于表达的需要,特别是在口语中,介词短语的宾语会被提前说出来进行强
调,如:
This matter, I will never talk about! 我再也不会谈起这件事!
These new-fashioned ideas, we don't care for. 像这些新玩意儿,我们一点都不感兴趣。