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主题语境(二) 健康的生活方式、积极的生
活态度(1)
阅读理解
A (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ·D)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the
size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food
intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with
heavier people who order large portions，it's the beanpoles with big appetites
you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits，the researchers conducted
two experiments.In the first，95 undergraduate women were individually invited
into a lab to ostensibly ( 表 面 上 ) participate in a study about movie
viewership.Before the film began，each woman was asked to help herself to a
snack.An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first.In her natural state，
the actor weighed 105 pounds.But in half the cases she wore a specially designed
fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The
participants followed suit，taking more food than they normally would have.
However，they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test，in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from
the snack bowls.In the other case，she took 30 pieces.The results were similar
to the first test：the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy
when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're
making decisions.If this fellow participant is going to eat more，so will I．Call
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it the “I'll have what she's having” effect.However，we'll adjust the influence.If
an overweight person is having a large portion，I'll hold back a bit because I
see the results of his eating habits.But if a thin person eats a lot，I'll follow suit.If
he can eat much and keep slim，why can't I?
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文，主要讲述了研究表明，与你一同进食的
同伴会影响你的饮食习惯，想要减肥的人应当避免同食量大的瘦人一起进食。
1．What is the recent study mainly about?
A．Food safety.
B．Movie viewership.
C．Consumer demand.
D．Eating behavior.
D [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段为全文的主题段，即《消费
者研究杂志》最近的一项研究表明，我们的饮食同伴的体型和饮食习惯都会影响
我们的食物摄入量，而且要避免同食量大的瘦人一起进食。结合全文内容可知，
本文主要介绍了饮食行为，故 D 项正确。]
2．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in Paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Big eaters.
B．Overweight persons.
C．Picky eaters.
D．Tall thin persons.
D [词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句“And contrary to existing research that
says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),
it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”可知，研究表
明，与现有的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反，你真正需要避
开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与 heavier people
含义相反，故 D 项正确。]
3．Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A．To see how she would affect the participants.
B．To test if the participants could recognize her.
C．To find out what she would do in the two tests.
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D．To study why she could keep her weight down.
A [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“To test the effect of social influence on
eating habits，the researchers conducted two experiments.”可知，为了验证社交
对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验；再结合下文介绍的两个实验可知，
聘用演员参加实验旨在查看演员对参加实验的人的饮食习惯的影响，故 A 项正
确。]
4．On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A．How hungry we are.
B．How slim we want to be.
C．How we perceive others.
D．How we feel about the food.
C [推理判断题。根据尾段中的“If this fellow participant is going to eat
more，so will I...because I see the results of his eating habits.”可知，如果这
个同伴打算吃得更多，我也会吃得更多；但是，我们将调整影响。如果一个超重
的人吃了很多，我会稍微保留一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。据此可以
推知，我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)
为基础的，故 C 项正确。]
B (2020·江苏卷·C)
For those who can stomach it，working out before breakfast may be more
beneficial for health than eating first，according to a study of meal timing and
physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects
performance.However，far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise
might affect general health.
To find out，British scientists conducted a study.They first found 10 overweight
and inactive but otherwise healthy young men，whose lifestyles are，for better
and worse，representative of those of most of us.They tested the men's fitness
and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood
and fat tissue.
Then，on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab，each man walked
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for an hour at an average speed that，in theory，should allow his body to rely
mainly on fat for fuel.Before one of these workouts，the men skipped breakfast，
meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight
fast(禁食)．On the other occasion，they ate a rich morning meal about two hours
before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout，the scientists took additional
samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples.There were considerable differences.Most
obviously，the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts
when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten.As a result，they burned
more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first.On the
other hand，they burned slightly more calories (卡路里)，on average，during the
workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most
significant，the researchers found.Multiple genes behaved differently，depending
on whether someone had eaten or not before walking.Many of these genes produce
proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素)
levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic
health.These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise
than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits
from exercise，it may be wise to skip eating first.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要说明了早饭前锻炼比早饭后锻炼给
身体带来的好处更多。
5．The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably
means “______”．
A．digest the meal easily
B．manage without breakfast
C．decide wisely what to eat
D．eat whatever is offered
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B [词义猜测题。此处考查 stomach 的熟词生义，该词在本句中意为“忍
受”；另外，结合常识可以判断，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处
意为“如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早餐前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更
多”，故 B 项正确。]
6．Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
A．Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B．Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C．They could walk at an average speed.
D．They had slow metabolic rates.
A [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“10 overweight and inactive but otherwise
healthy young men，whose lifestyles are，for better and worse，representative of
those of most of us”可知，选中的这十个人就是大众的代表，故 A 项正确。]
7．What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?
A．They successfully lost weight.
B．They consumed a bit more calories.
C．They burned more fat on average.
D．They displayed higher insulin levels.
B [推理判断题。根据第六段中的“On the other hand，they burned slightly
more calories (卡路里)，on average，during the workout after breakfast than after
fasting.”可知，锻炼前吃早餐的人相对而言在锻炼时燃烧的卡路里稍多一些，
故 B 项正确。]
8．What could be learned from the research?
A．A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B．Too many workouts often slow metabolic rates.
C．Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D．Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
D [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“to gain the greatest health benefits from
exercise，it may be wise to skip eating first”可知，早饭前锻炼给身体带来的
健康方面的好处更多，故选 D。]
阅读七选五
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(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.”
1 According to recent studies，the answer is a big YES，if the air quality in
your camping area is good.
2 If the air you're breathing is clean－which it would be if you're away
from the smog of cities－then the air is filled with lifegiving，energizing oxygen.If
you exercise out of doors，your body will learn to breathe more deeply，allowing
even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉) and your brain.
Recently，people have begun studying the connection between the natural world
and healing(治愈)． 3 In these places patients can go to be near nature during
their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green，growing things can reduce
stress，lower blood pressure，and put people into a better mood(情绪)．Greenery
is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely
to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 4 It
gives us a great feeling of peace.
5 While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin，they also give us
beneficial Vitamin D．To make sure you get enough Vitamin D－but still protect
your skin－put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about
fifteen minutes to start working，and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb
a day's worth of Vitamin D.
A．Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B．So what are you waiting for?
C．Being in nature refreshes us.
D．Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E．But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
F．Just as importantly，we tend to associate fresh air with health care.
G．All across the country，recovery centers have begun building Healing
Gardens.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了呼吸新鲜空气和接近大自然有益
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于身心健康。
1．E [关联逻辑法解题。空格前一句说我们都是听着人们说的“出去呼吸
点儿新鲜空气”长大的，空格后一句说答案是肯定的。由此可判断 E 项“但是新
鲜空气真的像你妈妈总说的那样对你有好处吗？”符合语境。本设空类型属于细
节理解类。]
2．A [设题位置法解题。根据空格后的内容可知，如果人们呼吸的空气是
干净的，那么空气中就充满了维持生命的、让人充满活力的氧气。如果在户外锻
炼，人的身体会学会深呼吸，让更多的氧气进入肌肉和大脑。所以本段主要说的
是呼吸新鲜空气的好处，故 A 项“新鲜空气清洁我们的肺”符合语境。本设空
类型属于段落主题句类。]
3．G [词汇锁定法解题。空格后的 these places 与 G 项中的 recovery centers
相呼应，因此 G 项“全国各地的康复中心已经开始建造康复花园”符合语境。
本设空类型属于细节理解类。]
4．C [关联逻辑法解题。空格前介绍了接近大自然、看绿色植物对病人的
康复有益，空格后一句说“它给我们内心一种极大的平和的感觉”，由此可推断
出空格处应该表达置身于大自然的好处，故选 C 项“置身于大自然使我们精神
焕发”。本设空类型为细节理解类。]
5．D [设题位置法解题。空格后一句说，虽然阳光会使我们的皮肤衰老并
受到伤害，但阳光也能带来有益的维生素 D。这应该是呼吸新鲜空气附带的好处，
故 D 项“呼吸新鲜空气的另一个附带好处是阳光”符合语境，D 项中的 sunlight
与空格后的 the sun's rays 相呼应。本设空类型属于段落主题句类。]
完形填空
(2018·江苏卷)
Raynor Winn and her husband Moth became homeless due to their wrong
investment. Their savings had been 1 to pay lawyers' fees. To make matters
worse, Moth was diagnosed(诊断)with a 2 disease. There was no 3 ，
only pain relief.
Failing to find any other way out, they decided to make a 4 journey,
as they caught sight of an old hikers'(徒步旅行者)guide.
This was a long journey of unaccustomed hardship and 5 recovery. When
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leaving home, Raynor and Moth had just ￡320 in the bank. They planned to keep
the 6 low by living on boiled noodles, with the 7 hamburger shop treat.
Wild camping is 8 in England. To avoid being caught, the Winns had
to get their tent up 9 and packed it away early in the morning. The Winns
soon discovered that daily hiking in their 50s is a lot 10 than they remember
it was in their 20s. Raynor 11 all over and desired a bath. Moth, meanwhile,
after an initial 12 ， found his symptoms were strangely 13 by their daily
tiring journey.
14 ， the couple found that their bodies turned for the better, with re
found strong muscles that they thought had 15 forever. “Our hair was fried
and falling out, nails broken, clothes 16 to a thread, but we were alive.”
During the journey, Raynor began a career as a nature writer. She writes,
“ 17 had taken every material thing from me and left me torn bare, an empty
page at the end of a(n) 18 written book. It had also given me a 19 ，
either to leave that page 20 or to keep writing the story with hope. I chose
hope.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了 Winn 夫妇投资失败变得一
无所有，更糟糕的是，丈夫被诊断出得了严重的疾病。然而他们没有放弃，决定
徒步野外旅行。出乎意料的是，丈夫的症状渐渐减少了，夫妇二人变得越来越强
壮了，妻子也开始了自然作家的生涯。
1．A．drawn up B．used up
C．backed up D．kept up
B [根据后面的“to pay lawyers' fees”提示可知，他们的积蓄都用光了。
故选 B。]
2．A．mild B．common
C．preventable D．serious
D [根据后句“There was no______ ，only pain relief.”可知，Moth 被
诊断出得了严重的疾病。故选 D。]
3．A．cure B．luck
C．care D．promise
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A [考查名词以及对语境的理解。名词 cure 在这里表示“治疗的方法”。没
有任何治疗的方法，只有止疼。故选 A。]
4．A．business B．walking
C．bus D．rail
B [根据后句“as they caught sight of an old hikers'(徒步旅行者)guide”
可知，他们决定做一次徒步旅行。故选 B。]
5．A．expected B．frightening
C．disappointing D．surprising
D [这是一次漫长的旅程，却收到了惊人的康复效果。故选 D。]
6．A．budget B．revenue
C．compensation D．allowance
A [他们计划靠吃煮面条来维持低预算。故选 A。]
7．A．frequent B．occasional
C．abundant D．constant
B [根据语境可知，他们偶尔到汉堡包店款待一下自己。故选 B。]
8．A．unpopular B．lawful
C．attractive D．illegal
D [根据后句“To avoid being caught”，可知，在英国，野营是非法的。
故选 D。]
9．A．soon B．early
C．late D．slowly
C [根据后句“and packed it away early in the morning”中的 early 提示
可知，他们不得不晚些时候把帐篷搭起来。故选 C。]
10．A．harder B．easier
C．cheaper D．funnier
A [Winns 夫妇很快发现，他们在 50 多岁时的徒步旅行要比记忆中的 20
多岁时艰难得多。故选 A。]
11．A．rolled B．bled
C．ached D．trembled
C [根据常识可知，50 多岁的人徒步旅行一天会浑身疼。故选 C。]
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12．A．struggle B．progress
C．excitement D．research
A [经过最初的与病魔做斗争，Moth 发现他的症状不可思议地减少了。故
选 A。]
13．A．developed B．controlled
C．reduced D．increased
C [参见上题解析。]
14．A．Initially B．Eventually
C．Temporarily D．Consequently
B [最终(eventually)，这对夫妇发现他们的身体都有所好转。故选 B。]
15．A．gained B．kept
C．wounded D．lost
D [根据前句“with refound strong muscles”可知，他们原以为永远失去
的强壮的肌肉重新出现了。故选 D。]
16．A．sewn B．washed
C．worn D．ironed
C [这里指他们的衣服破成了线状物。故选 C。]
17．A．Doctors B．Hiking
C．Lawyers D．Homelessness
D [根据语境可知，无家可归夺走了“我”所有的物质，让“我”一贫如
洗，就像已写好的一本书最后的空白页。故选 D。]
18．A．well B．partly
C．neatly D．originally
B [参见上题解析。]
19．A．choice B．reward
C．promise D．break
A [根据后句“either to leave that page______ or to keep writing the story
with hope”中 either...or...可知，这里是一种选择。它也给我一种选择。故选 A。]
20．A．loose B．full
C．blank D．missing
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C [根据前文中“an empty page at the end of a(n)______ written book”
可知，要么留下那页空白，要么带着希望继续故事。故选 C。]
1．intake n. (食物、饮料等的)摄取量，吸入量
2．contrary adj. 相对立的；相反的
3．portion n. (食物的)一份，一客
4．viewership n. (电视节目或频道的)观众人数，观众类型
5．version n.
(电影、剧本、乐曲等的)版本，改编形式，改写本
6．inactive adj.不活跃的
7．representative n．代表
8．tissue n．(人、动植物细胞的)组织； 纸巾，手巾纸
9．overnight adv.一夜之间；在夜间
10．workout n. 锻炼
11．implication n. 含意；暗示
12．skip v.
不做(应做的事等)；不参加；跳跃；跳绳；遗漏；跳读
13．energize v. 使活跃； 使精力充沛； 激励
14．oxygen n. 氧气
15．greenery n. 绿色植物
16．ray n．光线
17．refresh v. 使恢复精力；使凉爽
18．unaccustomed adj.不习惯的；奇怪的
1．companion n. 伙伴；侣伴；陪伴；指南；手册
2．appetite n. 食欲；胃口；强烈欲望
3．conduct v. 组织，实施，进行；指挥(音乐)；
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带领，引导；举止，表现；传导(热或电)
4. significantly adv.有重大意义地；显著地
5．adjust v. 调整，使……适合；校准
6．branch n. 分支；分公司；分部；树枝；支流；岔路
7．recover v. 恢复；弥补
8．investment n. 投资；投入
9．treat n．&v. 款待；招待
1．consume v．吃，喝，饮；消耗，耗费(燃料、能量、时间等)→consumption
n. (能量、食物或材料的)消耗，消耗量→consumer n．消费者
2．influence n．& v. 影响；作用；对……起作用 →influential adj. 有很大
影响的；有支配力的
3．individual adj.& n．个人的；个别的；独特的；个人；个体→individually
adv. 个别地；单独地
4．behave v．举止→behavio(u)r n．行为；举动
5．fit adj. 健康的；强健的；适合的；能胜任的 v．适合；使(衣服)合身；
使适应；使胜任 n．适合；合身→fitness n. 健壮；健康；适合
6．addition n．增加的人或物→ additional adj.附加的；另外的
7．benefit n．& v. 优势；益处；成效；对(某人)有用；使受益；得益于；
得利于→beneficial adj. 有利的；有裨益的；有用的
8．breathe v．呼吸 →breath n．呼吸
9．harm v．伤害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的
1．help oneself to 随便吃；自行取用
2．hold back 隐瞒；退缩；抑制；阻止
3．for better and worse 无论好还是坏
4．turn out 结果是……，证明是……
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5．to make matters worse 更糟糕的是
6．catch sight of 看到；瞥见
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．I think all of us should mind our behavior(behave) in public places.
2．She is one of the most influential(influence) figures in local politics.
3．Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect.
4．It's just an informal party, so it's not fit for you to dress(dress) like that.
5．The students benefiting(benefit) most from college are those who are totally
engaged in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and
resources.
6．The moment he caught sight of the police, the thief ran away as fast as
he could.
7．We were lucky to be invited to a concert by the Philharmonic Orchestra,
conducted (conduct)by Sir Colin Davis.
8．My father has made a full recovery (recover)from the operation.
9．This is the main factor driving investment(invest) in the area.
Ⅰ.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first.吃
2．While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial
Vitamin D．使变老
Ⅱ. 似易实难
1．But if a thin person eats a lot，I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and
keep slim，why can't I?
[译文]但如果一个瘦人吃了很多，我也会这么做。如果他可以吃很多还能保
持身材，我为什么不能呢？
2．They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young
men，whose lifestyles are，for better and worse，representative of those of most
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of us.
[译文]他们首先找到 10 个超重、不活跃但其他方面很健康的年轻男性，他
们的生活方式，无论好坏，都代表了我们大多数人。
Ⅲ.复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．Many of these genes produce proteins that can improve blood sugar regulation
and insulin levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic
health.
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。that can improve blood sugar regulation and
insulin levels throughout the body 为定语从句修饰先行词 proteins。
[译文] 这些基因中很多会产生可以改善全身血糖调节和胰岛素水平的蛋
白质，因此它们与改善新陈代谢有关。
2．The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits
from exercise，it may be wise to skip eating first.
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。在 that 引导的表语从句中，to gain the greatest
health benefits from exercise 作目的状语。
[译文] 这些研究结果暗示，要想从运动中获得最大的健康益处，最好先不
吃东西。
3．If the air you're breathing is clean－which it would be if you're away
from the smog of cities－then the air is filled with lifegiving，energizing oxygen.
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。If 引导条件状语从句，主句为 then the air is
filled with lifegiving，energizing oxygen，you're breathing 为定语从句修饰先
行词 the air；which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities 为定语
从句，修饰破折号前的句子。
[译文] 如果你呼吸的空气是无污染的－－倘若你远离城市的雾霾，空气就
可能是无污染的－－那么空气满是让人充满生命力和活力的氧气。
4．It had also given me a choice, either to leave that page blank or to keep
writing the story with hope.
[分析] 本句是一个“主谓＋双宾语”的简单句。either...or...连接两个不定
式短语作 choice 的定语。
[译文] 这也给了我一个选择，要么把这一页留白，要么带着希望继续写这
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个故事。
1．order n．秩序；次序；命令；订购；点的饭菜 vt.命令；要求；订购；
点(饭菜)
(1)in order of 以……的顺序
in order 整齐，秩序井然；按顺序
out of order 发生故障；混乱
place an order for sth.with sb.向某人订购某物
(2)order sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事
order＋that 从句(虚拟语气) 命令……
(3)orderly adj.整齐的；井然的
disorder n．无秩序；混乱
order a taxi in advance 提前订了出租车
place an order for some tea with your company
向你们公司订购一些茶
be as busy as a bee trying to put the house in order
忙着整理房间
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Ordered(order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time
now.
②Let's number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26.
③But rules alone don't secure an orderly(order) society. It is the people who
obey the rules that matter.
④At thirteen, I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder(order)．
[能力提升]－－一句多译
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医生要求我休息一个月。
①The doctor ordered me to take a rest for a month.
②The doctor ordered that I should take a rest for a month.
[名师点津] 下列动词后的名词性从句常用虚拟语气：一坚持：insist；二命
令：order, command；三建议：suggest, advise, recommend；四要求：demand,
request, require, desire；再加一个敦促：urge。
2．wear v. (过去式 wore，过去分词 worn)穿，戴；蓄，留(发、须等)；
流露，面带，呈现(某种神态)；磨损；消耗；用旧；穿破；磨出(洞)；耐用；耐
穿；耐磨
(1)wear away/wear sth. away(因重复使用而)变薄，变光滑；磨薄；磨光
wear off 逐渐消失；消逝；逐渐停止
wear yourself/sb. out 使疲乏；使筋疲力尽；使厌烦
wear thin 开始变弱；变得不受欢迎；变得兴趣索然
wear out/wear sth. out 磨薄；穿破；磨损；用坏
wear your heart on your sleeve 让感情外露；把心事挂在脸上
(2)worn adj. 用坏的；用旧的；筋疲力尽的
worn out 废旧的；疲惫不堪
wear a mask/wear glasses 戴口罩/戴眼镜
wear hair long/wear a beard 梳着长发/留胡须
wear a puzzled look 流露出迷惑不解的神情
the gradual replacement of wornout equipment
破旧设备的逐渐更新
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①There are two worn (wear) armchairs in the room which belong to the
professional player.
②He wore (wear) a quite expensive coat to work, only to be ruined in the
rain last week.
③Can we sit down? I am worn (wear) out.
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[能力提升]－－一句多译
你要是继续这样拼命工作，身体会吃不消的。
①You'll break down if you carry on working so hard.(break down)
②You'll wear yourself out if you carry on working so hard.(wear yourself
out)
3．design n. 设计；图案；构思 vt.设计；构思；计划
(1)design sth.for...为某目的或用途而制造或计划
be designed for.../to do sth.目的是……
(2)by design(＝on purpose)故意地；蓄意地
by accident/by chance 偶然地
a brilliant design 绝妙的设计
specially designed software 专门设计的软件
the design for the new sports centre 新体育中心的草图
a bowl with a flower design 有花卉图案的碗
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Most colleges now offer firstyear students a course specially designed to
help (help) them succeed academically and personally.
②Designed(design) for English beginners, the dictionaries were sold out on
the day when it came out.
③Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost
exactly 150 people in the station.
[能力提升]－－句式升级
设计这个项目本来是要帮助那些困难的学生，结果却和计划的不一样。
普通表达：This project was designed to help the students in need.But it
just didn't work out as planned.
①高级表达：This project designed to help the students in need just didn't
work out as planned.(过去分词短语作定语)
②高级表达：This project which was designed to help the students in need
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just didn't work out as planned.(定语从句)
4．occasion n．时机；机会；场合
(1)on occasion 有时；偶尔
on one occasion 曾经
on the occasion of 在……的时候；在……之际
on no occasion 绝不(放在句首时，句子要倒装)
(2)occasional adj. 偶尔的；有时的
occasionally adv.有时；偶尔
[名师点津] 放在句首用部分倒装的介词短语还有：at no time，by no means，
under no circumstances, in no way，in no case, on no account 等。
a great/memorable/happy occasion
一个伟大的/难忘的/欢乐的庆典
if the occasion arises 如果有机会的话
an occasion for all the family to celebrate 一个全家庆祝的机会
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Apart from an occasional (occasion) noise from the elephant's stomach,
the forest was silent.
②I've been writing this report occasionally(occasional) for the last two weeks,
but it has to be handed in tomorrow.
③I have a suit but I only wear it on special occasions.
[能力提升]－－词汇升级
普通表达：You should never try to cheat others on occasion for they find you
dishonest, they will never believe you anymore.
高级表达：On no occasion should you try to cheat others, for they find you
dishonest, they will never believe you anymore.
5．additional adj. 附加的；额外的；外加的
(1)additionally adv. 此外，另外
(2)add...to... 往……加入……
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add to 增加；增添
add up 把……加起来
add up to 加起来总计达
add (that) ...补充说/接着说……
(3)addition n．加；(数)加法；增加
in addition 另外
in addition to 除……之外
additional resources/funds/security
额外资源/附加基金/外加安保措施
add to our knowledge and understanding of our country
增添了我们的知识和对我们国家的了解
little steps add up to big dreams 小进步成就大梦想
in addition to improving creativity 除了提高创造力以外
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Additionally(additional), the bus service will run on Sundays, every two
hours.
②Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money.
③Add up all the money you've received this month, and you will find you
can afford a new computer.
④The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding(add)
that he had enjoyed his stay here.
[能力提升]－－词汇升级
普通表达：Besides, you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly help
you to gain much knowledge.
①高级表达：Additionally, you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly
help you to gain much knowledge.
②高级表达：In addition，you should respect all the teachers who unselfishly
help you to gain much knowledge.
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6．harm n．&vt.损害；危害
(1)cause/do harm to ...对……造成伤害/有害
(2)be harmful to 对……有害
harmful adj. 有害的
harmless adj.无害的
(3)there is no harm in doing sth.做某事没有害处
never do anyone any harm 对任何人都绝无害处
harm her chances of winning the election 不利于她赢得选举
the harmful effects of tobacco 烟草的害处
be harmful to children's teeth 对儿童的牙齿有害
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people.
②However, no praise from parents also does harm to their selfconfidence.
③He may not be able to help but there's no harm in asking(ask) him.
[能力提升]－－一句多译
有些男生对玩电脑游戏简直到了痴迷的程度， 这对他们的健康非常有害。
①Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, which is
very harmful to their health．(harmful)
②Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, which does
great harm to their health．(harm n．)
1．The participants followed suit，taking more food than they normally
would have．
参与者也照做了，吃的食物比通常多。
[句型公式] would have(taken)是虚拟语气，表示与过去的事实相反的假
设。
虚拟条件句及其主句的谓语形式可归纳如下：
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从句谓语 主句谓语
与现在事实
相反
were/did would/should/could/might do
与将来事实
相反
should do/did/were to
do
would/should/could/might do
与过去事实
相反
had done would/should/could/might have done
(1)含蓄条件句用 without, but for, otherwise, or, but 等词来引导。
(2)在含蓄虚拟结构中，如果表示与现在或将来事实相反的假设，则主句谓语动
词用 would/could/might＋do; 如果表示与过去事实相反的假设，则主句谓语动
词用 would/could/might＋have done。
[名师点津] 如果条件从句中包含有 were, had, should，有时可把 if 省略
掉，但这时要把 were, had, should 放在主语前面(这种结构在口语中较少使用)。
(1)If we had made adequate preparations, we might have succeeded.
→Had we made adequate preparations，we might have succeeded.
(2)If there were no gravity, there would be no air around us.
→Were there no gravity, there would be no air around us.
(3)If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
→Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
[金句推送] If we hadn't had his support/Without his support, we
wouldn't be where we are now.
假如没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①If he hadn't experienced wartime, Hemingway wouldn't have written(write)
his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
②It is lucky we booked a room, or we would have(have) nowhere to stay
now.
③I would have gone to my cousin's birthday party last night, but I was(be)
not available.
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[能力提升]－－一句多译
要是没有我英语老师的帮助，我不会在英语写作比赛中获得第一名。
①If it hadn't been for the help of my English teacher, I would not have won
the first prize in the English Writing Competition.(if 从句)
②I would not have won the first prize in the English Writing Competition
without the help of my English teacher.(without 引导含蓄虚拟)
2．But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the
most significant，the researchers found.
但研究人员发现，脂肪细胞深层的影响可能是最显著的。
[句型公式] 句中“it was...that...”是强调句型，在句中强调主语。
(1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that /who ＋句子其余部
分．
(2)强调句的一般疑问句：Was/Is it＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其余部分？
强调句的特殊疑问句：疑问词(被强调部分)＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其余部
分？
(3)not until 的强调句型：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分．
[名师点津] (1)强调句型中的引导词是 it (无实际意义，引导被强调部分)，
that 也无实际意义，只起语法连接作用。
(2)此句型可强调地点状语、时间状语、主语、宾语等，如果被强调部分是
人，that 可以换成 who，其他情况只能用 that。
[易错提醒] 一般来说，如果把句子中的 It is/was 和 that 去掉，能还原成
完整的句子，并且句子意思依然完整，则为强调句型，否则为其他从句。
[金句推送] It's not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have
to do that makes life happy.
生活的快乐不在于做自己喜欢的事，而在于喜欢自己不得不做的事。
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily
in the passenger seat.
②Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr. Smith got angry?
③It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
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[能力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：I didn't realize that she was a famous film star until she took off
her dark glasses.
①高级表达：It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized that
she was a famous film star. (强调句)
②高级表达：Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize that she was
a famous film star.(倒装句)
[名师点津] 强调谓语动词时用“do/does/did＋动词原形”。
夯基固本·知识落实
Ⅰ.用所给词的正确形式填空
1．To solve this problem, our company put out the household robot specially
designed(design)to take care of old people.
2．Occasionally (occasional) I'll have a piece of chocolate, but it's quite
rare.
3．What is known to us all is that drinking too much is harmful(harm) to
your health.
4．The film star wears (wear) sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping
without being recognized.
5．The general director of the project ordered that the work (should) be started
(start) at once.
Ⅱ.在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．Besides, it is, on some occasions, more convenient to use English words.
2．It was not until he got seriously ill that he knew the importance of health.
3．The dictionary is out of date：many words have been added to the language
since it was published.
4．Try as I might I couldn't get my car started，in other words，it was out
of order.
5．I ran all the way to school yesterday, otherwise/or I would have been late
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for the annual talent show.
强技提能·知识应用
Ⅰ.完形填空
(2020·太原市阶段性测评)I woke up to the sound of the alarm clock at six
in the morning.I walked down the stairs， 1 ，still wanting to go back and sleep
for 2 hour or so.But that idea soon 3 as the words of the doctor，whom
I had met the previous day， 4 inside my head.A few weeks before this，
when I had been in Paris，I had felt some 5 heaviness in my chest.On returning，
I went to a(n) 6 who cautioned me to work on my 7 ．So there I was，
jogging down a 8 narrow lane.A few weeks went by，and every day when
I went to jog，I saw an old man 9 on that bench.And I just couldn't 10
why he was there doing nothing.My 11 was building up as each day 12 ．
The next morning，I went and sat beside him on the 13 ．I asked him，
“Why are you seated here every day？”He answered，“Because this is the most
beautiful place that I know.” 14 ，I asked again，“What is so beautiful about
this place？”He said，“Look！”And I tried to 15 ．I saw the rising sun shining
from behind the clouds，and several rays penetrating (穿过)through them.Birds
were singing 16 from the trees of the surrounding wilderness.The water
glittered in the sunlight，and it looked as if there was a 17 of light between
me and the faroff mountains.I had been through that place 18 times，but
I had never looked；it was one of the most beautiful places I'd ever seen.And
I realized that I don't have to travel miles to 19 the beauty.All I have to do
is to look 20 .
【语篇解读】 作者为了锻炼身体，每天在偏僻的小路上慢跑，观察到一位
老人天天坐在长凳上无所事事，这引起了作者的好奇心，作者决定前去探个究竟。
后来作者意识到美就在身边，需要用心去观察。
1．A．badtempered B．warmhearted
C．halfawake D．fastmoving
C [根据上文表述的作者早晨被闹钟叫醒和空后表述的作者想返回睡觉可
推知，此处应是作者在半醒的状态下下了楼梯。halfawake“半醒的”。]
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2．A．other B．another
C．the other D．the others
B [作者早晨六点被闹钟叫醒，此处应是作者想返回去再睡一个小时。
another“再一，又一”。]
3．A．occurred B．disappeared
C．came D．spread
B [根据“But”可知，此处应是这个想法很快消失了(disappeared)。]
4．A．heard B．described
C．reacted D．resounded
D [根据语境可知，此处应是医生说的话在作者脑海里回响。resound 意为
“回响”。]
5．A．strange B．delighted
C．necessary D．unique
A [根据上文提到医生可知，此处应是作者感到胸部莫名的沉闷，所以才
从巴黎一回来就去看医生。]
6．A．doctor B．teacher
C．agent D．policeman
A [参见上题解析。]
7．A．mind B．appearance
C．fitness D．assignment
C [根据上文作者身体出现问题可知，此处应是医生告诫作者要努力改善
自己的健康(fitness)。]
8．A．various B．wide
C．fast D．lonely
D [根据下文中的“wilderness”可知，此处应是作者在一条偏僻狭窄的小
路上慢跑。lonely 意为“偏僻的”。]
9．A．sitting B．standing
C．approaching D．sleeping
A [根据下文中的“Why are you seated here every day？”可知，作者看
到一位老人坐在那条长凳上。]
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10．A．take out B．look out
C．turn out D．figure out
D [根据下文作者询问老人可知，此处应是作者不明白为什么这位老人天
天坐在那里无所事事。figure out“弄明白”。]
11．A．judgment B．curiosity
C．observation D．power
B [上文表述作者不明白老人这么做的原因，此处应是随着日子一天天过
去，作者的好奇心与日俱增。]
12．A．passed B．remained
C．spared D．reached
A [参见上题解析。]
13．A．bed B．bench
C．sofa D．land
B [根据上文中的“on that bench”和下文作者询问老人为什么每天都坐在
这里可知，作者坐在长凳上，老人身旁。]
14．A．Worried B．Satisfied
C．Interested D．Confused
D [根据空后的“I asked again”可知，作者对老人的回答感到困惑，所以
再次询问。]
15．A．speed up B．get away
C．look around D．come along
C [根据空前的“He said，'Look！'”可知，作者按照这位老人的话四处
观察。look around“四下察看”。]
16．A．terribly B．nervously
C．sweetly D．patiently
C [此处描绘这个地方的美丽之处，因此此处表示鸟儿在愉悦地 (sweetly)
地歌唱。]
17．A．wall B．path
C．length D．speed
B [水面在阳光下闪闪发光，看起来好像是作者与远山之间的一条光线之
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路。]
18．A．many B．few
C．rare D．any
A [根据上文作者每天在这附近慢跑可知，此处表示作者经过这个地方很
多次，但作者从来没有(认真)看过。]
19．A．respect B．desire
C．attract D．admire
D [作者意识到没有必要奔波数英里去远方欣赏美，作者所要做的就是用
心贴近自然、观察自然。]
20．A．luckily B．completely
C．closely D．mainly
C [参见上题解析。]
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal，
runners live three years 1.______(long) than nonrunners. You don't have to run
fast or for long 2.______(see) the benefit.You may drink，smoke，be overweight
and still reduce your risk of 3.______(die) early by running.
While running regularly can't make you live forever，the review says it
4.______(be) more effective at lengthening life 5.______ walking，cycling or
swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014
6.______ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk
of heart disease and early deaths from all 7.______(cause)．
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do.But otherwise...it's probably
running.To avoid knee pain，you can run on soft surfaces，do exercises to
8.______(strength) your leg muscles(肌肉)，avoid hills and get good running
shoes.Running is cheap，easy and it's always 9.______(energy)．If you are time
poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，
so perhaps we should all give 10.______ a try.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了跑步可以给人带来的多种益处。
1．longer [考查副词的比较级。句中有 than，故用 long 的比较级 longer。]
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2．to see [考查非谓语动词。本句有谓语动词，因此此处应用非谓语动词；
分析句子结构及句意可知，此处应用动词不定式 to see 作目的状语。]
3．dying [考查非谓语动词。短语 reduce one's risk of...“降低某人……
的风险”，此处介词 of 后用动词ing 形式作宾语。]
4．is [考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本文介绍了跑步的好处，通篇以一般
现在时为主。本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故用一般现在时；且宾
语从句中的主语为 it，故用 is。]
5．than [考查介词。根据句中的 more 可知，此处应用介词 than 引出比较
对象。此处表示跑步比散步、骑行或游泳更能有效地延长寿命。故填 than。]
6．that/which [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，
先行词为 a study，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词 that/which。]
7．causes [考查名词单复数。此处 cause 是可数名词，意为“原因”，句中
的 all 表示“所有”，后应用可数名词的复数形式，故填 causes。]
8．strengthen [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为动词不定式
作目的状语，故本空应填动词 strengthen，意为“增强，加强”。]
9．energetic [考查形容词。and 连接两个并列分句，两个分句都表示跑步
的特征，and 前面的 cheap 和 easy 均为形容词，故此处应用形容词 energetic 作表
语，意为“需要能量的，剧烈的”。]
10．it/running [考查固定搭配。give it a try 为固定搭配，意为“试一试”，
根据语境可知，it 指代 running，故可填 it 或 running。]
话题写作
Step 1.写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①我们都知道，没有什么比健康更珍贵。
As we all know, nothing is more precious than health．
②在我们的日常生活中，保持学习和娱乐相平衡很重要。
In our daily life, it is very important to keep a balance between study and
pleasure．
③均衡的饮食和有规律的锻炼可以帮助我们保持健康。
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A balanced diet and regular exercise can help us stay healthy.
④很多人经常熬夜看电视或玩电脑游戏。
A great many people often stay up watching TV or playing computer games.
⑤为了保持健康，我们应该减少上网的时间。
In order to keep fit, we should cut down the time spent in surfing the Internet.
⑥要求(上网)时间应该限定在一天三个小时。
It's required that the time (should) be limited to three hours a day.
⑦为了有益于我们的健康，我们应该多做运动，拥有足够的睡眠。
For the benefit of our health, we should do more exercise and have plenty
of sleep.
⑧这将有利于我们的身心健康。
This will benefit us both physically and mentally.
Step 2.表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用“of＋n.” 升级句②
In our daily life, it is of great importance to keep a balance between study
and pleasure．
②用非限制性定语从句合并句⑦和句⑧
For the benefit of our health, we should do more exercise and have plenty
of sleep, which will benefit us both physically and mentally.
Step 3.衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
As we all know, nothing is more precious than health. In our daily life, it
is of great importance to keep a balance between study and pleasure. Meanwhile,
a balanced diet and regular exercise can help us stay healthy. However, a great
many people often stay up watching TV or playing computer games. In order to
keep fit, we should cut down the time spent in surfing the Internet. It's required
that the time (should) be limited to three hours a day. In addition, for the benefit
of our health, we should do more exercise and have plenty of sleep, which will
benefit us both physically and mentally.
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