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主题语境(四) 法律常识与法律意识等
阅读理解
A (2018·北京卷·D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's
dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is
apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving
permits in April for companies to test truly selfdriving cars on public roads. The
state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and
for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted,
isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities
across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere
on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change
our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on
how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless
cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving
vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more
convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a
chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more
shared.
Do we want to copy － or even worsen － the traffic of today with driverless
cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual selfdriving vehicles. They
tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they
can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread.
They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle
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the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick
up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the selfdriving minibus. The convenience
even leads fewer people to take public transport － an unwelcome side effect
researchers have already found in ridehailing (叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing
petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric, selfdriving and shared systems
could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of
transportation infrastructure( 基 础 设 施 ) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer
emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially
available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services,
considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance
issues (责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices
drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance
of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled
transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement
presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed
to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We
just have to plan for it.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了有关无人驾驶汽车的发
展前景和面临的问题。
1．According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars
can ________．
A．help deal with transportationrelated problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
A [细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“While much of the debate so far has
been focused on the safety...offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.”
可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助于减少交通拥堵等方
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面。故选 A。]
2．As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A．Safety. B．Side effects.
C．Affordability. D．Management.
D [推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Policymakers should start thinking
now about ... the carcontrolled transportation system we have today.”并结合
上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩
大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面，故选 D。]
3．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Employed. B．Replaced.
C．Shared. D．Reduced.
A [词义猜测题。根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first
commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中“as the
prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，
随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆
会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选 A。 ]
4．What is the author's attitude to the future of selfdriving cars?
A．Doubtful. B．Positive.
C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.
B [观点态度题。根据最后一段最后两句“The car of the future is coming.
We just have to plan for it.”可知，无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，准备好迎
接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对于这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。]
B (2018·江苏卷·C)
If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars:
Momandpop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in
agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting
directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as
well as in the ecosystems (生态系统), small farmers can keep one step ahead of
the big guys. As the cofounder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC，
美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself, I have a frontrow seat to the
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innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.
For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a
couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with
a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables smallscale farmers to
harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour－a huge improvement over
harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand － suddenly making it possible for
the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came
out，small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms.
But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product,
they can stay in business.
The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without
fundamental changes to the industry.One crucial factor is secure access to land.
Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning
one's own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013，agricultural
land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers
and managers is a nonexistent path to citizenship － the greatest barrier to building
a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于) farmers
younger than 35 by six to one, and with twothirds of the nation's farmland in
need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow
the nation's food.
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair
farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. We at the
NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation,
as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the
success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds.
With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with
young farmers.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章分析了美国小农场主具有的优势，
同时也分析了目前美国农业发展所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以
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支持美国国内小农场的发展。
5．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce
________．
A．the progress made in car industry
B．a special feature of agriculture
C．a trend of development in agriculture
D．the importance of investing in car industry
B [推理判断题。文章开头首先提到汽车行业的特点，“如果想进军汽车行
业，你最好有几十亿美元：家庭经营的汽车制造厂不大可能击败最大的汽车公
司”；接着指出“但是在农业方面，小农场主可以胜过大农场主”。由此可知，
作者开头提到汽车行业是为了通过对比介绍农业不同于工业的地方。]
6．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in Paragraph 2?
A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary.
B．Technology is vital for agricultural development.
C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce.
D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.
D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“suddenly making it possible for the little
guys to compete with large farms of California”以及“they can stay in business”
可知，Quick Cut Greens Harvester 的发明让小农场可以与加利福尼亚的大农场
竞争，并且可以继续经营下去，也就是说小农场主可能比大农场主获得了一些优
势。]
7．What is the difficulty for those new farmers?
A．To gain more financial aid.
B．To hire good farm managers.
C．To have farms of their own.
D．To win old farmers' support.
C [细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Another challenge ... the greatest barrier
to building a farm of their own.”可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公
民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选 C。]
8．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?
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A．Seek support beyond NYFC.
B．Expand farmland conservation.
C．Become members of NYFC.
D．Invest more to improve technology.
A [推理判断题。最后一段提到 NYFC 在敦促国会增加耕地保护等方面需
要支持，有关国会将要讨论的新农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。由
此可知，为了使农场经济可持续和公平发展，农场主需要寻求 NYFC 以外的支
持。]
C (2017·天津卷·C)
This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the
first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the
driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives
might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of
autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless
cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage
over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or
race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel －
to check email, say － the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，”
says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human
drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car
makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest
one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this
year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless
cars. “When you say 'driverless cars', people expect driverless cars，” Merat
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says. “You know － no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles
can be fully automated without human operation.
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles
you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening
in the UK and Singapore, where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being
launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however.“The idea that the government
would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely
nowhere here，” says Calo.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾
驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾
驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主张。
9．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．A place where cars often break down.
B．A case where passing a law is impossible.
C．An area where no driving is permitted.
D．A situation where drivers' role is not clear.
D [词义猜测题。根据下文“the grey area between ... the driverless future”
对“死亡谷”的解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾
驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不
明朗的情景，D 项描述与之吻合。]
10．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to ________．
A．stop people from breaking traffic rules
B．help promote fully automatic driving
C．protect drivers of all ages and races
D．prevent serious property damage
B [推理判断题。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段
说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆
投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，选 B。]
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11．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
A．It should get the attention of insurance companies.
B．It should be the main concern of law makers.
C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.
D．It should involve no human responsibility.
D [推理判断题。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈
到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人
们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为
无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选 D。]
12．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ________．
A．Singapore B．the UK
C．the US D．Germany
C [细节理解题。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最后两段谈到在
英国和新加坡，由政府提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况
就会很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在这里，认为政府会接管无人驾驶车
辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would get absolutely
nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国看不到光明的发展前
景。]
13．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?
B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough
C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!
D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
A [标题归纳题。全文以德国交通部长的提议引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆
的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客
的安全等问题，因此选 A。]
D (2017·江苏卷·C)
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fastgrowing industry,
urging antitrust (反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow.
A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being
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raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most
valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look
unstoppable.
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size
alone is not a crime. The giants' success has benefited consumers. Few want to
live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high
prices, many of these services are free(users pay, in effect, by handing over yet
more data). And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can
make waves, too.
But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all
present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google
initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently
it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual
recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies' control of data
gives them enormous power. So they have a “God's eye view” of activities in
their own markets and beyond.
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking
up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves:
in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required － and as
a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into
the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have
traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into
account the extent of firms' data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.
The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying
a newborn threat. When this takes place, especially when a newborn company
has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services
have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced
to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make
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from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users'
consent.
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments
don't want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。随着网络的发展，有些大型数据公司控
制着大量的数据。人们呼吁把这些巨头拆分。但问题的根源不在这里，反垄断部
门应该出面打破这些公司的数据垄断局面，给小公司更多的生存机会。
14．Why is there a call to break up giants?
A．They have controlled the data market.
B．They collect enormous private data.
C．They no longer provide free services.
D．They dismissed some newborn giants.
A [细节理解题。根据第二段的首句“Such situations have led to calls for
the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，这种形势要求科技巨头拆分。这种形
势是指上文提及的那几家大公司垄断了数据市场，故本题答案为 A。]
15．What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A．Data giants' technology is very expensive.
B．Google's idea is popular among data firms.
C．Data can strengthen giants' controlling position.
D．Data can be turned into new services or products.
C [细节理解题。从第三段可知，以谷歌公司为例，这些科技巨头发现了
数据可以转变为新的服务，例如翻译和视觉识别，这些都可以卖给其他公司。网
络公司对于数据的控制赋予了他们巨大的权力，从而可以增强他们的控制地位。]
16．By paying attention to firms' data assets, antitrust regulators could
________．
A．kill a new threat
B．avoid the size trap
C．favour bigger firms
D．charge higher prices
B [推理判断题。根据第五段可知，反垄断部门在考虑兼并时，通常根据
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规模的大小来决定何时进行干预，现在当评估这些交易的影响时，他们需要考虑
到这些公司的数据资产的范围，再根据“The purchase price could ... a newborn
threat.”可知，通过重新考虑被兼并公司的数据资产，反垄断部门就可以避免落
入规模大小这个陷阱。]
17．What is the purpose of loosening the giants' control of data?
A．Big companies could relieve data security pressure.
B．Governments could relieve their financial pressure.
C．Consumers could better protect their privacy.
D．Small companies could get more opportunities.
D [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，放松网络服务的供应商对于网络
数据的控制，把更多的份额给数据提供者，从而让小公司也有机会发展。]
1．materialize v. 发生；成真
2．potential n. 潜力；潜能
3．worsen v. 使变糟
4．ownership n. 所有权
5．aspect n. 方面
6．loan n. 借贷
7．clumsily adv. 笨拙地
8．define v. 认定；下定义
9．delay v. 推迟；延期
10．issue n. 问题；争论点
11．deadly adj. 致命的
12．profitable adj. 利润丰厚的
13．digital adj. 数字的
14．initially adv. 最初
15．assess v. 评估
16．security n. 安全
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1．debate n. & v. 争论；辩论
2．harvest v. 收获；收割
3．compete v. 比赛；竞争
4．reform n. 改革
5．crash n. & v. 撞坏；坠毁
6．check v. 检查；核对
7．legal adj. 合法的
8．control n. & v. 控制
9．threat n. 威胁
1．apparent adj. 明显的→apparently adv. 显而易见地
2．safe adj. 安全的→safety n. 安全
3．arrive v. 到达→arrival n. 到达
4．appoint v. 约会；约定→appointment n. 约会；约定
5．insure v. 保险；担保→insurance n. 保险
6．confuse v. 使困惑→confusion n. 困惑；混乱；混淆
7．deliver v. 运送；输送→delivery n. 运送；输送
8．translate v. 翻译→translation n. 翻译
1．lead the way 领先；带路
2．respond to 对……作出反应
3．bring about 带来(变化)
4．far from 远非
5．stand out 突出
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[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．The late arrival(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans.
2．Our daughter is a great dancer; she stands out above the rest.
3．Of the six people in the plane that crashed(crash), only one survived.
4．She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in
confusion(confuse)．
5．With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.
6．The boy managed to climb out of the car, apparently(apparent) unhurt.
7．He set about helping homeless women and children to place of safety(safe)．
8．He gave me his assurance that the goods should be delivered(deliver)
tomorrow morning.
9．The great damage which the earthquake brought about made many people
homeless or lose their lives.
Ⅰ.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and
fair farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. 引
路
2．...that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race... 种
族
3．Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among
car makers, consumers and lawyers. 操作
Ⅱ.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players.
[译文] 但是在农业方面，小农场主能够战胜主要的竞争对手。
2．And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make
waves, too.
[译文] 新生巨头的出现表明新来的也能掀起风波。
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Ⅲ.复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our
transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how
the transformation is regulated.
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。句中 however 引导让步状语从句，主句中
depending on how the transformation is regulated 为现在分词短语作状语，其中
how the transformation is regulated 为宾语从句作介词 on 的宾语。
[译文] 但不管需要多长时间，这项技术有潜力改变我们的交通系统和城市
向好或坏的方向发展，这取决于转换是如何被监管的。
2．While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless
cars (and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving
vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient,
affordable mobility options.
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。While 引导让步状语从句，主句中 how
selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more
convenient, affordable mobility options 为宾语从句，作 talking about 的宾语。
[译文] 虽然到目前为止的争论大多集中在无人驾驶汽车的安全问题上(应
当如此)，但决策者也应该讨论自动驾驶汽车如何有助于缓解交通堵塞、减少排
放，并提供更多方便、更实惠的出行选择。
3．The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley”
of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless
cars that could delay the driverless future.
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。what some call the “death valley” of
autonomous vehicles 为宾语从句，that could delay the driverless future 为定语从
句修饰先行词 the grey area。
[译文] 该提案试图解决一些人所说的无人驾驶汽车的“死亡谷”问题：半
自动驾驶汽车和真正意义上的无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，而这可能会推迟无
人驾驶汽车的到来。
4．The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services
have over data and give more to those who supply them.
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[分析] 本句是一个复合句。主句的主语是 The second principle，系动词
is 后是两个并列的不定式短语 to loosen the control 和(to) give more ...，that
providers of online services have over data 为定语从句修饰先行词 the control，
who supply them 为定语从句修饰先行词 those。
[译文] 第二个原则是放松在线服务提供商对数据的控制，并将更多的数据
提供给用户。
1．permit n. 执照；许可证；通行证 v. 许可；允许；准许
(1)permit doing sth. 允许做某事
permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事
（2）weather/time permitting
if weather/time permits
天气/时间允许的话
(3)permission n. 允许；许可
ask for permission 请求许可
without permission 未经许可
need to obtain a work permit 需要获得一个工作执照
be permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane 只允
许携带一个手提行李包登机
ask the government for permission to move the books to a safe place 请求
政府把书籍转移到一个安全的地方
[名师点津] permit 既可用于 permit doing sth.，也可用于 permit sb. to do
sth.，有相同用法的动词还有：advise, allow, forbid 等。
AAAA[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①The security system will not permit you to enter(enter) without the correct
password.
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②The visitors are reminded that the museum doesn't permit smoking(smoke)．
③I will come after the meeting if time permits，but I should ask for my
headmaster's permission(permit) first.
[能力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：If time permits, I expect to have more spare time to spend with
my friends so that we can have a better relationship.
高级表达：Time permitting, I expect to have more spare time to spend with
my friends so that we can have a better relationship.(独立主格结构)
2．convenient adj. 方便的；便利的
(1)It is convenient for sb.to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是方便的
be convenient for sb. 对某人来说是方便的
be convenient for/to sth. 离……很近
(2)convenience n. 方便；便利
at one's convenience 在某人方便的时候
for convenience 为方便起见
(3)inconvenient adj. 不方便的；麻烦的
enjoy the pleasures and convenience of living in a city center 享受住在市
中心的乐趣和便利
arrange a convenient time and space for the applicants to have an interview
为参加面试的求职者安排了合适的时间和地点
make it more convenient for us to choose what books we like 使得我们选
择喜欢的书籍更加方便
[名师点津] “当你方便的时候”应译成“when it is convenient for you”，
而不是“when you are convenient”。
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Would it be convenient for you to pick(pick) me up at four o'clock and
take me to the airport?
②Most of us choose to use credit cards to buy things because of their
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convenience(convenient).
③We bought the house for convenience. It's very near to the shop where I
work.
[能力提升]－－一句多译
你能在方便的时候过来帮我一把吗？
① Can you come and give me a hand at your convenience? (convenience)
② Can you come and give me a hand when it is convenient for you?
(convenient)
3．tolerate v. 容忍，忍受；对……有耐性
(1)tolerate sb. doing sth. 容忍某人做某事
(2)tolerant adj. 容忍的；宽容的
be tolerant of 对……宽容；对……有耐受性
(3)tolerance n. 容忍，忍耐力
tolerate the extremes of heat in the desert 忍受沙漠的酷热
not tolerate any cheating on exams 容不得任何考试作弊行为
create a tolerant and cosmopolitan culture 促成了宽容和包罗万象的文化
[名师点津] 除了 tolerate 外，其他表示“容忍，忍受”的动词及短语还有：
stand, bear, put up with 等。
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①He won't tolerate anyone questioning(question) his decisions.
②Luckily, my parents are tolerant of my choice of music.
③What I want to stress is that such behaviour can not be tolerated(tolerate)．
[能力提升]－－完成句子
我们应该对他人的缺点更宽容一些。
We should be more tolerant of others' shortcomings.
4．cause vt. 引起；导致 n. 原因；事业；目标
(1)cause sb.sth. 给某人带来某事
cause sb.to do sth. 导致某人做某事
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cause damage/loss to 对……造成损害/损失
(2)the cause of ... ……的原因
cause and effect 因果
won't cause you too much trouble 不会给你造成太多麻烦
cause global concern about flight safety 引起全球对飞行安全的关注
find the cause of the mine accident 找出这起矿难的起因
fight for the cause of peace all her life 她毕生为和平事业而抗争
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①He argues that one of the root causes(cause) of crime is poverty.
②I still don't know what caused the computer to crash(crash)．
③Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents.
[能力提升]－－句式升级
普通表达：That summer, a terrible flood broke out in the south of China,
and it caused great loss to the people there.
高级表达：That summer, a terrible flood broke out in the south of China,
causing great loss to the people there．(现在分词短语作状语)
5．replace vt. 代替；取代；把……放回原处
(1)replace ... with/by ... 用……替换……，以……接替……
(2)take the place of ＝ take one's place 接替；代替
in place of ＝ in one's place 代替
(3)replacement n. 替代；替代的人(物)
go to the conference in place of her 代替她出席了这次会议
largely replace the traditional letter 极大地替代了传统书信
replace all the furniture damaged in the flood 更换在洪水中损坏的所有家
具
replace the china plate on the shelf 把磁盘放回到架子上
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[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Teachers will never be replaced(replace) with computers in the classroom.
②It's not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks.
③Joe resigned as chairperson in 2019 and I took the place of him.
[能力提升]－－一句多译
我们的班长将代替我们的班主任参加这次会议。
①Our monitor will replace/take the place of our head teacher to attend the
meeting.
②Our monitor will attend the meeting in place of our head teacher.
6．urge v. 催促；极力主张 n. 冲动；强烈的愿望；迫切的要求
(1)urge sb. to do sth./into doing sth. 力劝/敦促某人做某事
urge that ... 强烈要求；极力主张[从句谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形]
urge (sb.) on 力劝；强调；强烈要求
(2)urgent adj. 紧急的；迫切的
in urgent need of 急需
(3)urgency n. 紧急；紧急情况
in urgent need of food, medicine and shelter 急需食品、药品和住所
urge you to do more reading 督促你多阅读
a matter of great urgency 一件非常紧急的事
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①They know that our country is in urgent(urge) need of those who have much
knowledge.
②It's of great urgency(urge) that we need to make the relative laws with the
rapid growth of online shopping.
③The teacher urged his students on the importance of studying abroad.
[能力提升]－－一句多译
随着高考的临近，我们的老师督促我们要更加努力学习。
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①Our teacher urges us to study harder with the College Entrance Examination
drawing near.(urge sb. to do)
②Our teacher urges that we (should) study harder with the College Entrance
Examination drawing near.(urge that)
7．hold v. 保持；拿着；控制；容纳；举行 n. 握住；控制；把握；保持
hold back 阻止；隐瞒；抑制，控制；扣留
hold up 举起；支撑；使停顿；耽误
hold on (打电话时)等一下，不要挂断；坚持
hold on to 抓住；坚持；不放弃
hold out 伸出；继续；坚持；忍耐
[一词多义]－－写出下列句中 hold 的含义
①She is holding a notebook and a pen. 拿着
②He holds the world record for the 100metre dash. 保持
③They will hold a meeting to discuss this problem tomorrow. 举行
④The stadium in our school can hold 5，000 people in all. 容纳
bite her lip to hold back the tears 她咬着嘴唇强忍住眼泪
be held up in the traffic jam 受困于交通拥堵
be ready to hold out a friendly hand 乐于伸出友谊之手
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①Women are playing a more and more important role in society in modern
China － they hold up half the sky.
②When he left the telephone to find a pencil, he asked me to hold on．
③Do you think that mixed ability classes hold back the better students?
[能力提升]－－完成句子
无论困难有多大，我们绝不会被其阻止。
We will never be held back by difficulties, no matter how great they are!
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1．With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take
a stand with young farmers.
在国会要讨论新的农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。
[句型公式] With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress 属于“with
＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构。该结构常作原因、条件、时间、方式或伴随
状语，也可作后置定语。
常见的 with 复合结构：
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语
(2)with＋宾语＋doing(表主动、进行)
(3)with＋宾语＋done(表被动、完成)
(4)with＋宾语＋to do(表未做)
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①With the exam approaching(approach), it is a good idea to review your class
notes.
②With so many essays to write(write), he won't have time to go shopping
this morning.
③The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table laid(lay) for a meal
to be cooked.
[能力提升]－－一句多译
随着时间的推移，我逐渐意识到健康的重要性。
①As time goes by, I gradually realize the importance of health.(状语从句)
②With time going by, I gradually realize the importance of health.(with
复合结构)
2．The internet has made data abundant, allpresent and far more valuable,
changing the nature of data and competition.
因特网使得数据丰富、齐全，而且更有价值得多，改变了数据和竞争的性质。
[句型公式] changing the nature of data and competition 是现在分词短语
作伴随状语。
(1)现在分词和过去分词作状语，都可以表示伴随、时间、条件、原因、结
果、让步等。
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(2)现在分词短语作状语时，与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语
动词的动作同时发生，或没有一定的时间性；而过去分词作状语时，与句中主语
为逻辑上的动宾关系。
(3)现在分词作状语时，为了表示强调，可与 when, while, once, if, unless
等连词连用，构成状语从句的省略。
[基础练习]－－单句语法填空
①They sat in the classroom, reading(read) the books borrowed from the
library.
②The teacher came into the lab, followed(follow) by some students.
③Anyone, once tested(test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free
medical treatment from our government.
④Finding(find) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
[能力提升]－－完成句子
小时候，妈妈常常坐在我的床边给我讲故事，一直讲到我睡着。
When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, telling me stories till
I fell asleep.
夯基固本·知识落实
Ⅰ.用所给词的正确形式填空
1．With a guide to show(show) us around the scenic spots, we're sure to
have a good time.
2．That unusual experience has turned Bob into a patient and tolerant(tolerate)
person.
3．I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film(film) a special unit
caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
4．There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the
grassland, staring(stare) at the night sky.
5．The public urged the government to take(take) measures to prevent such
cases from happening again.
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Ⅱ.在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．If it is convenient for you, let's meet at 8：30 outside the school gate.
2．Now most Chinese families have replaced coal fires with/by gas.
3．Up till now opinions are divided as to the cause of the fire.
4．The best way to respond to a flame is to ignore it.
5．People have planted a great many trees in order to hold back wind and
sand in the desert.
强技提能·知识应用
Ⅰ.完形填空
Living one's life is really like driving on a highway.First，to make a good
driving，the driver must carefully examine the 1 of his car，just as he cares
for his health for a good life.Once he enters into the highway，he must 2 certain
rules for his own safety.It also can be said that he must obey certain rules of 3
when living as a decent(体面的)adult.For example，on the highway，he is 4
to keep a constant speed which can be compared with his 5 activities through
his life.Neither driving nor living must be taken at too 6 a speed nor at too
slow a speed.If he drives too 7 ，the police will give him a ticket，just as
he will be arrested when he breaks the law. 8 too conservatively(保守地)，
he will be called an outofdate person 9 the others driving at the proper
speed.When he wants to change his lanes，he must give careful 10 to every
direction of his car.It is sometimes 11 to change the way of life 12 he
can be sure of completion by doing so.He 13 not make any unnecessary
changing of lanes which gives him only danger.Finally，he must 14 where
he is now by recognizing some 15 appearing now and then.If he takes the
wrong way，he must return to the right as 16 as he can.But he may thus
lose 17 and energy both on the road and in life. 18 the whole，driving
on a highway and living one's life are both hard work. 19 if he is careful
and serious enough， 20 will provide him much pleasure.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章把人们应如何把握好自己的人生跟
在公路上开车做了巧妙对比，生动形象，浅显易懂。
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1．A.seat B．condition
C．petrol D．passenger
B [开车前首先检查车的“状况”，正如人们关心自己的健康一样。其他选
项表示的意义都太片面。]
2．A.listen to B．find
C．follow D．insist on
C [follow...rules“遵守……规则”。]
3．A.society B．school
C．group D．highway
A [由常识可知，人们要生活得好，必须遵守“社会”准则。]
4．A.glad B．required
C．made D．anxious
B [require sb.to do sth.“要求某人做某事”，被动语态为 be required to do
sth.。]
5．A.broken B．outdoor
C．good D．continuous
D [与前文的“constant”形成对照，人一生“连续不断”的活动正像在高
速路上连续不断的开车。]
6．A.large B．high
C．limited D．expected
B [由后面的“too slow”可知，人们无论是开车还是生活都应保持适当的
速度，不能太“快”，也不能太慢。]
7．A.speedily B．slowly
C．orderly D．willingly
A [由后面遭到“罚款”可知，此处是车速“太快(speedily)”。]
8．A.Doing B．Acting
C．Going D．Working
B [此处指人们如果“行为”太保守，就会影响他人。]
9．A.persuading B．getting
C．interrupting D．refusing
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C [生活中“行为(act)”过于保守就会落伍，就像开车太慢也会“阻止、
中断(interrupt)”别人的行程一样。]
10．A.notice B．attention
C．signs D．regards
B [开车时，人们必须集中“注意力”，看好每一个方向。故用 give careful
attention to＝pay careful attention to，其他选项都不合题意。]
11．A.dangerous B．worthy
C．unfit D．troublesome
A [在生活中，有时随便改变方向是“危险的”。]
12．A.if B．when
C．unless D．because
C [开车要换车道时，须“小心、注意(give careful attention to)”车的方
向，正如人生要改变目标时一样是“危险的”，“除非”有把握。]
13．A.dare B．need
C．may D．should
D [有风险时，人们“不应该”改变车道。]
14．A.think B．discover
C．prove D．look
B [开车时必须要“发现”自己的位置所在。]
15．A.signs B．roads
C．posters D．people
A [人们应不时地辨认“标志”，来“发现”自己所处的位置。]
16．A.possible B．soon
C．much D．hard
B [如果走错了路，人们应“尽快”回到正确的路线上来。]
17．A.money B．luck
C．time D．trust
C [走错了方向时应“尽快”改变，但消耗“时间和精力”在所难免。]
18．A.In B．With
C．About D．On
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D [on the whole“总的说来”。]
19．A.Therefore B．But
C．And D．Then
B [与前文形成转折关系。从正反两方面说明人们怎样才能生活得好，因
此此处只能用转折连词 but。]
20．A.it B．he
C．they D．you
C [they 指的是“driving on a highway and living one's life”这两件事情。]
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2020·郑州市质量预测)Zhou Shihao，17，from Shanghai Yichuan High
School, was shocked by the statistics he had found. 1.________ he was looking
into the use of cell phones by drivers, he found that more than 30% of them reached
for their cell phones on the road.
“Any use of handheld devices (设备) should be 2.________ (firm) forbidden
while driving，” said Zhou. “It's not a daily chore, but a serious social issue.”
The teenager's concerns led to his drafting a proposal on this issue －
something 3.________ he did together with five other schoolmates in the Mock
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference competition in the Putuo District
of Shanghai.
Zhou and his schoolmates were not alone. In January, many Shanghai
youngsters, even elementary school students, took part in Mock CPPCC
competitions 4.________ (hold) in their local districts and handed in proposals on
issues ranging from network security and the future city to the protection of
5.________ (tradition) culture.
“The competition really encourages us students to focus on social issues and
play an active role 6.________ taking responsibility for our country，” said Zhang
Simin, 17, from Shanghai Nanyang High School.
The senior student used to think that the handling of state affairs was just for
politicians. But thinking on the “3：30 problem”changed her mind.
Kids usually finish school at 3：30. However, most parents work until 6：
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00，7.________ (make) it hard for them to pick kids up. “This is a problem
we've all been through，” said Zhang.
To help students, Zhang's school 8.________ (invite) deputies to the National
People's Congress to give students instruction.
“Thanks to the deputies, we finally understand it's not who is to blame that
9.________ (matter), but finding the best solution，” said Zhang.
“The competition aims to encourage a sense of citizenship among China's
Post00s generation，” said Xia Jing, a teacher from Shanghai Jinyuan Senior High
School. “Through this channel，students can let their 10.________ (voice) be
heard.”
【语篇解读】 上海市宜川中学的学生周世豪和他的同学一起参加了上海普
陀区的模拟政协会议比赛，并提交了一份关于开车时使用手持设备问题的提案。
这种比赛促使学生更加关注社会问题。
1．When/While/As [考查状语从句。该句意为：当他调查司机使用手机
的情况时，他发现 30%以上的司机在路上会伸手拿手机。根据句意并结合空后的
“he was looking into”可知，空处表示“当……时”，故可知答案。]
2．firmly [考查副词。空处修饰动词 forbidden，作状语，表示“坚决禁止”，
故用副词 firmly。]
3．that [考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在从句
中作及物动词 did 的宾语，修饰先行词 something，something 是不定代词，故用
that 引导该定语从句。]
4．held [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词 hold 与其逻辑主语
“Mock CPPCC competitions”之间为动宾关系，故用其过去分词形式作后置定
语。]
5．traditional [考查形容词。根据空前的“the protection of”和空后的名
词“culture”可知，应用 tradition 的形容词形式。]
6．in [考查固定搭配。play an active role in ...为固定搭配，意为“在……
中发挥积极的作用”。]
7．making [考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作状语，表示结
果，故用现在分词形式。]
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8．invited [考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，该句陈述的是发生在过去的
事情，故用一般过去时。]
9．matters [考查主谓一致。分析该句结构可知，此处为强调句型，that
指代 who is to blame，在从句中作主语，为第三人称单数形式，故填 matters。]
10．voices [考查名词的单复数。该句意为：通过这一渠道，学生们能让人
们听到他们的呼声。voice 表示“意见，呼声”时，为可数名词，根据该句中的
“students”和“their”并结合句意可知，该处应用名词 voice 的复数形式
voices。]
话题写作
Step 1.写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①吸毒已成为一个严重的问题，它影响家人并危及整个社会。
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem, and it affects the family
and also endangers the whole society．
②众所周知，毒品对健康危害很大，可能会造成吸毒者死亡。
As is known to all, drugs do very great harm to health, and they are likely
to cause drug addicts to die．
③一旦吸毒上瘾，很难戒掉。
Once a person is addicted to drugs, it will be hard to give up．
④许多违法行为与吸毒直接相关。
Many crimes are directly related to taking drugs．
⑤为远离毒品，我们应该教育年轻人意识到毒品太有害了。
In order to keep away from drugs, young people should be educated to realize
that drugs are too harmful.
Step 2.表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用非限制性定语从句改写句①
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem, which affects the family
and also endangers the whole society.
②用“否定词＋比较级”改写句⑤
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In order to keep away from drugs, young people should be educated to realize
that drugs can't be more harmful.
Step 3.衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem, which affects the family
and also endangers the whole society. As is known to all, drugs do very great
harm to health, and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die. Once a person
is addicted to drugs, it will be hard to give up. Meanwhile，many crimes are
directly related to taking drugs. Therefore，in order to keep away from drugs,
young people should be educated to realize that drugs can't be more harmful.
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