概要写作专题（教案）
初测试
一、根据要求改写下列句子。
1. Strange things were happening, but people thought little of them.(同义替换法)
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2. Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hoped to. (同义替换法)
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1. Millions of people have tried to quit smoking, but failed.(正话反说法)
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2. Patience is very important.(词性转换法)
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3. Parents should give children more praise.(语态变换法)
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4. Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.(简单句变复合句)
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5. We should encourage students. We should not scold them.(利用介词短语法)
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【答案】
(1) Strange things were happening, but people ignored them.
(2) Although Jack failed to pass the driving test, he still hoped to.
(3) Millions of people have tried to quit smoking, but didn’t succeed.
(4) Patience is of great importance.
(5) Children should be given more praise.
(6) Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.
(7) We should encourage students instead of scolding them.
讲知识
知识点一 高考概要写作题型介绍
概要写作是综合写作任务的一种常见形式, 被广泛应用于教学和评估活动中。概要写作的目的不仅是
要重述原文的主旨要义, 还要在不改变原文意思的前提下变换词汇和句子结构, 也就是要使用自己的语言写
概要。
一、概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍
1. 考纲说明
根据教育部考试中心的相关说明, 概要写作中, 提供给考生一篇 350 以内的短文, 要求其基于该短文写出
一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
2. 试题选材特点
提供给考生阅读的短文词数在 350 以内；所选材料体裁虽然没有限制, 但多以说明文、议论文为主, 偶尔
也会有记叙文或夹叙夹议的阅读材料。考试说明所给的样题是一篇科普知识类的文章, 句子结构复杂, 难度较
大。
3. 熟知概要写作的评分标准
（一）概要写作考查要求：
（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
（3）上下文的连贯性；
（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
总之, 概要应具有独立性和自明性, 拥有与文章等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必要的信息；
其次概要不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲；最后概要内容必须完整、一目了然。
4. 评分标准
(1)评分原则
①本题总分为 25 分,按 5 个档次给分。
②评分时,先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档
次,最后给分。
③词数少于 40 的和多于 80 的,从总分中减去 2 分
④评分时,应注意要从以下四个方面考虑。
◆对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
◆应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
◆上下文的连贯性;
◆对各要点表达的独立性情况。
⑤拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
⑥如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。
(2)各档次的给分范围和要求
档次 描述
第五档
(21-25 分)
理解准确,涵盖全部要点。
能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇
有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
完全使用自己的语言。
第四档
(16-20 分)
理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误但完全不影响意义表达。
比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使
所完成的概要结构紧凑。
有个别整句抄自原文。
第三档
(11-15 分)
理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达。
应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使上下文内容连贯。
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第二档
(6-10 分)
理解有误差,仅涵盖半数要点。
有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。
较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性。
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第一档
(1-5 分)
没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符。
有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达。
缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。
多个句子抄自原文。
0 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
5. 概要写作特点
概要写作, 即对所读过的文章简要概括, 写出文章的中心大意, 也称之为摘要。写概要时, 要把文章的具
体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句进行表述, 而不是抄袭文章的原句, 更不能把细节性信息作为中心, 即
要对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换, 对文章的具体信息进行概括, 再用适合的语言表达。这一题型
主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力, 同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信
息的能力以及对文章整体结构把握的能力。因此, 概要写作是基于对阅读理解和书面表达两者考查的有机结
合体。
知识点二 概要写作答题步骤和方法
一、答题步骤
1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句, 一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义, 确定关键词, 关键词一般体现为名词、形容词, 关键词的数目决定了概括的
信息浓度。
3. 确定时态和人称。如果阅读材料是过去时, 那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的, 那么基本时态用现在
时。但模板的开头语一般为现在时, 如：The passage tells us that…一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。
3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推, 反映写作目的
主题句是高度抽象的, 它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句, 可以是补充过程或者提供证据。3、4 两个步骤其实就
是改写阅读材料的主题句和支撑句。口诀：简单概括, 缩长间短, 省却细腻。(见：间接引语。短：短的连词。
细腻：细节和例子)
5. 检查润色草稿。需要确保初稿准确完整, 再考虑誊抄。可以从以下几个方面来进行检查和润色：
a. 主次是否分明, 主题句和支撑句比例、顺序是否安排得当；
b. 逻辑关系是否清晰, 前后观点是否一致；
c. 人称时态和概要字数是否符合要求；
d. 查语法是否正确, 特别是时态、主谓一致等, 确保“语言规范”；
e. 是否使用一些较为丰富、高级的句型和恰当的连接过渡词句等。
二、具体的方法技巧
（一）打磨重组、改写句子的能力
考生重组、改写句子的能力直接影响着概要写作的好坏, 所以考生在平时训练时就要下意识提高自这些
能力。由于本专题前几章学案已经具体阐述了造句改写的能力, 这里就不再赘述, 具体请详见前几期学案。这
里只简单列举几个技巧。
1. 同义替换法
Tom thought of an idea.
→ An idea occurred to Tom.
2. 正话反说法
I think wealth is less important than health.
→ I don’t think wealth is more important than health.
You will fail.
→ You won’t succeed.
3. 词性转换法
Your suggestions are very valuable.
→ Your suggestions are of great value.
4. 介词短语法
We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
→ With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
5. 句式变化法
(1)语态变换
It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
(2)简单句变复合句
The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
(3)连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词, 如 but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of
等。
He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than/instead of going.
(4)词序改变法
Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.
（二） 提高定位主题句的能力
主题句是概括文章或段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子, 是文章整体或段落的
核心所在。同时, 主题句又由若干个扩展句来支持、说明、论证和延伸, 使整个文章或段落所表达的意思更为
清晰地体现出来。然而, 主题句的位置不是固定不变的, 它可以位于段首, 段中、段尾。主题句位于段首的情
况比较多见。开门见山, 直接点明段落主题, 有助于确定段落的主线, 使各个发展句围绕段落主题自然展开；
说明性与论说性段落尤其如此。扩展句又可以通过时间、空间、举例、对比、定义、因果等手法来进行陈述。
概要写作提供的阅读材料的段落数通常会决定要点数, 因此, 考生在平时的阅读训练和概要写作训练时, 要
有意识地区分文章和段落的主题句和扩展句, 学会快速把握段落的结构和主旨走向, 这对概要写作的能力提
升大有裨益。请尝试分别找出以下三个段落的主题句。
1. This location did have a number of advantages. The district officer was happy to have the guests; the local
native chief made them welcome. The location, in high open country with a magnificent view down through a gap to
misty plains beyond, was beautiful, and the accommodations provided were good.
2. Californians and New Englanders are both Americans. They speak the same language and abide by the same
federal laws. But they are very different in their way of life. Mobility, both physical and psychological, has made
a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is a mark of the customs and morality of New
Englanders.
3. The Amazon River is the widest river in the world, with one-fifth of all the fresh water on earth moving
through its mouth. In length it is second only to the Nile, and if stretched across the United States, it would reach
from New York to Los Angeles. In addition, the Amazon covers the largest area of any river. Therefore, it can be
argued that the Amazon is the mightiest river on earth.
上述段落的主题句分别位于句首、句中和句尾。
知识点三 不同文体概要写作方法
在概要写作前, 我们要通读短文, 确定其内容是属于那种类型, 然后选择确当的模板。注意：不要关注一
些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点, 尽量少使用原文语句, 多用自己的概括性的语言, 3 到 5 个句子即可。
说明文
1. 说明文的段落划分:
①. 描述某事物的性质功用等：性质/定义—功用/功能—应用/利好
可参考模板：(in the passage ) the writer introduces…to us, especially its…, from which we know…
②. 针对某问题提出解决办法或措施：问题—成因—解决方法/措施
可参考模板：The passage tells us….Therefore, the author tells us how to..., including…
③. 介绍某现象及其原因结果：现象—原因—结果
可参考模板：The author talks about…, which is caused by…. As a result (consequently),…
议论文
1. 议论文的段落划分：
三要素：论点、论据和结论：论点—论据 1……论据 n—结论
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句
(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点, 然后用事实论证
论点, 最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段, 或者在各段的首句或
尾句。尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。要注意归纳和积累相关的句式或模板。
议论文概要可参考的开头写作模板：
The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
The essay/passage/author argues in support of…, stating that…
The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the
others whose effort push them to success.
The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
记叙文
1. 记叙文的段落划分：
记叙类：人物、情节(who did what) 、时间、地点
夹叙夹议：+观点/哲理性推论：情节 1—情节 2……情节 n—启示
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常
要交待清楚五要素的内容, 即 where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙
述通常按时间的顺序叙述, 让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联, 我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或
思路, 从而更好地理解文章主题, 概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。
记叙文概写可参考的开头写作模板：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
总之, 概要写作要求考生根据阅读材料一篇 60 字左右的内容概要, 用尽可能少的词汇和过渡手段展现原
材料的主要思想和观点。平时训练时, 考生除了需要提高自己快速把握文章主旨和段落大意的能力外, 还需要
提升自己的总结概括能力, 并熟练掌握非谓语动词等高级语法知识和词句过渡技巧。训练写概要写作时还可
以有意识地采取以下几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 避免重复。在原文中, 为了强调某个主题, 可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3) 删除具体例子。不过, 阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的, 如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的,
如删除具体例子, 则概括很难达到 30 个词, 那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原
文中可能包括 5 个或更多的例子, 你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词, 比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some
textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。
6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子, 那么你只要把
它们变成一两句即可。
7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为： “He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
8) 考生还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
9) 掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。
练题目
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。(2019 浙江高考概要写作)
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident
Kids, says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By
giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the
opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things
or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too
much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying
hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.
If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something
that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work
hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What
Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters."
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you
should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also
mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But
whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort
your child has put into it.
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Two possible versions:
①Parents praise their children to promote their confidence, but excessive praise may result in opposite effects.
②However, kids may feel discouraged when not given enough praise. ③Actually, what really matters is the quality
rather than quantity of praise, which should be sincere and concentrate on process instead of result. ④Praise offers
encouragement and recognition, while it should be based on the fact and correspond with the effort.
①There are two extremes of praising: being too strict with the kids and giving a lot of praise. ②The former
makes kids feel they are not good enough while insincere praise makes them afraid to try new things or take risks.
③The point is not the quantity of praise but the quality. ④We should praise more on kid’s efforts and process instead
of the result.
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。(2018 浙江高考概要写作)
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the
same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting
and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little
crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are
applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next
four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you
have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you
live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between
applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache
if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you
actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeeklive.
It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a
penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t
take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help
you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
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Two possible versions:
①It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. ②Undoubtedly, students
should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. ③At least, they should visit the school and
figure out its real conditions in advance. ④For students who are short of money and time, registering online is a good
alternative to help them better understand schools.
①To ensure a brilliant college life, you’d better spare time to visit the campus to examine all aspects of your dream
college even if it may be costly. ②If you live nearby, be sure to check it out before you apply. ③Even after
submitting your application, a visit can help avoid much trouble. ④However, visiting the online college fairs at
collegeweeklive.come will be beneficial if not possible to see for yourself for lack of time and money.
概要写作专题（学案）
初测试
一、根据要求改写下列句子。
1. Strange things were happening, but people thought little of them.(同义替换法)
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2. Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hoped to. (同义替换法)
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6. Millions of people have tried to quit smoking, but failed.(正话反说法)
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7. Patience is very important.(词性转换法)
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8. Parents should give children more praise.(语态变换法)
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9. Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.(简单句变复合句)
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10. We should encourage students. We should not scold them.(利用介词短语法)
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讲知识
知识点一 高考概要写作题型介绍
概要写作是综合写作任务的一种常见形式, 被广泛应用于教学和评估活动中。概要写作的目的不仅是
要重述原文的主旨要义, 还要在不改变原文意思的前提下变换词汇和句子结构, 也就是要使用自己的语言写
概要。
一、概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍
1. 考纲说明
根据教育部考试中心的相关说明, 概要写作中, 提供给考生一篇 350 以内的短文, 要求其基于该短文写出
一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
2. 试题选材特点
提供给考生阅读的短文词数在 350 以内；所选材料体裁虽然没有限制, 但多以说明文、议论文为主, 偶尔
也会有记叙文或夹叙夹议的阅读材料。考试说明所给的样题是一篇科普知识类的文章, 句子结构复杂, 难度较
大。
3. 熟知概要写作的评分标准
（一）概要写作考查要求：
（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
（3）上下文的连贯性；
（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
总之, 概要应具有独立性和自明性, 拥有与文章等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必要的信息；
其次概要不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲；最后概要内容必须完整、一目了然。
4. 评分标准
(1)评分原则
①本题总分为 25 分,按 5 个档次给分。
②评分时,先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档
次,最后给分。
③词数少于 40 的和多于 80 的,从总分中减去 2 分
④评分时,应注意要从以下四个方面考虑。
◆对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
◆应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
◆上下文的连贯性;
◆对各要点表达的独立性情况。
⑤拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
⑥如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。
(2)各档次的给分范围和要求
档次 描述
第五档
(21-25 分)
理解准确,涵盖全部要点。
能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇
有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
完全使用自己的语言。
第四档
(16-20 分)
理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误但完全不影响意义表达。
比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使
所完成的概要结构紧凑。
有个别整句抄自原文。
第三档
(11-15 分)
理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点
所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达。
应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使上下文内容连贯。
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第二档
(6-10 分)
理解有误差,仅涵盖半数要点。
有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。
较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性。
出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第一档
(1-5 分)
没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符。
有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达。
缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。
多个句子抄自原文。
0 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
5. 概要写作特点
概要写作, 即对所读过的文章简要概括, 写出文章的中心大意, 也称之为摘要。写概要时, 要把文章的具
体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句进行表述, 而不是抄袭文章的原句, 更不能把细节性信息作为中心, 即
要对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换, 对文章的具体信息进行概括, 再用适合的语言表达。这一题型
主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力, 同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信
息的能力以及对文章整体结构把握的能力。因此, 概要写作是基于对阅读理解和书面表达两者考查的有机结
合体。
知识点二 概要写作答题步骤和方法
一、答题步骤
1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句, 一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义, 确定关键词, 关键词一般体现为名词、形容词, 关键词的数目决定了概括的
信息浓度。
3. 确定时态和人称。如果阅读材料是过去时, 那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的, 那么基本时态用现在
时。但模板的开头语一般为现在时, 如：The passage tells us that…一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。
3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推, 反映写作目的
主题句是高度抽象的, 它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句, 可以是补充过程或者提供证据。3、4 两个步骤其实就
是改写阅读材料的主题句和支撑句。口诀：简单概括, 缩长间短, 省却细腻。(见：间接引语。短：短的连词。
细腻：细节和例子)
5. 检查润色草稿。需要确保初稿准确完整, 再考虑誊抄。可以从以下几个方面来进行检查和润色：
a. 主次是否分明, 主题句和支撑句比例、顺序是否安排得当；
b. 逻辑关系是否清晰, 前后观点是否一致；
c. 人称时态和概要字数是否符合要求；
d. 查语法是否正确, 特别是时态、主谓一致等, 确保“语言规范”；
e. 是否使用一些较为丰富、高级的句型和恰当的连接过渡词句等。
二、具体的方法技巧
（一）打磨重组、改写句子的能力
考生重组、改写句子的能力直接影响着概要写作的好坏, 所以考生在平时训练时就要下意识提高自这些
能力。由于本专题前几章学案已经具体阐述了造句改写的能力, 这里就不再赘述, 具体请详见前几期学案。这
里只简单列举几个技巧。
1. 同义替换法
Tom thought of an idea.
→ An idea occurred to Tom.
2. 正话反说法
I think wealth is less important than health.
→ I don’t think wealth is more important than health.
You will fail.
→ You won’t succeed.
3. 词性转换法
Your suggestions are very valuable.
→ Your suggestions are of great value.
4. 介词短语法
We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
→ With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
5. 句式变化法
(1)语态变换
It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
(2)简单句变复合句
The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
(3)连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词, 如 but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of
等。
He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than/instead of going.
(4)词序改变法
Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.
（二） 提高定位主题句的能力
主题句是概括文章或段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子, 是文章整体或段落的
核心所在。同时, 主题句又由若干个扩展句来支持、说明、论证和延伸, 使整个文章或段落所表达的意思更为
清晰地体现出来。然而, 主题句的位置不是固定不变的, 它可以位于段首, 段中、段尾。主题句位于段首的情
况比较多见。开门见山, 直接点明段落主题, 有助于确定段落的主线, 使各个发展句围绕段落主题自然展开；
说明性与论说性段落尤其如此。扩展句又可以通过时间、空间、举例、对比、定义、因果等手法来进行陈述。
概要写作提供的阅读材料的段落数通常会决定要点数, 因此, 考生在平时的阅读训练和概要写作训练时, 要
有意识地区分文章和段落的主题句和扩展句, 学会快速把握段落的结构和主旨走向, 这对概要写作的能力提
升大有裨益。请尝试分别找出以下三个段落的主题句。
4. This location did have a number of advantages. The district officer was happy to have the guests; the local
native chief made them welcome. The location, in high open country with a magnificent view down through a gap to
misty plains beyond, was beautiful, and the accommodations provided were good.
5. Californians and New Englanders are both Americans. They speak the same language and abide by the same
federal laws. But they are very different in their way of life. Mobility, both physical and psychological, has made
a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is a mark of the customs and morality of New
Englanders.
6. The Amazon River is the widest river in the world, with one-fifth of all the fresh water on earth moving
through its mouth. In length it is second only to the Nile, and if stretched across the United States, it would reach
from New York to Los Angeles. In addition, the Amazon covers the largest area of any river. Therefore, it can be
argued that the Amazon is the mightiest river on earth.
上述段落的主题句分别位于句首、句中和句尾。
知识点三 不同文体概要写作方法
在概要写作前, 我们要通读短文, 确定其内容是属于那种类型, 然后选择确当的模板。注意：不要关注一
些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点, 尽量少使用原文语句, 多用自己的概括性的语言, 3 到 5 个句子即可。
说明文
1. 说明文的段落划分:
①. 描述某事物的性质功用等：性质/定义—功用/功能—应用/利好
可参考模板：(in the passage ) the writer introduces…to us, especially its…, from which we know…
②. 针对某问题提出解决办法或措施：问题—成因—解决方法/措施
可参考模板：The passage tells us….Therefore, the author tells us how to..., including…
③. 介绍某现象及其原因结果：现象—原因—结果
可参考模板：The author talks about…, which is caused by…. As a result (consequently),…
议论文
1. 议论文的段落划分：
三要素：论点、论据和结论：论点—论据 1……论据 n—结论
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句
(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点, 然后用事实论证
论点, 最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段, 或者在各段的首句或
尾句。尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。要注意归纳和积累相关的句式或模板。
议论文概要可参考的开头写作模板：
The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
The essay/passage/author argues in support of…, stating that…
The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the
others whose effort push them to success.
The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
记叙文
1. 记叙文的段落划分：
记叙类：人物、情节(who did what) 、时间、地点
夹叙夹议：+观点/哲理性推论：情节 1—情节 2……情节 n—启示
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常
要交待清楚五要素的内容, 即 where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙
述通常按时间的顺序叙述, 让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联, 我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或
思路, 从而更好地理解文章主题, 概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。
记叙文概写可参考的开头写作模板：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
总之, 概要写作要求考生根据阅读材料一篇 60 字左右的内容概要, 用尽可能少的词汇和过渡手段展现原
材料的主要思想和观点。平时训练时, 考生除了需要提高自己快速把握文章主旨和段落大意的能力外, 还需要
提升自己的总结概括能力, 并熟练掌握非谓语动词等高级语法知识和词句过渡技巧。训练写概要写作时还可
以有意识地采取以下几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 避免重复。在原文中, 为了强调某个主题, 可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3) 删除具体例子。不过, 阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的, 如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的,
如删除具体例子, 则概括很难达到 30 个词, 那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原
文中可能包括 5 个或更多的例子, 你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词, 比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some
textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。
6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子, 那么你只要把
它们变成一两句即可。
7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为： “He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
8) 考生还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
9) 掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。
练题目
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。(2019 浙江高考概要写作)
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident
Kids, says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By
giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the
opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things
or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too
much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying
hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.
If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something
that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work
hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What
Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters."
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you
should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also
mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But
whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort
your child has put into it.
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阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。(2018 浙江高考概要写作)
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the
same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting
and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little
crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are
applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next
four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you
have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you
live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between
applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache
if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you
actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeeklive.
It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a
penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t
take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help
you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
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