Unit2 Grammar and usage
Teaching Aims
Clarify the concepts of the past tenses and the future tenses.
Teaching Important Points
Learn more knowledge about the above two tenses.
Teaching Difficult Points
Use the above two tenses appropriately in certain contexts.
Teaching Procedures
Step 1 Revision of the past tenses
Step 2 Application
省略是英语中的一种避免重复,突出关键词语,并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。原则是
既不损害语法结构,同时又不能产生歧义。
1.不使用替代词的省略。
1) 省略主语。
I have done more than (what) is required. 我已经做的比该做的多了。
(You) Open the window and the door for me, please. 请替我打开窗户和门。
2) 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
Why (do) not (you) say goodbye to your lovely cousin?
为什么不和你可爱的表弟说再见呢?
(Are you) Ready? Try to answer these questions in your own words.
准备好了吗?用你们自己的话来回答这些问题。
3) 省略宾语。
—Which of them is better? 它们中哪个更好?
—Well, it is hard to tell (which of them is better). 嗯,这很难说。
4) 省略表语。
—Are you hungry? 你饿吗?
—Yes, I am (hungry). 是的,我饿了。
5) 省略所有格后面的名词。
Jack and his sister stayed in his uncle’s (home) during the summer vacation.
杰克和他的妹妹暑假里住在他的叔叔家。
The girl’s handwriting is much better than his brother’s (handwriting).
这个女孩的字写得比她弟弟(的)好得多。
6) 省略定语从句中的关系代词。
关系代词 that,which,whom 在定语从句中作宾语时通常都可以省略。如:
The book (that) he bought last week is written by Guo Jingming.
他上周买的那本书是郭敬明写的。
Here is the wonderful book (which) I have read many times.
这就是我读过多遍的很棒的书。
The man (whom) you had said hello to was my English teacher.
你刚才打招呼的那个人是我的英语老师。
7) 不定式中的省略。
A 英语中为避免重复,经常省略上文已提到的动词原形,只保留不定式中的小品词 to;
这类动词有 expect,forget,hope,intend,mean,prefer,refuse,try,want,wish,would like,
like 和 love 等。如:
She asked me to dance with her, but I didn’t want to (dance with her).
她邀请我和她跳舞,但我不想跳。
—Do you want to give us a lecture about how to use an English dictionary?
—No, I prefer not to (give you a lecture about how to use an English dictionary).
—你想给我们做个关于如何使用英语字典的讲座吗?
—不,我不愿做。
B 在 have to,need,ought to,be going to,used to 等候省略动词。如:
I really didn’t want to go there with him, but I had to (go there with him).
虽然我真不想和他一起去,但又不得不去。
C 在某些形容词 delight,glad,happy,pleased 等后省略 to 后面的动词。如:
—Will you join in our discussion? 和我们一起讨论吧?
—I’ll be glad to (join in your discussion). 很高兴参加。
D 如果不定式中带有 be,have,have been 等,通常保留 be,have,have been。如:
—Did he pass the driving test? 他通过驾驶考试了吗?
—No, but he ought to have (passed the driving test). 没有,不过他应该通过的。
2.使用替代词的省略。
1) 通常情况下,在省略了某个词、短语或句子时,还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词
有:do/does/did,so,not,neither,nor 和 the same 等。
用助动词 do/does/did 来替代上文出现的动词,以免重复。如:
She speaks English more fluently than her elder sister does.
她的英语说得比姐姐流利。
2) 用 so 可替代单词、短语或句子,作 believe,be afraid,expect,do,fear,hope,suppose,
say,think 等的宾语。如:
—Will it be fine tomorrow? 明天会是晴天吗?
—I hope so. (I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.) 我希望如此。
3.状语从句和独立主格结构中的省略。
1) 在虚拟条件句中,当助动词为 were,had,should 等时,连词 if 可省略,但 were,had
和 should 等需要倒装到主语的前面。如:
Had I had time, I would have gone shopping with you.
要是有空的话,我就可以和你一起逛街了。
2) 如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,并且从句的谓语部分由 be 动词,则可以将从
句的主语连同 be 动词一起省略。引导这类状语从句的连词有:when,while,thought,if
和 unless 等。如:
The old woman was knocked down while (she was) crossing the street.
那位老太太过马路时被撞倒了。
The little girl began to cry when (she was) asked by the police.
当警察问小姑娘话时,她哭了起来。
3) 有些状语从句中,如果从句的主语是 it,其后的 be 动词及其主语可一起省略。这种结
果通常为 if it is possible,when it is necessary 等。如:
Please try to finish your homework by yourself if (it is) possible.
如果可能的话,请尽量独立完成你的家庭作业。
We’ll have the old house pulled down when (it is) necessary.
必要时,我们会把老房子推倒。
4) 在作状语的独立主格结构中,分词短语往往可以部分被省略。如:
The work (having been) done, the secretary left the office and went home.
工作做完后,秘书离开办公室回家。
The weather (being) fine, we decided to go on a picnic on the beach.
天气很好,我们决定到海滩野餐。
Step 3 Homework