题型七 概要写作
【第三部分 高考题型突破】
析考情 · 题型突破
链高考 · 真题探究
备考方向导航
考情解读
课标要求
提供一篇350词以内的阅读材料,要求考生根据其内容写一篇60词左
右的内容概要。
五年考情回顾
卷别 主题语境 语境内容 语篇类型 文章词数
浙
江
2021.1—2020.1 轮空
2019.6 人与社会 父母该如何表扬孩子 议论文 340
2018.11 人与自我 报考大学前,亲自参观心仪
的大学,体验大学生活 说明文 341
2018.6—2017.6 轮空
命题分析预测
根据这两次高考题的命题难度和区分度可知,未来高考英语对该题型
的考查仍将以议论文、说明文为主,主题语境仍将涉及"人与社会"或"人与
自我"。
聚焦核心素养
1.语言能力:综合运用语言知识创新、恰当地进行表达。
2.思维品质:分析推断文章的逻辑,梳理、概括信息,进行创新思维表达。
析考情 · 题型突破
一 考情概况
1.题型介绍。
概要写作是近几年高考英语的新题型。写作的第二节是读后续写或概要
写作,从2016年10月到2021年1月,浙江的9次高考英语中有两次考查概要
写作,分别是2018年11月和2019年6月的考试。
2.命题规律
(1)概要写作的语篇通常是议论文或说明文。这类语篇的主题比较明显,段
落结构清晰,段内句群间逻辑关系紧密连贯。预计未来几年高考概要写作
的选材还将是议论文或说明文,但难度会稳中有升。
(2)不排除阅读材料为记叙文的可能性。如此一来,试题的难度将会增加,对
考生的梳理、归纳和总结能力要求更高。
(3)阅读材料一般不超过5段,词数控制在350以内。
(4)议论文、说明文的段落结构通常是:提出问题/描述现象→分析利弊→
提出解决方法→提供例证/回归主题/深化主题/提出应该注意的事项。
(5)段内句群间的逻辑关系通常是因果关系、转折关系等。
总之,在一篇文章中,段落与段落之间、段内句群之间都会呈现"起承
转合"的行文逻辑关系。考生如果能把握各段落的组织结构和段内句群间
的逻辑关系,就能轻松地辨别主要信息和支撑性细节信息,从而准确地抓住
段落要点。
二 命题特点
概要写作是一个融阅读理解和书面表达于一体的题型,既考查考生概
括文章主旨大意和准确获取关键信息的能力,又考查考生用简洁的语言表
达文章主旨的能力以及把握文章整体结构的能力。考生在写概要时,不要
抄袭文章的原句,也不要把细节性信息当成重点,而要对文章中的单词、词
组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括,再用恰当的语言表述
出来。具体来说,该题型主要考查考生以下几个方面的能力:
1.区分主要信息和次要信息的能力;
2.对句群之间的逻辑关系和段落结构的把握能力;
3.分析推断逻辑关系、梳理及概括细节信息的能力;
4.通过整合手段进行思维创新和表达创新的能力;
5.运用同义词、近义词、反义词或语法结构及修辞手段进行语义转
换的能力。
三 评分原则
概要写作的评分原则可简要概括为以下几个方面:
1.词数少于40或多于80的,从总分中减去2分;
2.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
3.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
4.上下文的连贯性;
5.对各要点表达的独立性情况;
6.拼写、标点符号的准确性;
7.书写和卷面情况。
四 失误总结
考生在概要写作中常出现的失误有以下四个方面:
1.要点提炼不准确。主次信息混淆,不清楚原文作者的写作意图。
2.表述的逻辑不清晰。内容没有条理,行文没有衔接,不能呈现连贯性。
3.照抄原文句子。不能进行有效的语句转换,同一单词的重现率较高。
作文中若出现两句以上整句摘自原文的现象,作文将会被直接定为第三档
(11—15分)甚至更低档。
4.单词拼写错误较多,时态、语态出错率较高。
链高考 · 真题探究
Writing 1 [2019浙江6月]
高考真题
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
①Parents everywhere praise their kids. ②Jenn Berman, author
of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says,
"We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when
parents tended to be more strict." ③By giving kids a lot of praise,
parents think they're building their children's confidence, ④when,
in fact, it may be just the opposite. ⑤Too much praise can backfire
and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try
new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top
where their parents' praise has put them.
第一段为整个语篇的"起",⑤表达了作者的真实意图,即本段的主
旨"Too much praise can make kids afraid to try new things or
take a risk."。
①Still, don't go too far in the other direction. ②Not
giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too
much. ③Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that
you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying
hard for their accomplishments.
第二段为第一段的"转",指出另一个极端的危害"Not giving
enough praise can be damaging."。
①So what is the right amount of praise? ②Experts say
that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.
③If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the
outcome, you can give it as of ten as your child does
something that deserves a verbal reward. ④"We should
especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves
and work hard to achieve a goal," says Donahue, author of
Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on
What Really Matters. ⑤"One thing to remember is that it's
the process not the end product that matters."
第三段为前两段的"承",也是整个语篇的"合",提出了作者的观点
"It's the process not the end product that matters.",即"Praise
should be focused on the effort not the outcome."。
①Your son may not be the best basketball player on his
team. ②But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you
should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins
or loses. ③Praising the effort and not the outcome can also
mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to
clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. ④But
whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis
and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your
child has put into it.
第四段为第三段的"承",用例子支撑作者的观点。本段主题句是④。
写作指导
Para. 1
①作本段的"起",描述现象;②作 "承",引入专家的观点;③作"承",分析出现该现
象的原因;④作"转",引出作者的观点;⑤作第一段的"合",指出"Too much
praise"的后果。
Para. 2
①作上一段的"承"和本段后文内容的"起",指出不要走向另一个极端;②作"承"
指出"Not giving enough praise"的危害;③作"承",分析其原因,且本句本身
也呈现出因果关系。
Para. 3
①作前两段的"承",也作本段的"起",起过渡作用;②是对上一句的回答,引出专
家的观点;③是对上一句的进一步解释;④引用了专家的说法;⑤作本段的"合",
与②相呼应。
Para. 4
①作上一段的"承"和本段例证的"起";②作上一句的"转",呈现作者的真实意
图;③作前两句的"承",进一步说明作者的观点;④作本段的"合",进行总结,回归
主题。
【命题分析】
本篇阅读材料是一篇典型的议论文。文章指出,父母对孩子的表扬要专
注于孩子的努力过程而不是结果,其语言难度适中,表现出很好的区分度,体现
了高考"立德树人、服务选拔、导向教学"的命题原则。具体特点归纳如下:
1.语篇结构特征:
描描述表扬孩子的现象→两个极端 →正确的表扬
→用例子支撑论点
这种行文结构是考生非常熟悉的议论文的语篇结构,易于被广大考生理
解,体现了高考的基础性和公平性原则。
2.段内句群之间呈现出严谨的因果关系和转折关系等,考生应注意理顺这些
逻辑关系。
3.每一段都有长难句(画线部分),考生只有抓住关键信息、充分运用语言能力,
才能理解这些句子。
【思路点拨】
写概要时,首先要注意每段的主题句和关键词,通过词汇替换、句式转变
等多种方式改写要点,注意一定要用自己的语言,不可以完全照搬原文;然后,添
加衔接词,使各要点之间的衔接更顺畅;最后要注意单词拼写不要出现错误,也
要注意大小写和标点符号,同时还要注意控制词数,不要少于40或多于80。
本文的要点可以归纳如下:
要点1,如今,父母总是给孩子相当多的赞扬,希望建立他们的自信心,但是
这可能会产生相反的效果;
要点2,父母对孩子表扬不够同样有损孩子的自信心;
要点3,专家认为,父母应该因为努力过程而赞扬孩子,而不是因为事情的
结果;
要点4,孩子如果很努力,确实值得被赞扬。总之,父母给孩子的赞扬的多
少取决于孩子的努力程度。
【参考范文】
Nowadays, parents tend to offer considerable praise to their
children, hoping to build their confidence, but it may produce the
opposite effect.(要点一) However, not enough praise from parents also
does harm to children's self-confidence.(要点二)Therefore, experts claim
that sincere praise should be given for the process not for the result.(要
点三) Meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they make great effort.
Anyway, the amount of praise parents give should depend on how
hard their kids work.(要点四)
写作技法1 牢记写作流程,酿造极优作文
写作技法2 巧用衔接词语,尽显严密逻辑
写作技法3 读首句析尾句,构织语境画面
写作技法4 善找转折词汇,主旨要点映眼前
写作技法5 巧妙变换表达,替换关键词语
解题能力提升
一 解题步骤
1.浏览原文,弄清文体,根据段首句和段尾句预测段落内容甚至整个语篇内容,
把握语篇主旨和结构。
2.细读原文每一个段落,把握段落大意,归纳段落要点。
3.最大限度地替换要点句子中的关键词汇,调整句子结构,尽量使各个要点句
子转换成全新的表达。
4.使用恰当的衔接词把各个要点句子整合成逻辑关系清晰、内容有条理、
连贯通顺的短文,要注意,各个要点句子要有相对的独立性。
二 写作注意事项
1.概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。
2.安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写主要内容,
用较少的文字写次要内容。
3.注意要点之间的衔接,要用恰当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一
些互不相干的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。
4.不排斥用原文的某些词汇或词块,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用
自己的话语表达,至少要对原文句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有
一些转换会更好。
5.核查词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。
写作技法1 牢记写作流程,酿造极优作文
写作技法2 巧用衔接词语,尽显严密逻辑
正确使用衔接词语,使所写的概要结构紧凑、逻辑清晰、语意连贯。
1.并列
as well as也 both...and... ……和……都
not only...but also...不仅……而且……
2.递进
besides除……之外 furthermore此外 moreover而且
what's more更为重要的是 more importantly更重要的是
to make matters worse=what's worse=worse still更糟糕的是
3.对比和转折
but但是 instead反而 while而
however/nevertheless然而 otherwise否则
unlike与……不同 on the contrary与此相反
compared to与……相比 in contrast to与……形成对比
on the one hand...on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面……
4.因果
therefore/consequently/as a result因此
because of/as a result of/on account of/due to因为
thanks to/owing to由于
5.目的
in order to/so as to为了 so that/in order that为了
for the purpose of为了
6.强调
especially特别 particularly特别 indeed确实
not at all根本不 or rather确切地说
7.顺序
first/second/third首先/第二/第三
firstly/secondly/thirdly/finally首先/第二/第三/最后
to start with/next/in addition/finally首先/然后/此外/最后
first of all/besides/last but not least首先/此外/最后但同样重要的是
8.总结
in short/in brief/in summary总之
to sum up/to summarize总之
all in all总的说来
on the whole总的说来
写作技法3 读首句析尾句,构织语境画面
我们在归纳段落要点之前,通常需要快速浏览整篇文章,掌握其
主旨和语篇结构。所给阅读材料通常格式规范,结构清晰,因此,我们通
过阅读第一段的首句和最后一段的尾句便能大致明白该语篇的主旨;
然后寻读每一段的首句和尾句,尝试预测每一段的主旨;再观察段落之
间的组织方式,了解该语篇的文脉。这样,我们就能在大脑中构织出语
境的初步画面。
比如2019年6月浙江高考的概要写作阅读材料,第一段的首句是
"Parents everywhere praise their kids",最后一段的尾句是"But
whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and
be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put
into it",由这两句话可知,这篇文章的主旨是父母表扬孩子要依据孩子努力
的程度。然后我们可根据每一段的首句和尾句判断出各段的主旨。
写作技法4 善找转折词汇,主旨要点映眼前
表示转折的词后面的内容,或者含有though, although, while
等引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句的主句通常是句子的主旨要点,
也是作者真实的写作意图。
比如2018年11月浙江高考的概要写作阅读材料,第二段最后一句"In
fact...and obviously, if you live across the countr y that
won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go
check it out!",本句的主旨要点是but后面的"if you live nearby,
go check it out!"。
再如最后一段的尾句"While visiting an online college fair
can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a
very useful tool that along with all your other research will
help you make an informed decision about which colleges or
universities you'd like to attend", "While visiting...visit"是让步
状语从句,该句的主旨要点是主句的内容。
写作技法5 巧妙变换表达,替换关键词语
写概要时,考生要用自己的语言进行表达,可以通过同义转换、
词性转换、句式转换、正话反说、反话正说等技巧替换原文中的一些
关键词语。具体替换方法如下:
1.同义转换
(1)近义词替换原词
Never will Chen Yu forget his first job as a journalist.
→Chen Yu will always remember his first job as a reporter.
(2)单词替换短语
①Clearing away dirt is good for health.
→Clearing away dirt benefits health.
②With much of the public's attention, stars suffer from great
pressure.
→Living in the public gaze, stars face great pressure.
(3)概括词替换具体词
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies
of Reader's Digest and Newsweek, and some textbooks.
→She brought home some books and magazines.
2.词性转换
(1)动词转换为名词
He failed to pass the drug test, and the boss had to dismiss
him from his job.
→His failure of passing the drug test resulted in his job
dismissal.
(2)形容词转换为名词
Your skin will be burnt if you are exposed to the sun too
long.
→Too long exposure to the sun will harm your skin.
(3)形容词(短语)转换为动词(短语)
Reading can not only make you relaxed but also be good for
your mind.
→Reading can not only relax your body but also do good to
your mind.
3.句式转换
(1)主被动语态的相互转换
Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist.
→A psychologist performed two experiments.
(2)特殊句式与正常语序的相互转换
Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all
the information.
→You will obtain all the information if you ask many
different questions.
(3)从句之间的相互转换
He concludes that people do not have the ability to sense
when they're being stared at.
→His conclusion is that people are not equipped with the
ability to feel others' observation.
(4)从句压缩、转换
①状语从句转换为介词短语
When he arrives, please send me an e-mail.
→On his arrival, please send me an e-mail.
②条件状语从句转换为非谓语结构
If ever ything is considered, his plan seems to be more
workable.
→Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be
more workable.
4.正话反说
(1)I quite agree with you.
→I couldn't agree with you more.
(2)His hometown is the most beautiful place.
→No place is more beautiful than his hometown.
5.反话正说
(1)Without advertising, it will be very difficult for customers
to judge the worth of a product.
→With advertising, it will be ver y easy for customers to
judge the worth of a product.
(2)The most important step is to fill in the application form
without any false information.
→It's essential to fill in the application form correctly.
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